Field Study of the Interaction between Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation and Drought on Photosynthesis and Growth in Soybean

Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv Essex, plants were grown in the field in a 2 × 2 factorial design, under ambient and supplemental levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (supplemental daily dose of 5.1 effective kilojoules per square meter) and were either well-watered or subjected to drought. Soil water potentials were reduced to −2.0 megapascals by the exclusion of natural precipitation in the drought plots and were maintained at approximately −0.5 megapascal by supplemental irrigation in well-watered plots. Plant growth and gas exchange characteristics were affected under both drought and supplemental UV-B radiation. Whole-leaf gas exchange analysis indicated that stomatal limitations on photosynthesis were only significantly affected by the combination of UV-B radiation and drought but substrate (ribulose bisphosphate) regeneration limitations were observed under either stress. The combined effect of both drought and UV-B radiation on photosynthetic gas exchange was a reduction in apparent quantum efficiency and the rapid appearance of biochemical limitations to photosynthesis concomitant with reduced diffusional limitations. However, the combination of stresses did not result in additive effects on total plant growth or seed yield compared to reductions under either stress independently.     

Phytochrome-induced Germination, Endosperm Softening and Embryo Growth Potential in Datura ferox Seeds: Sensitivity to Low Water Potential and Time to Escape to FR Reversal

In Datura ferox seeds, the far-red absorbing form of phytochrome(Pfr) induces endosperm softening, larger embryo growthpotential,and germination. We investigated the effect of exposing theseeds to a range of water potentials in the presence of Pfronits induction of these responses. In addition, the escape timeto far-red-light (FR) reversal of the three responses wasdetermined. Low water potential inhibited Pfr action on endosperm softeningand germination in a similar way. In both cases, a 50% reductionin the response to a saturating red-light (R) irradiation wasobserved at a water potential of c. —0·5 MPa andtherewas very good correlation between the percentage numberof seeds with softened endosperm at 45 h after R and germinationat 72 h after R (R2=0·95). In contrast, the effect ofdecreasing the external water potential on Pfr induction ofa larger embryogrowth potential was more complex. Moderate decreasesin water potential (—0·3 to —0·5 MPa)enhanced Pfr action and thegrowth potential of the embryos waslarger (20—25%) than the water controls; water potentialsbelow —0·7 MPa inhibited the Pfr stimulus. The escape time to FR reversal of the R effect was shorter forthe increase in embryo growth potential than for endospermsoftening.Twenty-four h after R, the embryo response had escaped in morethan 80% of the population whereas endospermsoftening and germinationwere susceptible to FR inhibition in 100% of the seeds. These results indicate that in D. ferox seeds the increase inembryo growth potential is not sufficient for germination andthatendosperm softening is a necessary condition. Key words: Germination, dormancy, phytochrome, endosperm softening, water potential     

The Effects of Solar Radiation on Plant Growth, Oil Yield and Oil Quality of Japanese Mint

Plants of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L. subsp. haplocalyxBriquet var. piperascens Holmes) were grown under 100, 64, 49and 28% conditions of prevailing radiation for 10 weeks, withharvests at 4, 6.8 and 10 weeks. Measurements were made on plantgrowth, yields of essential oil and chemical composition ofoil. The greatest morphological responses to increased shading intensitywere increases in stem length and leaf area. Little responseto shading was shown by mean relative growth rate (RGR) or meannet assimilation rate (NAR) while that of mean leaf area ratio(LAR) was marked. No significant differences in oil yield werefound among different treatments at the final harvest nor werethere great differences in amounts of menthol and menthone,two important constituents of Japanese mint oil. The experiments indicate that, within the experimental limitsimposed, Japanese mint tends to compensate in growth and oilproduction for shading effects. This work may also explain thedifferent and sometimes contradictory results reported in theliterature on the effects of shading on mint oil production     

Efficiency of Root Respiration in Relation to Growth Rate, Morphology and Soil Composition

Root growth respiration and root maintenance respiration rate of the following species were determined: Hypochaeris radicata L. ssp. radicata L., H. radicata ssp. ericetorum Van Soest, Plantago lanceolata L., P. major L. ssp. major, P. major ssp. pleiosperma Pilgcr, P. maritime L., Senecio viscosus L., S. vulgaris L. and Urtica dioica L. A high root growth respiration (i.e. the amount of oxygen consumed for synthesis of a given weight of root material) implied a high maintenance respiration rate (i.e. the amount of oxygen consumed per unit of time and dry weight, but not connected with growth). High values of both components reflect a low efficiency of root respiratory processes. The efficiency of root respiration, as determined by the values for root growth respiration and root maintenance respiration rate could not be demonstrated to be of advantage in adaptation to soil conditions, as e.g. nitrogen content, moisture content and pH. It is concluded that (he degree of ‘wasteful utilization of sugars’ in roots, i.e. such consumption of sugars as cannot be related to structural growth, storage of carbohydrates or maintenance processes, depends on imbalance of transport of sugars from the shoot to the roots with utilization of sugars for synthesis of root material. The results are discussed in relation to Brouwer's explanation for the equilibrium between the growth of shoots and of roots. Root growth rate in the present species appears limited by a factor produced in the shoot under light conditions, and which factor is distinct from carbohydrates. The evidence presented shows that relatively inefficient root respiration does not imply a low growth rate. In regulation of plant growth the growth rate itself and also the shoot to-root ratio may be more important than the regulation of the efficiency of energy metabolism.     

不同浓度NaCl对苋菜幼苗生长、光合速率、离子吸收和甜菜碱含量的影响

生长40d的苋菜幼苗用0、150、300和500mmol·L~(-1)NaCl处理5d后,其生长、光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均受到不同程度的抑制。苋菜的叶和根中蓄积的Na~+和Cl~-含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而显著增加。经各种浓度NaCl处理的甜菜碱含量均增加。     

Monitored Environment System to Control Cell Growth, Morphology, and Metabolic Rate in Fungi by Oxidation-Reduction Potentials

A device for the adjustment, maintenance, and monitoring of a desired oxidation-reduction potential in a liquid environment is described. The filamentous species, Penicillium lilacinum and Trichophyton schoenleinii, and the dimorphic species, Histoplasma capsulatum, developed budding yeastlike cells when grown in a liquid medium with a low oxidation-reduction potential. When the organisms were inoculated into fresh medium, they returned to the filamentous condition as the oxidation-reduction potential was restored to a more positive (oxidizing) environment.     

Specific Growth Rate Determines the Sensitivity of Escherichia coli to Thermal, UVA, and Solar Disinfection

Knowledge about the sensitivity of the test organism is essential for the evaluation of any disinfection method. In this work we show that sensitivity of Escherichia coli MG1655 to three physical stresses (mild heat, UVA light, and sunlight) that are relevant in the disinfection of drinking water with solar radiation is determined by the specific growth rate of the culture. Batch- and chemostat-cultivated cells from cultures with similar specific growth rates showed similar stress sensitivities. Generally, fast-growing cells were more sensitive to the stresses than slow-growing cells. For example, slow-growing chemostat-cultivated cells (D = 0.08 h⁻¹) and stationary-phase bacteria from batch culture that were exposed to mild heat had very similar T₉₀ (time until 90% of the population is inactivated) values (T_{90, chemostat} = 2.66 h; T_{90, batch} = 2.62 h), whereas T₉₀ for cells growing at a μ of 0.9 h⁻¹ was 0.2 h. We present evidence that the stress sensitivity of E. coli is correlated with the intracellular level of the alternative sigma factor RpoS. This is also supported by the fact that E. coli rpoS mutant cells were more stress sensitive than the parent strain by factors of 4.9 (mild heat), 5.3 (UVA light), and 4.1 (sunlight). Furthermore, modeling of inactivation curves with GInaFiT revealed that the shape of inactivation curves changed depending on the specific growth rate. Inactivation curves of cells from fast-growing cultures (μ = 1.0 h⁻¹) that were irradiated with UVA light showed a tailing effect, while for slow-growing cultures (μ = 0.3 h⁻¹), inactivation curves with shoulders were obtained. Our findings emphasize the need for accurate reporting of specific growth rates and detailed culture conditions in disinfection studies to allow comparison of data from different studies and laboratories and sound interpretation of the data obtained.     

Photosynthesis, Growth, and Ultraviolet Irradiance Absorbance of Cucurbita pepo L. Leaves Exposed to Ultraviolet-B Radiation (280-315 nm)

Net photosynthesis, growth, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation absorbance were determined for the first leaf of Cucurbita pepo L. exposed to two levels of UV-B irradiation and a UV-B radiation-free control treatment. Absorbance by extracted flavonoid pigments and other UV-B radiation-absorbing compounds from the first leaves increased with time and level of UV-B radiation impinging on leaf surfaces. Although absorbance of UV-B radiation by extracted pigments increased substantially, UV-B radiation attenuation apparently was insufficient to protect completely the photosynthetic apparatus or leaf growth processes. Leaf expansion was repressed by daily exposure to 1365 Joules per meter per day of biologically effective UV-B radiation but not by exposure to 660 Joules per meter per day. Photosynthesis measured through ontogenesis of the first leaf was depressed by both UV-B radiation treatments. Repression of photosynthesis by UV-B radiation was especially evident during the ontogenetic period of maximum photosynthetic activity.     

Interrelationship Between Plant Developmental Stage, Plant Growth Rate, Nitrate Utilization and Nitrogen Fixation in Hydroponically Grown Soybean

The growth rate of the indeterminate soybean plant [Glycinemax (L.)Merr.] slows as it proceeds from vegetative phase intoreproductive growth. Yet, the well-nodulated plant acquiresmost of its nitrogen during reproductive growth. Thus, the interrelationshipbetween plant developmental stage and nitrogen fixation wasexamined. It is shown that, regardless of the age of the hydroponicallygrown soybean plant at the time of its inoculation with Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum, the highest rate of nitrogen fixation occurs duringthe pod-filling stage (R5). Nevertheless, maximum total nitrogenfixation is generally achieved when inoculation occurs at thefull-bloom stage (R2). It is shown, however, that flower budsand flowering are not responsible for the enhanced nodulationand nitrogen fixation. Rather, the data suggest that the onsetof rapid nodulation occurs soon after the initiation of thedevelopmentally programmed drop in foliar nitrate reductaseactivity. The ensuing increase in nitrogen fixation providesthe plant with much of its needed nitrogen and hence stimulatesplant mass accumulation during pod-fill. It is suggested thatnitrogen fixation enhances growth of the soybean plant by increasingits net photosynthetic efficiency during reproductive growthand by providing the needed nitrogen at the appropriate timefor maximum seed growth. Key words: Glycine max, nitrate, nitrogen fixation, nodulation     

The Influence of Sowing Depth and Seed Size on Seedling Emergence Time and Relative Growth Rate in Spring Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

The effects of seed size and sowing depth on the time of seedlingemergence and on the growth of spring cabbage studied in greenhouseand field experiments. Seed size had little effect on seedlingemergence time, but plants derived from large seeds were largerthan those from small seeds. Increased sowing depth delayedseedling emergence and reduced seedling relative growth rate(RGR). To our knowledge, these effects of sowing depth on RGRindependent of inter-plant competition have not been reportedpreviously for any species. Sowing depth had no effect on thenet assimilation rate (NAR) of seedlings, indicating that thelower RGR of seedlings from deep sowings was associated witha low light interception by small cotyledons which in turn resultedfrom disproportionately low partitioning of assimilates to thecotyledons during pre-emergence growth in favour of producinghypocotyls of greater length. Brassica oleracea, specific leaf area, growth analysis, dry matter partitioning, light interception, cabbage, seed size, sowing depth, seedling emergence time, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate     

Plant Defenses and Predation Risk Differentially Shape Patterns of Consumption,Growth, and Digestive Efficiency in a Guild of Leaf-Chewing Insects

Herbivores are squeezed between the two omnipresent threats of variable food quality and natural enemy attack, but these two factors are not independent of one another. The mechanisms by which organisms navigate the dual challenges of foraging while avoiding predation are poorly understood. We tested the effects of plant defense and predation risk on herbivory in an assemblage of leaf-chewing insects on Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) that included two Solanaceae specialists (Manduca sexta and Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and one generalist (Trichoplusia ni). Defenses were altered using genetic manipulations of the jasmonate phytohormonal cascade, whereas predation risk was assessed by exposing herbivores to cues from the predaceous stink bug, Podisus maculiventris. Predation risk reduced herbivore food intake by an average of 29% relative to predator-free controls. Interestingly, this predator-mediated impact on foraging behavior largely attenuated when quantified in terms of individual growth rate. Only one of the three species experienced lower body weight under predation risk and the magnitude of this effect was small (17% reduction) compared with effects on foraging behavior. Manduca sexta larvae, compensated for their predator-induced reduction in food intake by more effectively converting leaf tissue to body mass. They also had higher whole-body lipid content when exposed to predators, suggesting that individuals convert energy to storage forms to draw upon when risk subsides. In accordance with expectations based on insect diet breadth, plant defenses tended to have a stronger impact on consumption and growth in the generalist than the two specialists. These data both confirm the ecological significance of predators in the foraging behavior of herbivorous prey and demonstrate how sophisticated compensatory mechanisms allow foragers to partially offset the detrimental effects of reduced food intake. The fact that these mechanisms operated across a wide range of plant resistance phenotypes suggests that compensation is not always constrained by reduced food quality.     

Growth and Differentiation of Seedling of an Aquatic Plant,Trapella sinensis Oliv. I. Some Growth Characteristics in the Early Stage

It was shown that the early growth of Trapella sinensis seedlings can be divided into two distinct stages based upon susceptibility for different growth-regulators, such as gibberellin, kinetin, and the extract of Chlorella cells grown in light. The two stages were observed on the 7th and the 10th days, respectively. Especially the epicotyl showed different sensitivities to the growth regulators mentioned above. The effect of gibberellin (GA₃), kinetin and the extract of Chlorella cells grown in light on the growth of T. sinensis seedlings after germination at 23 °C in light at 2000 lux was investigated. Each addition was done at zero time and after 3, 6 and 10 days growth, and the effect was observed subsequent every 3 or 4 days.     

Increase in Alfalfa Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation, and Plant Growth by Specific DNA Amplification in Sinorhizobium meliloti

To improve symbiotic nitrogen fixation on alfalfa plants, Sinorhizobium meliloti strains containing different average copy numbers of a symbiotic DNA region were constructed by specific DNA amplification (SDA). A DNA fragment containing a regulatory gene (nodD1), the common nodulation genes (nodABC), and an operon essential for nitrogen fixation (nifN) from the nod regulon region of the symbiotic plasmid pSyma of S. meliloti was cloned into a plasmid unable to replicate in this organism. The plasmid then was integrated into the homologous DNA region of S. meliloti strains 41 and 1021, which resulted in a duplication of the symbiotic region. Sinorhizobium derivatives carrying further amplification were selected by growing the bacteria in increased concentrations of an antibiotic marker present in the integrated vector. Derivatives of strain 41 containing averages of 3 and 6 copies and a derivative of strain 1021 containing an average of 2.5 copies of the symbiotic region were obtained. In addition, the same region was introduced into both strains as a multicopy plasmid, yielding derivatives with an average of seven copies per cell. Nodulation, nitrogenase activity, plant nitrogen content, and plant growth were analyzed in alfalfa plants inoculated with the different strains. The copy number of the symbiotic region was critical in determining the plant phenotype. In the case of the strains with a moderate increase in copy number, symbiotic properties were improved significantly. The inoculation of alfalfa with these strains resulted in an enhancement of plant growth.     

Gradient of Growth, Spontaneous Changes in Growth Rate and Response to Auxin of Excised Hypocotyl Segments of Phaseolus aureus

Spontaneous growth was studied in excised mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) hypocotyl segments. Measurements were made with a growth-recording apparatus using displacement transducers on single 5- to 6-millimeter samples excised from the growth zone immediately below the hook.     

Relation of Mucoid Growth of Staphylococcus aureus to Clumping Factor Reaction, Morphology in Serum-Soft Agar, and Virulence

The growth characteristics of several strains of Staphylococcus aureus in Brain Heart Infusion and in a modified Staphylococcus Medium No. 110 were compared. In the latter medium all of the strains studied showed an increased mucoid character. Some of the strains studied showed a greater potential to synthesize excess slime layer material than others. The highly mucoid strains grew as diffuse-type colonies in modified Staphylococcus Medium No. 110 serum-soft agar and reacted as though they were negative in the test for clumping factor. These strains were also found to be more virulent when used to challenge normal mice intraperitoneally.     

Role of the Spore Coat Layers in Bacillus subtilis Spore Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide, Artificial UV-C, UV-B, and Solar UV Radiation

Spores of Bacillus subtilis possess a thick protein coat that consists of an electron-dense outer coat layer and a lamellalike inner coat layer. The spore coat has been shown to confer resistance to lysozyme and other sporicidal substances. In this study, spore coat-defective mutants of B. subtilis (containing the gerE36 and/or cotE::cat mutation) were used to study the relative contributions of spore coat layers to spore resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and various artificial and solar UV treatments. Spores of strains carrying mutations in gerE and/or cotE were very sensitive to lysozyme and to 5% H₂O₂, as were chemically decoated spores of the wild-type parental strain. Spores of all coat-defective strains were as resistant to 254-nm UV-C radiation as wild-type spores were. Spores possessing the gerE36 mutation were significantly more sensitive to artificial UV-B and solar UV radiation than wild-type spores were. In contrast, spores of strains possessing the cotE::cat mutation were significantly more resistant to all of the UV treatments used than wild-type spores were. Spores of strains carrying both the gerE36 and cotE::cat mutations behaved like gerE36 mutant spores. Our results indicate that the spore coat, particularly the inner coat layer, plays a role in spore resistance to environmentally relevant UV wavelengths.     

Effects of Photoperiod and Maturity Genes on Plant Growth, Partitioning, Radiation Use Efficiency, and Yield in Soyabean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] 'Clark'

Plants of four isolines of soyabean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill]‘Clark’, viz‘L71-920’ (maturity genecomplemente₁e₂e₃ ), ‘L80-5914’ (E₁e₂e₃), ‘Clark’(e₁E₂E₃), and ‘L65-3366’ (E₁E₂E₃), were grown inshort (12.25 h d ^{- 1}natural light) and long days (12.25 h d^{- 1}natural light supplemented with 2.75 h d ^{- 1}low-irradianceartificial light) from first flowering to maturity in a polythenetunnel maintained at 30/24°C (day/night). Whereas therewere few differences among the isolines grown in short days,in long days the dominant alleles increased crop duration, biomassand seed yield substantially. Increases in biological and economicyield were not solely a consequence of longer crop duration:the dominant alleles also increased crop growth rate and radiationuse efficiency in long days (from 1.3 g MJ ^{- 1}total radiationine₁e₂e₃ to 2.8 g MJ ^{- 1}inE₁E₂E₃ ). Greater radiation use efficiencyresulted from a relatively longer leaf area duration, betterdistribution and orientation of a larger mass of leaves withinthe canopy, and smaller partitioning of assimilates to reproductivestructures. The work reveals the substantial effects of thethree lociE₁ / e₁, E₂/ e₂and E₃/e₃ on the response of plantgrowth, as well as development, to environment. Their relevanceto crop adaptation is discussed. Copyright 2000 Annals of BotanyCompany Glycine max(L.) Merrill, soyabean, maturity genes, flowering, phenology, growth, yield