L-山梨糖流加发酵高效生产2-酮基-L-古龙酸

实验充分利用混合菌系氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)和蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)混合发酵的优良特性,通过在发酵过程中间歇流加L-山梨糖的方法,实现了在自动控制温度、pH和溶氧的条件下,高效发酵L-山梨糖生成2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KLG)的目的。结果表明：当将L-山梨糖的终浓度调高到14％(w／v)时,2-KLG产量为130mg／mL左右,转化率达90％,发酵周期40—60h之间。结论：发酵过程中间歇流加L-山梨糖可以解除高浓度糖对产酸的抑制作用,提高了糖的转化率,但是发酵周期略有延长。     

酮古龙酸菌与呼吸链偶联的2-KGA代谢途径研究进展

酮古龙酸菌可将底物L-山梨糖转化为维生素C的前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KGA)。该菌共存在5种反应参与2-KGA代谢,包括:1D-山梨醇氧化为L-山梨糖;2L-山梨糖氧化为L-山梨酮;3L-山梨酮(吡喃型)氧化为2-KGA;4L-山梨酮(呋喃型)氧化为维生素C。52-KGA还原为L-艾杜糖酸。其中L-山梨糖/L-山梨酮脱氢酶(SSDH)参与反应123,L-山梨糖脱氢酶(SDH)参与反应23,L-山梨酮脱氢酶(SNDH)参与反应34,醛脱氢酶(ALDH)参与反应3,2-KGA还原酶(2-KGR)参与反应5。SDH/SSDH/ALDH属于Ⅰ型醌酶,其辅酶为1分子PQQ;SNDH属Ⅱ型醌酶,与PQQ、heme C共同构成quinohemoproteins,2种醌酶均分布于周质空间中与呼吸链相偶联,意味着这种膜上直接氧化过程伴随ATP产生,使得菌体可以利用环境中的底物实现快速供能。     

混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产Vc前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸研究进展

利用混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KCA),再经化学转化合成维生素C(Vc),是我国工业生产Vc的主要途径,具有简化工艺,减少污染,降低能耗等诸多优点.从菌系组合、菌种选育、代谢途径与酶学特性、工程菌构建、伴生作用机制及发酵工艺等方面出发,综述混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产Vc前体2-KGA的研究现状和最新进展,并提出进一步研究和探索的方向.     

醇醛脱氢酶的分离纯化及其基因文库的构建和筛选

在维生素C的发酵生产过程中,普通生酮基古龙酸菌S2(Ketogulonigenium vulgare)能产生醇醛脱氢酶,将L-山梨糖转化为VC的前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KLG)。通过超声波破碎菌体、硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换层析,QSepharose High Performance柱层析等过程,从普通生酮基古龙酸菌S2发酵液中分离纯化了醇醛脱氢酶,并用该纯化酶免疫新西兰兔制备出了合格抗血清。同时,普通生酮基古龙酸菌S2基因组DNA经Sau3AⅠ部分酶切后,与黏粒载体pKC505连接,用包装蛋白进行包装,转染大肠杆菌DH5浕,构建了基因组文库。最后应用免疫酶斑点技术(Dot-ELISA)从12000个克隆子中筛选得到一个阳性克隆K719#。通过检测该基因工程菌的活性,表明K719#具有使L-山梨糖转化为2-KLG的功能,从而使醇醛脱氢酶在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达,这为简化VC的生产工艺奠定了基础。     

酮古龙酸菌醇醛脱氢酶基因的克隆及表达

目的：从酮古龙酸菌SCB329株中分离山梨糖生物氧化相关酶的基因并进行表达验证。方法：根据酮古龙酸菌SCB329株基因组序列设计引物,通过PCR从SCB329株基因组中扩增醇醛脱氢酶基因aadh;构建载体pBMP3-aadh并在大肠杆菌中表达,经活性染色、体外转化反应等方法考察表达产物的活性。结果：目的产物能够催化山梨糖、葡萄糖、果糖、木糖等多种含羟基及羰基化合物脱氢,并能将L-山梨糖直接转化为2-酮基-L-古龙酸。结论：从酮古龙酸菌SCB329株中分离到一种醇醛脱氢酶基因,可为该菌株糖酸转化机制的研究提供帮助。     

响应面法优化Vc二步发酵新菌系产2-酮基-L-古龙酸的培养基

以短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)HJ-04作为维生素C二步发酵第2步中的伴生菌,促进产酸菌产维生素C(Vitamin C,Vc)前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-keto-L-gulonic acid,2-KGA)的能力强于工业生产用菌株巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium) B2980.采用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman(PB)试验及Box-Behnken试验对影响新菌系发酵产2-KGA的6个因素进行分析优化.结果表明,L-山梨糖、尿素、玉米浆为显著影响因子.最佳产酸条件为L-山梨糖94.95 g/L,尿素11.99 g/L,玉米浆14.13g/L.优化后产酸量提高12.31 mg/mL,产酸周期缩短6h.     

新组合菌系SCB329-SCB933利用L-山梨糖发酵生产维生素C前体——2-酮基-L-古龙酸的研究 Ⅱ.利用L-山梨糖批加技术实现高糖发酵

新组合菌系氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌SCB329-苏芸金芽孢杆菌SCB933能在较长时间内保持高的转化活力且具有极强的抗杂菌污染的特性。在一次投糖分批发酵的基础上,探索在控制溶氧、pH、温度等条件下,分批加入L-山梨糖发酵生产2-酮基-L-古龙酸新工艺。采用新工艺,既充分利用了菌系的优良特性,又避免了高糖浓度可能对菌系造成的不良影响。L-山梨糖最终浓度达到14%（w/v）,产酸120—135g/l,转化率90％左右,发酵周期40—65h。     

D-葡萄糖直接发酵产生维生素C前体—2-酮基-L-古龙酸 Ⅲ.SCB3058对2,5-二酮基-D-葡萄糖酸到2-酮基-L-古龙酸的转化

棒状杆菌(Corynebactcrium sp.)突变株SCB 3058将2,5-二酮基-D-葡萄糖酸转化为维生素C前体-2-酮基-L-古龙酸。含2,5-二酮基-D-葡萄糖酸的发酵液经表面活性剂SDS处理可直接用作菌株SCB3058的转化底物。D-葡萄糖为最佳碳源,同时作为还原的氢供体。培养基中加入NH.Cl对2-酮基-L-古龙酸的生成有明显的促进作用。转化的最适pH为7.5。摇瓶发酵64小时后,2,5-二酮基-D-葡萄糖酸到2-酮基-L-古龙酸的转化率为50mol%。     

酮古龙酸菌WB0104中L-山梨糖脱氢酶的分离和性质研究

从两步法生产维生素C重要前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-Keto-L-gulonic acid, 简称2-KLGA)的第二步转化菌酮古龙酸菌Ketogulonigenium sp.WB0104的细胞质中,经SP- Sepharose Fast Flow、DEAE-CL6B和凝胶过滤的方法,分离到了L-山梨糖脱氢酶(L-Sorbose Dehydrogenase , 简称SDH),质谱测定该酶分子量为60.499kd,而用凝胶过滤法测定其分子量为139.053±4.96kd,由此推测该酶为具有两个相同亚基的二聚体;辅基分析表明SDH含有辅基pyrroloquinoline quinone(PQQ).以L-山梨糖(L-Sorbose)为底物,2, 6-Dichlorophenolindophenol(DCIP)为电子受体,SDH具有明显的脱氢酶活性;以L-Sorbose为底物的Km值为23.94mmol/L.在无细胞体系中,在phenazine methosulfate (PMS)存在的情况下,SDH能将底物L-Sorbose直接转化为2-KLGA.     

微生物混合培养从D-山梨醇产生维生素C前体—2-酮基-L-古龙酸发酵条件的研究*

在成功利用SCB329和SCB110混合培养完成从D-山梨醇转化产生2-酮基-L-古龙酸的基础上。为了消除副产物和获得高的产量,首先对两菌搭配比例,初始pH值、培养基成分等发酵培养条件进行单因子实验,在此基础上采用L9(3⁴)正交实验优化其发酵培养基,其最终的优化培养基的成分为:D-山梨醇9g,玉米浆1.5g,尿素1.5g,磷酸二氢钾0.1g,碳酸钙0.2g。用优化后的培养基发酵,没有检测出副产物2-酮基-D-古龙酸,2-酮基-L-古龙酸产量提高了20％。     

甘肃省啮齿动物区系及地理区划的研究

甘肃啮齿动物有87种(含7亚种),隶2目9科41属。可将甘肃划分6个省：1．陇东高原省,有28种(含l亚种),2．中部黄土高原省,有30种;3．河西走廊省,有36种,三趾心颅跳鼠和短耳沙鼠为本省特有种;4．祁连山地省,有29种,高原高山鼠和银白高山鼠为本省特有种;5．甘南高原草原省,有34种,棕背鼾和普通田鼠为本省特有种,6．陇南山地省,有34种,豪猪和巢鼠为本省特有种。     

四川短尾鼩（Anourosorex squamipes)种群动态研究

四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squmipes)的怀孕期在每年的4、7 、9月,种群数量高峰为6月和10～11月。其种群数量的消长可分为种群潜伏期(3-4月)、盛发期(6、8、9月)、始衰期(10-11月)、凋落期(12、1、2月)以及数量间歇期(7月)和繁殖间歇期(5月)。该兽在田间是以个体群为基础的聚集型分布格局,并有高密度时低聚集和低密度时高聚集的分布特征。     

人工饲养条件下高原鼠兔生长和发育的初步研究

本文研究了人工饲养条件下高原鼠兔的生长发育情况,并和其他种鼠兔的生长作了比较。室内高原鼠兔比野外的生长快,人工饲养的阿富汗鼠兔和北美鼠兔生长期短,成熟早。     

A MENI0RIAL T0 THE FAM0US CHINESE GE0B0TANIST PROF. ZHU YAN-CHEN

The Yunnan University, Kunming Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, on December 5, 1980, 1ost its staff member through 30 years and more,the Senior Professor of Plant Ecology and Geo- botany,Head of Geobotanical Laboratory, (Yun- nan University),President the Yunnan Botanical Society, Editor of Acta Botanica Yunnanica, etc     

应用阴茎骨形态指标划分黑腹绒鼠年龄的研究

用雄性阴茎骨近支基底高作频数分配将黑腹绒鼠指名亚种划分为5个年龄组,对各年龄组的体长、阴茎骨近支长和阴茎骨近支基底宽作t检验和F检验均有显著差异或极显著差异．表明以阴茎骨近支基底高划分黑腹绒鼠年龄组是可行的。     

Seed size variation in the palm Euterpe edulis and the effects of seed predators on germination and seedling survival

Intraspecific variation in seed size is common in wild plant populations and has important consequences for the reproductive success of individual plants. Multiple, often conflicting evolutionary forces mediated by biotic as well as abiotic agents may maintain such a variation. In this paper we assessed seed size variation in a population of the threatened, commercially important palm Euterpe edulis in southeast Brazil. We investigated (i) how this variation affects the probability of attack by vertebrate and invertebrate post-dispersal seed predators, and (ii) if seed size influences the outcome of seeds damaged by beetles in terms of seed germination and early survival of seedlings. Euterpe edulis seeds varied in diameter from 8.3 to 14.1 mm. Neither insects nor rodents selected the seeds they preyed upon based on seed size. Seed germination and total, shoot and root biomasses of one-year seedlings were significantly and positively affected by seed size. Root biomass and seedling survival were negatively affected by seed damage caused by a scolytid beetle (Coccotrypes palmarum) whose adults bore into seeds to consume part of the endosperm, but do not oviposit on them. Seed size had a marginally significant effect on seedling survival. Therefore, if any advantage is accrued by E. edulis individuals producing large seeds, this is because of greater seed germination success and seedling vigor. If this is so, even a relatively narrow range of variation in seed size as observed in the E. edulis population studied may translate into differential success of individual plants.     

Morph-specific differences in reproductive success in the distylous Primula veris in a context of habitat fragmentation

Heterostylous self-incompatible plant species are particularly sensitive to habitat fragmentation and to disruption of pollination processes because of the need of intermorph cross-pollination for producing seeds. Heterostyly is characterized by sexual polymorphism through the occurrence of two (distyly) or three (tristyly) morph types that differ in floral traits (style length and anther position). We examined whether the long-styled (pin) and short-styled (thrum) morph types show differences in reproductive components and responses to habitat fragmentation in the distylous, self-incompatible perennial herb Primula veris. We documented reproductive components for pin and thrum individuals and their relationships with population size, plant density and morph ratio (pin frequency), in nine populations from Flanders (northern Belgium) located in fragmented habitats of the intensively used agricultural landscape. Seed abortion increased in small populations as a result of inbreeding depression. Fruit set increased with plant density. Seed set was positively related to pin proportion. Seed set was higher for pin than thrum in small populations, but lower in large populations. Two hypotheses can be considered to explain these morph-specific differences: a pollen transfer asymmetry, and a reproductive advantage for the partially self-compatible pin morph. Morph types appear to respond differently to habitat fragmentation constraints. A floral morph type showing partial self-compatibility may be favored in populations under pollination failure, because it can increase reproductive success and mating opportunities through intramorph crosses.     

Influence of microclimate and species interactions on the composition of plant and invertebrate communities in alpine northern Norway

We assessed the effects of both biotic processes and abiotic factors on the community composition of vascular plant species and invertebrates at a site in northern Norway. Plant species were assigned to functional (woody versus herbaceous) and biogeographic (boreal versus alpine) groups. Invertebrate species were classified as either herbivore or predator. When species interactions and effects of the abiotic environment were partitioned, boreal species appeared to influence the distribution of alpine species and woody species the distribution of herbaceous species. Analysis of partial correlations indicated that facilitation was the dominant mode of interaction between the two pairs of plant groups. Among abiotic factors, the thermal environment probably influenced all components of the plant and invertebrate communities, except for predatory invertebrates, and wind appeared important in determining the composition of woody and alpine components of the plant community but not the herbaceous component. The composition of the boreal component of the plant community apparently influenced the composition of all invertebrate communities, except for predatory invertebrates. The composition of the woody component of the plant community influenced the composition of both herbivore and predator communities. The alpine plant-community composition influenced predatory invertebrate community composition. Woody plant community composition influenced the composition of both herbivore and predator communities. Our analytic approach, based on two kinds of structural equation models (d-separation and path analysis), provides a useful method for identifying the biotic as well as abiotic factors that influence community structure.     

Shadoo/PrP (Sprn0/0/Prnp0/0) double knockout mice

Shadoo (Sho) is a brain glycoprotein with similarities to the unstructured region of PrP^C. Frameshift alleles of the Sho gene, Sprn, are reported in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) patients while Sprn mRNA knockdown in PrP-null (Prnp^0/0) embryos produces lethality, advancing Sho as the hypothetical PrP-like “pi” protein. Also, Sho levels are reduced as misfolded PrP accumulates during prion infections. To penetrate these issues we created Sprn null alleles (Daude et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 2012; 109(23): 9035–40). Results from the challenge of Sprn null and TgSprn transgenic mice with rodent-adapted prions coalesce to define downregulation of Sho as a “tracer” for the formation of misfolded PrP. However, classical BSE and rodent-adapted BSE isolates may behave differently, as they do for other facets of the pathogenic process, and this intriguing variation warrants closer scrutiny. With regards to physiological function, double knockout mice (Sprn^0/0/Prnp^0/0) mice survived to over 600 d of age. This suggests that Sho is not pi, or, given the accumulating data for many activities for PrP^C, that the pi hypothesis invoking a discrete signaling pathway to maintain neuronal viability is no longer tenable.     

新生大鼠脊髓交感节前神经元的单胺能受体

应用新生大鼠离体脊髓薄片的细胞内记录,观察了５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）、去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）及肾上腺素（ＡＤ）对交感节前神经元（ＳＰＮ）膜电位的作用,以期阐明三种单胺受体是共存于同一细胞,还是分别存在于不同细胞？实验结果显示：（１）５－ＨＴ,ＮＡ及ＡＤ分别使５７．１％（１６／２８）,６０％（１５／２５）及５２．４％（１１／２１）的ＳＰＮ出现了去极化反应;（２）根据ＳＰＮ对三种单胺的反应,可将６０％（１