Dissolution and effectiveness of phosphate rock in acidic soil amended with cattle manure

Plant and Soil - Phosphate rock (PR) and organic manure (OM) are promising amendments to acidic soils to correct P deficiency and Al/Mn toxicities. The interaction between PR and OM and consequent...     

Effect of phosphate rock,coal combustion by-product,lime, and cellulose on ryegrass in an acidic soil

Remediation of soil acidity is crucial for increasing crop production and improving environmental quality of acid infertile soils. Soil incubation and greenhouse pot experiments were carried out to examine the interactions between phosphate rock (PR), coal combustion by-product (BP), dolomitic lime (L), and cellulose (C) in an acidic soil and their effects on ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Linn) growth. BP and PR application increased plant P content and dry matter yield (DMY) of shoots and roots by improving soil Ca availability and reducing Al toxicity. Application of BP at low rates (5 to 10 g BP kg^-1) with PR appeared to decrease both plant P content and DMY compared to PR application alone. The reduced DMY is due to an increased Al concentration in soil solution as a result of displacement of sorbed Al by Ca of BP. Increases in DMY were obtained by addition of lime along with PR and BP at low rates or by increasing BP application rates above 15 g kg^-1. This improved plant response was likely related to alleviation of Al toxicity by CaCO₃ contained in the BP. In addition to raising the pH to an acceptable level for plant growth, the dolomitic lime supplied needed Mg for plants, thereby maintaining a good balance between available Ca and Mg for plants in the BP- and PR-amended soils. The addition of cellulose to the BP- and PR-amended soils reduced water-soluble Al and increased DMY. Plant growth increased PR dissolution by 2.4 to 243% in a soil with low available P. Use of BP at moderate rates with PR and dolomitic lime appears to be the best combination in increasing crop yields on infertile acidic soils.     

Agronomic effectiveness of partially acidulated phosphate rock as influenced by soil phosphorus-fixing capacity

A greenhouse study compared the effect of soil P-fixing capacity on the relative argonomic effectiveness (RAE) of partially acidulated phosphate rock (PAPR) and water-soluble P. Such information is lacking in the literature. Six soils varying widely in P-fixing capacity (5.6%–56.1%) were used. A phosphate rock (Huila PR) from Colombia was acidulated with H₂SO₄ at 50% of the level necessary to achieve full conversion to single superphosphate (SSP). Rates of P applied from PAPR or SSP were 0,05, 100, and 300 mg P kg⁻¹. The P fertilizers were mixed with the soils, and maize was grown for 6 weeks before harvest. The results show that the effectiveness of PAPR in increasing dry-matter yield and P uptake over yield and uptake obtained with SSP linearly increased as the soil P-fixing capacity increased. PAPR and SSP were equally effective in increasing dry-matter yield or P uptake at P-fixing capacities of 28% or 36%, respectively. PAPR was found to be more effective than SSP in soils (treated with Fe-gel) with P-fixing capacity higher than these values. The internal efficiency, which is defined as the ratio between dry-matter yield and P uptake, was the same for both PAPR and SSP in all the soils.     

溶磷微生物在土壤磷循环中的作用研究进展

磷是生物分子中的重要元素,是陆地生态系统初级生产的主要限制因子之一。全球粮食需求的增加和现代农业对磷肥的消耗导致集约农田中磷的过量输入,进而引起土壤磷流失的增加和地表水的持续富营养化。溶磷微生物(phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, PSMs)被认为是可以提高农业生产力的生态友好型肥料,在改善土壤肥力方面有重要意义。全面和深入理解PSMs功能及其在磷的土壤生物化学转化过程中的作用,对提高土壤磷有效性有至关重要的作用。本文系统综述了PSMs的种类和分布多样性,主要参与微生物磷循环的功能基因,以及PSMs如何参与土壤磷循环和这些过程背后的反应机制,以便更好地认识PSMs能力及其在土壤磷循环中的作用,以便于在未来的应用中发挥更大的潜力。     

Leaching potential of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) from acidic sandy soil amended with dolomite phosphate rock (DPR) fertilizers

There is an increasing concern on heavy metal leaching from the soils amended with sewage sludge. A column study was conducted to examine the extent of leaching of five important heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) from an acidic sandy soil amended with different dolomite phosphate rock (DPR) fertilizers (an application rate of 1% fertilizers) developed from DPR and N-Viro (consisting of biosolids and fly ash) at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% DPR. Ten leaching events were carried out with each event done at an interval of 7 days and with total leaching volume of 1183mm, which is equivalent to the mean annual rainfall of this region during the period of 2001-2003. Leachate was collected after each leaching event and analyzed for heavy metals. The maximum leachate concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn were all below drinking water quality guidance limits set by Florida Department of Environmental Protection and World Health Organization, suggesting that the application of DPR fertilizers may not pose a threat to water quality by leaching. Most of leachate concentrations of Cd, Ni and Pb were below their detection limits and there were no significant differences between the control and the treatments with different DPR fertilizers. By contrast, there were higher leachate concentrations of Cu and Zn (ranging from 0.7 to 37.1mug Cu/l and 5.1 to 205.6mug Zn/l for all treatments) due to their higher contents in both the soil and different DPR fertilizers compared with Cd, Ni and Pb. The leachate concentrations of Cu and Zn for each treatment decreased with increasing leaching events. The differences in leachate concentrations of Cu and Zn between the control and the treatments with different DPR fertilizers containing N-Viro were significant, especially in the first several leaching events and, moreover, they increased with increasing proportion of N-Viro in the DPR fertilizers. There were similar trends in total losses of Cu and Zn after ten leaching events. Greater differences in both leachate concentrations and total losses of Zn between the control and the treatments containing N-Viro were noted. Total losses of Zn for the treatments containing N-Viro were 3.0-5.1 times higher than those for the control compared with 1.4-2.2 times higher for total losses of Cu, suggesting that greater proportions of Zn losses came from the DPR fertilizers due to the greater mobility of Zn in the DPR fertilizers compared with Cu.     

Deep placement of Mn fertiliser on a sandy soil increased grain yield and reduced split seed in Lupinus angustifolius

Experiments were conducted over two years with Lupinus angustifolius L. on a site with acid sandy soil near Esperance, Western Australia to determine if deep placed manganese fertilizer increases lupin grain yield. Manganese at 4 and 8 kg ha⁻¹ was placed below the surface immediately before sowing at 4, 20 and 30 cm and 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 cm in 1987 and 1988 respectively. Foliar Mn applied at 1 kg ha⁻¹ when the first order laterals were in mid-flowering stage, was also compared. Increasing the depth of Mn placement increased grain yield in both years. The deepest placed Mn increased grain yields by 255 kg ha⁻¹ (10%) and 430 kg ha⁻¹ (106%) in year 1 and year 2 over the shallow (4 cm) placed Mn. The higher responses to deep placed Mn occurred in year 2, the year with the driest spring and most intense aphid infestations. Foliar applied Mn was as effective as most deep placed Mn treatments, except for the highest rate (8 kg ha⁻¹) at the greatest depth (20 cm) in year 2. The higher rate of applied Mn gave the best grain yields. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

酸性土壤上肥田萝卜和小麦对低品位磷矿粉的吸收差异

根据对肥田萝卜和小麦生长于不同P处理下的网膜分隔三室及二室模拟栽培系统的试验,分析了肥田萝卜和小麦对酸性土壤上低品位磷矿粉不同处理的吸收效果。结果表明,肥田萝卜对磷矿粉的吸收受到根系活动范围的限制,它可以有效利用施在根室区的低品位磷矿粉,干物重增加幅度达233%,比对照有极显着的提高;不论根室区是否施磷矿粉,肥田萝卜对于施在外室区(与根室区用网膜相隔)的低品位磷矿粉都具有微弱的利用能力,认为这是少量渗入到外室的根分泌的有机酸的活化作用。不过肥田萝卜对这一部分P的利用量不足以显着提高植株的干物重;小麦对于施在根室或外室区的低品位磷矿粉均不能有效利用.     

Response of the microbial community to copper oxychloride in acidic sandy loam soil

AIMS: Determining the response of different microbial parameters to copper oxychloride in acidic sandy loam soil samples using cultivation-dependent and direct microscopic techniques. METHODS AND RESULTS: Culturable microbial populations were monitored for 245 days in a series of soil microcosms spiked with different copper oxychloride concentrations. Microbial populations responded differently to additional Cu. Protistan numbers and soil metabolic potential decreased. Experiments with more soil samples revealed that metabolic potential was not significantly affected by < or =100 mg kg(-1) additional Cu. However, a negative impact on protista was noted in soil containing only 15 mg kg(-1) EDTA-extractable Cu. The negative impact on protistan numbers was less severe in soils with a higher phosphorous and zinc content. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial populations responded differently, and protista were most sensitive to elevated Cu levels. Protistan numbers in soil from uncultivated land were higher and seemed to be more sensitive to additional Cu than the numbers of these organisms in soil originating from cultivated land. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Protistan sensitivity to small increases in Cu levels demonstrates the vulnerability of the soil ecosystem to Cu perturbations, especially when the importance of protista as link in the flow of energy between trophic levels is considered.     

Availability of phosphorus in a calcareous soil treated with rock phosphate or superphosphate as affected by phosphate-dissolving fungi

A study was undertaken to isolate some fungi exhibiting phosphate-dissolution ability, and to test whether these fungi are capable of increasing the amount of available P in a calcareous soil treated with rock phosphate (RP) or with triple superphosphate (TSP) and its subsequent uptake by sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench).Penicillium sp. and twoAspergillus foetidus (Naka) isolates significantly increased the availability of P in soil treated with RP or TSP during the growing season.Penicillium sp. isolate was more effective in increasing available P in the soil treated with RP or TSP than were Aspergillus isolates. However, the dry matter and P uptake responses to inoculation with these fungi were better in the soil treated with RP than in soil treated with TSP. In the TSP treated soil, the fungi achieved their maximum P releasing capacity two weeks earlier than in soil treated with RP. Positive and significant correlation coefficients among available P, P uptake and dry matter production at different periods of the growing season were observed following inoculation. However, none of these variables were found to be significantly correlated with the fungal populations.     

Comparing phosphorus mobilization strategies using Aspergillus niger for the mineral dissolution of three phosphate rocks

Phosphorus deficiencies are limiting crop production in agricultural soils worldwide. Locally available sources of raw phosphate rock (PR) are being recognized for their potential role in soil fertility improvement. Phosphorus bioavailability is essential for the efficiency of PRs and can be increased by acid treatments. The utilization of organic acid producing micro-organisms, notably Aspergillus niger , presents a sustainable alternative to the use of strong inorganic acids, but acid production of A. niger strongly depends on the mineral content of the growth media. This study compared the phosphorus mobilization efficiency of two biological treatments, namely addition of acidic cell-free supernatants from A. niger cultivations to PRs and the direct cultivation of A. niger with PRs. The results show that addition of PR to cultivations leads to significant differences in the profile of organic acids produced by A. niger . Additions of PR, especially igneous rocks containing high amounts of iron and manganese, lead to reduced citric acid concentrations. In spite of these differences, phosphorus mobilization was similar between treatments, suggesting that the simpler direct cultivation method was not inferior. In addition to citric acid, it is suggested that oxalic acid contributes to PR solubilization in direct cultivations with A. niger , which would benefit farmers in developing countries where conventional fertilizers are not adequately accessible.     

The effect of soil tillage and fertilizer use on pearl millet yields in Niger

Farmers in Niger generally do not plow their fields and are therefore unable to incorporate phosphate. Experiments were conducted in Niger to assess the effect of soil tillage, P source, and fertilizer placement on yields of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.). Treatments included single superphosphate (SSP) or ground Tahoua phosphate rock (PRT) incorporated into the soil during tillage or SSP surface applied after tillage. In plots which were not tilled, P sources (SSP, PRT, and PAPR-partially acidulated rock) were broadcast on the soil surface with no incorporation. In order to improve P efficiency under zero tillage, P was point placed in the soil near the plant with either broadcast or point-placed urea. Treatments in which tillage was used showed a slight though nonsignificant yield increase over untilled plots. The yield increase did not appear to be due to phosphate incorporation but rather to direct tillage effects on early plant growth. In a comparison of SSP with PRT or PAPR broadcast on soils not receiving tillage, PRT performed poorly relative to the other P sources. SSP outyielded PAPR and PRT in 1986, but in subsequent years, no significant difference was found between PAPR and SSP. Point placement of P or N near the plant did not significantly increase yields over broadcast treatments even though the millet was planted with wide 1×1 m spacing.     

Available phosphate content of an alluvial soil as influenced by inoculation of some isolated phosphate-solubilizing micro-organisms

Summary Among several phosphate-solibilizing micro-organisms isolated from an alluvial soil (Fluvaquent) in sucrose-Ca₃(PO₄)₂ agar plates, two fungal strains, ACF₂ (Aspergillus candidus) and ACF₁ (A. fumigatus) two bacterial strains, ACB₅ (Bacillus firmus B-7650) and ACB₆ (B. firmus B-7651) and one actinomycete strain, ACS₆ (Streptomyces sp.) were efficient solubilizers, solubilizing 297.0, 288.3, 49.0, 45.8 and 29.0 μg of P as free PO₄ ⁻³, respectively, containing 15 mg insoluble P from Ca₃(PO₄)₂ in broth. Solubilization was lesser from AlPO₄ and FePO₄. The isolates producing oxalic and tartaric acids without or with citric acid showed higher ability of solubilizing insoluble inorganic phosphates. All the above isolates possessed the ability of solubilizing rock phosphate in considerable amounts, ACF₁ (A. fumigatus) being the highest (31.5 μg), while ACB₆ (B. firmus B-7651) and both the aspergilli also possessed cellulose-decomposing ability in addition. Inoculation of the isolates, in a flask culture experiment, had no significant effect on the accumulation of available phosphorus in soil even when amended with rock phosphate (RP), farm yard manure (FYM), (FYM+RP), rice straw (RS) and (RS+RP). Nevertheless, the overall performance of ACF₂ (A. candidus) and ACB₆ (B. firmus B-7651) was better than that of the others, in this respect, while ACB₅ (B. firmus B-7650) and ACF₁ (A. fumigatus) intensified the enhancing effect of FYM and RS. Partial sterilization, by autoclaving, of the soil had no significant effect on available phosphorus content of the soil irrespective of any inoculation.     

Effect of rock phosphate on soil properties and apparent phosphorus recovery in acid soil of Sumatra

The effects of rock phosphate (RP) on soil properties and apparent P recovery of corn in acid soil of Sumatra were investigated. The soil was dominated by kaolinitic minerals, very acid and low in extractable phosphorus. The experiment was conducted in two steps: incubation and greenhouse. The treatments were rock phosphate and triple superphosphate (TSP) at 0, 200, 400 and 600 µg P g^-1 for the incubation experiment, and at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 µg P g^-1 for greenhouse experiment In the incubation experiment, rock phosphate reduced exchangeable Al and increased pH_H2O better than TSP, and supplied Bray-1 extractable P as much as did TSP. In the greenhouse experiment, apparent P recovery values of rock phosphate were very close to those of TSP and the values tended to decrease at higher rates of P. Although corn yields of the rock phosphate treatment were lower than TSP, its relative agronomic effectiveness was quite high.     

毛乌素沙地流动沙丘不同深度土壤渗漏特征

沙地的土壤深漏是沙地水分循环及水量平衡中的重要环节,对这一分量的准确测算,能够增进对沙地降雨的分配、转移及运输过程规律的认识。利用土壤深层水量渗漏测试记录仪(YWB-01),对毛乌素沙地典型的流动沙丘50、100 cm和200 cm的3个层次的土壤渗漏水量进行定点实时监测,定量分析降雨条件下沙地土壤渗漏特征,得出以下结论:(1)在降雨条件下,2016年4—6月3个沙层的渗漏过程都不明显,从7月开始,渗漏过程与降雨过程的一致性随沙层的增加而逐渐减弱;(2)随沙层深度的增加,累计渗漏天数以及连续渗漏天数在增加,累计渗漏水量、最大日渗漏水量逐渐减小,渗漏水量的波动也逐渐减小;渗漏水量10 mm的天数和渗漏水量所占的比例明显减少;(3)对降雨量和各沙层渗漏水量日、周、半月、月累积量之间进行相关分析和线性拟合后发现,越往深处渗漏水量对降雨的响应越弱,月渗漏水量与月降雨量的关系更密切。     

高寒沙区生物土壤结皮对吸湿凝结水的影响

高寒沙区,水资源匮乏,吸湿凝结水是维持当地生态环境的重要非生物影响因子。采用自制微渗仪(直径10 cm,高度分别为3、4、6、11 cm)观测3类生物土壤结皮(苔藓结皮、藻类结皮、物理结皮)和流沙的吸湿凝结水量变化规律。结果表明:观测期间,除去大风和降雨天气外,吸湿凝结水每天都会产生;不同地表类型产生的吸湿凝结水量存在差异,生物土壤结皮生成的吸湿凝结水量显著大于流沙上产生的吸湿凝结水(P0.05),即生物土壤结皮有利于吸湿凝结水的生成;随着结皮的发育,吸湿凝结水量呈增加趋势,主要表现为:流沙物理结皮藻类结皮苔藓结皮;凝结现象自19:00开始,次日7:00结束;日出后,吸湿凝结水量迅速下降,持续时间为5 h,其中苔藓结皮与流沙下降速率最快;吸湿凝结水主要集中在土壤表层5 cm内,达总凝结量的90%以上,且观测值变异系数小,可作为代表性土壤深度进行吸湿凝结水的相关研究;吸湿凝结水量与大气温湿度密切相关,与大气温度呈负相关关系,与大气湿度呈正相关关系;吸湿凝结水量受取样深度、地表类型、大气温湿度等多方面因素的影响。     

Response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to inoculation with VA-mycorrhizal fungi and to rock phosphate fertilization in some unsterilized Nigerian soils

Summary The effects on cowpea of inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi and rock phosphate (RP) fertilization were studied in pots using Alagba and Araromi series soils and in the field on Alagba, Apomu and Egbeda series soils. Inoculation of the plants with VA-mycorrhizal fungi caused very rapid infection of the roots. A higher per cent mycorrhizal infection was maintained during subsequent plant growth in the field. RP application reduced the degree of infection without affecting plant growth in the field and in pot experiments. Nodulation, nitrogen fixation and utilization of RP were increased by inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi in the pot experiments but not in the field experiments. In the pot experiments, inoculated plants supplied with RP flowered earlier, and took up more phosphorus than either inoculated plants without RP or uninoculated plants. The largest response to inoculation in terms of shoot dry matter, nodule yield and nitrogen content of shoots was obtained in Alagba soil under both pot and field conditions.IITA Journal Series Paper No. 136.     

Bone acidic glycoprotein-75 self-associates to form macromolecular complexes in vitro and in vivo with the potential to sequester phosphate ions

Monoclonal antibody HTP IV-#1 specifically recognizes a complexation-dependent neoepitope on bone acidic glycoprotein-75 (BAG-75) and a Mr = 50 kDa fragment. Complexes of BAG-75 exist in situ, as shown by immunofluorescent staining of the primary spongiosa of rat tibial metaphysis and osteosarcoma cell micromass cultures with monoclonal antibody HTP IV-#1. Incorporation of BAG-75 into complexes by newborn growth plate and calvarial tissues was confirmed with a second, anti-BAG-75 peptide antibody (#503). Newly synthesized BAG-75 immunoprecipitated from mineralizing explant cultures of bone was present entirely in large macromolecular complexes, while immunoprecipitates from monolayer cultures of osteoblastic cells were previously shown to contain only monomeric Mr = 75 kDa BAG-75 and a 50 kDa fragment. Purified BAG-75 self-associated in vitro to form large spherical aggregate structures composed of a meshwork of 10 nm diameter fibrils. These structures have the capacity to sequester large amounts of phosphate ions as evidenced by X-ray microanalysis and by the fact that purified BAG-75 preparations, even after extensive dialysis against water, retained phosphate ions in concentrations more than 1,000-fold higher than can be accounted for by exchange calculations or by electrostatic binding. The ultrastructural distribution of immunogold-labeled BAG-75 in the primary spongiosa underlying the rat growth plate is distinct from that for other acidic phosphoproteins, osteopontin and bone sialoprotein. We conclude that BAG-75 self-associates in vitro and in vivo into microfibrillar complexes which are specifically recognized by monoclonal antibody HTP IV-#1. This propensity to self-associate into macromolecular complexes is not shared with acidic phosphoproteins osteopontin and bone sialoprotein. We hypothesize that an extracellular electronegative network of macromolecular BAG-75 complexes could serve an organizational role in forming bone or as a barrier restricting local diffusion of phosphate ions. J. Cell. Biochem. 64:547–564. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Genotypic variation of rice in phosphorus acquisition from iron phosphate: Contributions of root morphology and phosphorus uptake kinetics

To elucidate the contributions of rice root morphology and phosphorus uptake kinetics to P uptake by rice from iron phosphate, a sand culture experiment with either sufficient P supply (control treatment, 10 mg P/l as NaH₂PO₄) or Fe-P as the only source of P (40 mg P/pot as FePO₄ × 4H₂O) and a solution culture experiment supplied with either sufficient P (10 mg P/l) or deficient P (0.5 mg P/l) were conducted. Eight rice cultivars, which differed in P uptake from Fe-P, were investigated. Plant P uptake, root morphology, and P uptake kinetics were determined. There were significant (P < 0.05) genotypic variations in both plant dry weight and P uptake per plant among eight rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars when supplied with Fe-P as the P source. The Fe-P treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant dry weight, P uptake per plant, and P concentration in plant dry matter of all cultivars in comparison with the control plants. In Fe-P treated plants, significant (P < 0.05) genotypic variation was shown in root morphology, including root length, surface area, volume, and number of lateral roots. The P uptake per plant from Fe-P by rice was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with root surface area and root volume as well as with the number of lateral roots, suggesting that the ability of rice to absorb P from Fe-P was closely related to root morphology. Low P supply in solution significantly increased the I _max (P < 0.05), but significantly decreased the K _M (P < 0.05) for P absorption by all rice cultivars. We supposed that kinetic characteristics of root P uptake could not account for the ability of rice to absorb P from Fe-P. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2007, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 260–266. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Mycorrhiza and root hairs in barley enhance acquisition of phosphorus and uranium from phosphate rock but mycorrhiza decreases root to shoot uranium transfer

Some phosphate rocks (PR) contain high concentrations of uranium (U), which are potentially toxic via accumulation in soils and food chains, and plant uptake of U is likely to be influenced by characteristics of roots and associated microorganisms. The relative importance of root hairs and mycorrhiza in U uptake from PR was studied using a root hairless barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutant (Brb) and its wild type (WT). Both plant genotypes were grown in pots with Glomus intraradices BEG 87, or in the absence of mycorrhiza, and three P treatments were included: nil P, 2% (w/w) PR and 50 mg KH(2)PO(4)-P kg(-1) soil. Mycorrhiza markedly increased d. wts and P contents of Brb amended with nil P or PR, but generally depressed d. wts of WT plants, irrespective of P amendments. Mycorrhiza had contrasting effects on U contents in roots and shoots, in particular in Brb where mycorrhiza increased root U concentrations but decreased U translocation from roots to shoots. The experiment supports our understanding of arbuscular mycorrhiza as being multifunctional by not only improving the utilization of PR by the host plant but also by contributing to the phytostabilization of uranium.