基于管理目标的黄河三角洲湿地生态需水量

独特的地理位置和气候特征 ,使黄河三角洲湿地自然保护区孕育了丰富的自然资源和生物多样性。然而近些年来由于黄河上、中游开发不断 ,砍伐、引水工程等引发了下游特别是河口三角洲一系列的生态问题。表现在水资源紧缺、水体污染以及生物多样性减少等。根据黄河三角洲湿地自然保护区的现实问题以及 Ram sar公约要求 ,确定了黄河三角洲湿地自然保护区管理目标即保护新生湿地和鸟类资源 ,栖息地恢复与保护 ,生态系统功能与过程的维持等 3个层次的目标。通过分析湿地生物和水量的相关性 ,计算了不同层次管理目标的黄河三角洲湿地生态需水量 ,即在不考虑输沙用水的情况下 ,黄河三角洲湿地最小生态需水量、适宜需水量和理想需水量分别为 4 0 .95× 10 8m3、5 2 .4 5× 10 8m3和 6 7.93× 10 8m3;在考虑输沙用水的情况下 ,湿地最小生态需水量、适宜需水量和理想需水量分别为 190 .95× 10 8m3、2 0 2 .4 5× 10 8m3和 2 17.93× 10 8m3。     

乌梁素海保护的生态需水量评估

结合乌梁素海湿地生态系统特征 ,基于保证水量、保证水质和改善水质 (对于污染湖泊 ) 3个层次的湖泊湿地保护目标 ,给出了不同环境保护目标下湖泊湿地的生态需水量估算方法 ,并在系统分析乌梁素海水文水循环特征的基础上 ,选择适合的计算方法 ,对乌梁素海不同保护目标下的生态需水量进行了估算。结果表明 ,从保证水量平衡角度看 ,乌梁素海排干系统排入湖泊水量为 6 .18× 10 8m3/ a,可以保证乌梁素海的水量平衡 ;从保证水质角度看 ,由于作为生态用水的黄河水总 N浓度超过国家地表水水质标准中湖泊水质 V类水标准限值的 1.6倍 ,比乌梁素海湖水总 N含量还要高 ,因此 ,完全达标的生态需水量是不存在的 ,但如果只考虑盐分和总 P,在现有排干水量为 6 .18× 10 8m3/ a条件下 ,则维持乌梁素海的盐分和 P浓度不变的生态需水量分别为 1.82× 10 8m3/ a和 12 .3× 10 8m3/ a;从保证湖水水质达标角度看 ,现有污染物排放情况下 ,1a盐分和总 P达标的生态需水量分别为 4 .91× 10 8m3/ a和 16 .3× 10 8m3/ a,10 a盐分和总 P达标的生态需水量应分别为 4 .2 8× 10 8m3/ a和 14 .3× 10 8m3/ a     

嫩江流域湿地生态需水量分析与预估

探讨了嫩江流域湿地生态需水量的计算方法,并对流域内不同降水频率下湿地生态需水量进行了计算。在此基础上,选择CMIP全球气候模式下RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5等3种排放情景,预测2030年、2050年和2100年嫩江流域湿地生态需水量的变化趋势。研究结果表明:不同降水频率下的流域湿地生态需水量分别为丰水年70.284亿m3,平水年118.696亿m3,枯水年169.343亿m3,反映了其与气候条件的相关性。3种排放情景下湿地生态需水量变化受到最高、最低气温和降水量变化的共同影响,其中RCP2.6情景下需水量呈先增加后减少的趋势;RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下需水量整体呈增加趋势,到2100年分别达到147.337亿m3和132.659亿m3。气候变化条件下,如何协调水资源需求间的矛盾,维持湿地生态系统健康稳定,将是未来研究关注的重点。     

湿地生态水文模型研究进展

建立湿地生态因素和水文因素之间的响应模型是当前湿地研究的一个新领域,可为湿地的保护、评价和管理提供科学依据。本文依据湿地生态水文过程特征,将湿地生态水文模型分为湿地生态水分循环估算模型、湿地生态水文化学过程模拟模型和湿地生物对水文过程的响应模型,综述了当前湿地生态水文模型的研究进展,并在此基础上探讨了湿地生态水文模型的研究重点和发展趋势。     

人工湿地系统在湖泊生态修复中的作用

湖泊在维系区域水安全、生态安全和环境安全中具有重要价值。然而,受到人类非理性水土资源开发活动和全球变化的影响,部分湖泊遭到污染、无序垦殖及生态和环境需水被挤占而发生退化,其生态服务功能和经济社会价值也显著降低,对湖泊进行生态修复已成为政府部门、学术界和社会公众共同关心的资源与环境问题之一。在湖泊生态修复中,人工湿地系统可有效降低湖泊污染负荷,对湖泊生态系统的非生物环境进行有效调控;此外,人工湿地系统可对湖泊生物物种进行定向培育、增殖和保护。人工湿地系统消减湖泊污染负荷主要包括对外源性污染负荷的生态拦截和对内源性污染负荷的生态萃取。根据外源性污染负荷的入湖方式,生态拦截又包括针对无组织排放污染负荷(主要包括农田区坡面径流和城市地表径流)的带状拦截和针对有组织排放污染负荷的前置库拦截及线状拦截。在利用人工湿地系统进行湖泊生态修复过程中,需要结合湖泊生态系统的基本特征、生态退化的动力学机制和生态修复目标,按照节水、节地原则,适时、适地、适效地建设人工湿地系统及组合系统,充分发挥人工湿地系统对湖泊的综合生态修复功能。需要特别指出的是,在利用人工湿地系统进行湖泊生态修复过程中,要在多方论证和生态风险调控的基础上进行,避免外源性物种入侵对湖泊生态系统的破坏。     

湖泊生态缓冲带识别与生态系统服务价值评估——以滇池为例

湖滨带及环湖区域是发挥湖泊生态功能的关键区域,湖泊生态缓冲带建设是生态系统服务功能提升和湖泊生态保育的重要手段。基于原地产污贡献、单位面积价值当量因子和GIS分析等方法,以滇池为例识别湖泊生态缓冲带并评估生态系统服务价值。结果表明：(1)滇池生态缓冲带识别划定出山体型缓冲带、农田型缓冲带、村落型缓冲带、城镇型缓冲带和湿地型缓冲带等5种类型,上边界和下边界长度为171.50km和127.55km,平均宽度为349.49m,总面积为38.12km²;其中湿地型占主,缓冲带宽度处于20—825m之间,面积为10.31km²、占比27.05%;(2)2000—2020年环滇池区域生态系统服务价值整体呈下降趋势,价值总量由12.40亿元降低至7.78亿元;价值等级以低等级和中等级别为主,多期评估显示二者占比处于70.21%—77.66%之间;外海北岸和草海区域生态系统服务价值降低最为明显,反映出城镇建设等人类活动的影响;(3)环滇池区域湿地型、林地型和草地型三种情景模拟对生态系统服务价值分别提升58.87%、21.08%和17.48%,湿地型情景下水文...     

洪河国家级自然保护区最小生态需水量与补水分析

湿地生态水文及其水资源优化配置已成为湿地研究中的重大科学问题之一.该研究基于湿地最小生态水位,以湿地静态补水与动态补水的定量方法,对洪河国家级自然保护区湿地最小生态需水量进行估算.研究结果表明:洪河湿地最小生态水位为51.5 m,静态需水量1863×104 m3,动态补水方案为1级补水量867.4×104 ～ 1518.0×104 m3/月,2级补水量693.9×104 ～ 1214.4×104 m3/月,3级补水量520.4×104 ～ 910.8×104 m3/月,4级补水量173.5×104 ～ 303.6×104 m3/月,5级补水量0.0×104 m3/月.研究确定的最小生态水位具有一定科学性,湿地生态水位提高30cm,能够为该区湿地植被群落的水生演替提供适宜生境.该研究结果可为其他湿地自然保护区的科学、有效管理提供理论依据.     

河湖生态系统生态用水优化研究——以滇池流域为例

生态需水是河流与湖泊生态系统健康的重要基础。湖泊流域的河流与湖泊生态系统之间存在密切的水量联系,目前对流域内生态用水的研究多为单一生态系统生态需水简单相加,忽略了河流和湖泊之间复杂的水量联系。基于河湖复合生态系统之间的水量联系构建了河湖生态系统生态用水优化模型,并以滇池为例分析了河湖生态系统生态用水规律。结果表明：湖泊流域中单一河流或湖泊生态需水计算结果不能满足复合生态系统的生态用水要求,需要综合考虑河流和湖泊之间的水量联系;在当前水质状况下,牛栏江每年的调水量不能满足滇池流域的生态用水要求;滇池流域水体污染对流域内生态用水影响较大,随着水体污染程度的下降,流域生态用水量和调水量呈指数下降,河流生态用水呈线性下降。     

湿地水文生态学模型的理论与方法

定量模拟生态模式与水文机制间的关系是当前生态学、水文学和湿地科学的一个热点研究领域。本文介绍了湿地水文生态学的概念、多学科理论体系以及跨学科特征,概括了湿地水文生态模型构建原理与方法,及国内外研究进展和特点。分析了湿地水文生态模型存在的尺度冲突、模型变量选择与模型不确定性,缺少有效校验方法等主要问题。指出湿地水文生态模型未来发展中与新兴交叉学科和地学信息技术耦合的特征由当前数学模型为主逐步过渡到物理模型的趋势。本文还以内陆平原淡水湿地为例,构建了以生境湿度特征为核心的湿地水文生态概念模型,同时设计了一个在集水区尺度上基于RS和GIS方法的湿地水文生态模型范式,以便于增加对此类模型的理解和认识。     

宁武老师傅海湿地植物物种多样性及其与环境因子的关系

老师傅海湿地是山西省现存的高山湖泊之一,了解其植物物种组成、多样性及其与环境因子的关系是深入研究湿地群落的基础和前提.本研究以老师傅海湿地28块1 m×1 m的样地数据为依据,分析了该地区植被的物种组成.运用聚类分析、排序分析及多样性指数,探讨该湿地群丛的分类、特征、物种多样性以及植物群落与环境的生态关系.结果 表明:...     

Eco-hydrological model and critical conditions of hydrology of the wetland of Erdos Larus Relictus Nature Reserve

Erdos Larus Relictus Nature Reserve is the only wetland of international importance to protect Larus Relictus in China. From the early part of this century, the impact of water use, vegetation construction and the climate of the catchment area increasing on the wetland of this Nature Reserve has brought about severe water shortage. Until now, no eco-hydrological model at home or abroad integrates the wetland ecological and hydrological processes. This paper considers the relationship between the food chains of the Larus Relictus and environmental elements, and establishes the eco-hydrological processes from Larus Relictus to damselfly + Chironomidae and the salinity and the area of Bojiang Lake. It also establishes a relationship among Larus Relictus breeding, the area of islands outcropped in the levels of the lake and hydrological season based on the relationship between Larus Relictus breeding and environmental elements. The eco-hydrological model is then constructed according to these relationships. In virtue of the constraints of the lake salinity, the suitable area of the lake is 9.01 km², and 4.88 km² for the smallest area. While in accordance with the area of islands outcropped needed for Larus Relictus breeding, the lake area is 11.02 km² in breeding season corresponding to critical high level.     

Eco-hydrological model and critical conditions of hydrology of the wetland of Erdos Larus Relictus Nature Reserve

Erdos Larus Relictus Nature Reserve is the only wetland of international importance to protect Larus Relictus in China. From the early part of this century, the impact of water use, vegetation construction and the climate of the catchment area increasing on the wetland of this Nature Reserve has brought about severe water shortage. Until now, no eco-hydrological model at home or abroad integrates the wetland ecological and hydrological processes. This paper considers the relationship between the food chains of the Larus Relictus and environmental elements, and establishes the eco-hydrological processes from Larus Relictus to damselfly + Chironomidae and the salinity and the area of Bojiang Lake. It also establishes a relationship among Larus Relictus breeding, the area of islands outcropped in the levels of the lake and hydrological season based on the relationship between Larus Relictus breeding and environmental elements. The eco-hydrological model is then constructed according to these relationships. In virtue of the constraints of the lake salinity, the suitable area of the lake is 9.01 km², and 4.88 km² for the smallest area. While in accordance with the area of islands outcropped needed for Larus Relictus breeding, the lake area is 11.02 km² in breeding season corresponding to critical high level.     

湿地生态水文模型研究综述

变化环境下湿地生态水文格局及过程发生了深刻变化,已对流域、区域乃至我国水安全和生态安全构成威胁。湿地生态水文模型是揭示湿地生态格局与生态过程的水文学机制的有效工具和重要手段。介绍了湿地生态水文模型的概念、内涵、构建方法及分类,回顾了湿地生态水文模型的国内外发展历程,论述了目前湿地生态水文模型研究应用的重点领域:湿地生态水文调控与生态补水、流域湿地生态恢复重建与水资源综合管控和气候变化下湿地生态水文变化评估与应对策略。针对目前研究中存在的问题及薄弱环节,提出未来研究的发展趋势和亟需加强研究的重点方向。     

Contrasting patterns of wetland use by sympatric larids in winter

The population dynamics and behaviour of the larid assemblage of a Mediterranean coastal wetland, the Vourkari inlet in Greece, were studied during the winter of 2008–2009. More black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) were seen in the inlet in December, more Mediterranean gulls (Larus melanocephalus) were present from mid-January to mid-February, while little variation was observed in yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) numbers throughout winter. Bird numbers remained stable through the day for the yellow-legged gull, but fewer black-headed and Mediterranean gulls were present in the late morning than the other periods. Diurnal activity patterns showed that feeding was the primary behaviour for yellow-legged gulls and resting and sleeping for black-headed and Mediterranean gulls, with locomotion being equally important for all species. All larids were primarily feeding in the late morning period, but yellow-legged gulls were doing so in much higher proportions. These contrasting patterns suggested that the Vourkari inlet was more important as a day roost for black-headed and Mediterranean gulls and a preferred feeding ground for yellow-legged gulls. Furthermore, results suggested that resting and sleeping were interchangeable activities and all other activities had more or less the same time demands on a daily basis, and also a consistent pattern across species in sleeping proportions that might indicate cross-species synchrony in sleep patterns; however future research is needed to resolve these issues. This study provided important new information on the winter ecology of three larids and revealed patterns of wetland use by these species that could help assess the importance of certain areas and improve coastal habitat management strategies to benefit birds.     

陕西定边苟池湿地发现遗鸥繁殖群分布

2013年5月23日,在陕西省定边苟池湿地发现遗鸥 (Larus relictus) 繁殖群,统计结果为434巢。分为南、北两个巢群,南部巢群341巢,北部巢群93巢,南、北两个巢群间距8 m。遗鸥筑巢于坑洼相连的盐碱沼泽中一处较大"岛屿"上,巢址高出水面30~50 cm。定边苟池湿地是我国又一处新的遗鸥繁殖地。     

西藏夯错水鸟多样性及斑头雁繁殖活动区的变化

于2009年4-11月,对西藏夯错的水鸟资源状况进行了调查,旨在了解该地区水鸟资源状况的了解,并为禽流感的防控提供了科学依据.在夯错全年共记录到水鸟26种,隶属于6目10科.夯错也是斑头雁和棕头鸥重要的繁殖地.水鸟春秋季迁徙高峰期在4月份和10月份,这也是水鸟多样性较高的2个月,其主要原因是由于迁徙鸭类数量和种类的增加.卫星跟踪研究表明,在繁殖前期,斑头雁活动区面积较大,主要在夯错及其周围的湿地取食;进入繁殖中期,斑头雁的活动范围减少了许多;繁殖后期,随着幼鸟陆续出壳.父母随即带领幼鸟离开夯错,到其它湿地取食和育雏,因此此期的活动区面积较大.由于夯错面积较小,不能满足斑头雁对食物的需求,因此部分斑头雁选择其它湿地作为主要的取食地,但部分扩散到其它湿地的斑头雁在迁徙前期重新返回夯错,使得该时期斑头雁的数量有呈上升趋势.通过与青海湖水鸟资源状况的比较发现,夯错水鸟种类较少.这可能主要是由于两个湖泊所处地理区划的不同,并由此带来的气候环境的差异,以及植被条件的不同所造成的.这种差异主要是由于夯错海拔较高.紫外线很强,气候干燥,植被单一,栖息地类型多样性较低,因此水鸟的种数也相对较少一些.     

遗鸥繁殖期新分布——内蒙古袄太湿地

2012年5月24日在内蒙古呼和浩特市袄太湿地观测到遗鸥(Larus relictus) 640只,包括285只坐巢个体.遗鸥集中分布在四个湖心岛上,仅利用高出水面20 ～ 50 cm左右的岛面营巢.此次发现属于我国遗鸥的新繁殖地.     

Isolation and characterization of tetranucleotide repeat polymorphic microsatellite loci in Larus saundersi (Aves, Laridae)

Nine polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated, using tetranucleotide repeat oligonucleotide probes from an enriched DNA library of the globally "vulnerable" Saunders's gull (Larus saundersi), collected from the Yancheng coastal wetland, one of the three remaining breeding sites in China. Six breast muscle tissues and 16 blood samples from 22 gulls and eight eggshell membrane tissues were collected for this analysis. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 15, with a mean of 8.9. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.58 to 0.89 and 0.58 to 0.9, with means of 0.77 and 0.81, respectively. No significant linkage disequilibrium and no divergence from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected among these loci. Based on Micro-Checker tests, no null alleles are present at any of the loci. The microsatellite loci described here will be valuable for exploring population genetic structure and for other relevant genetic studies of Saunders's gull.     

雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类多样性

从2000年5月-2003年11月,调查了雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类.共记录鸟类133种,水鸟和迁徙鸟分别占总记录鸟类数量的81.7%和70.4%.分别有9种、2种、16种和12种鸟被列为中国红皮书保护种、IUCN保护种、CITES保护种和中国国家Ⅱ级保护种;还有63种被列为中日候鸟协定保护种、32种被列为中澳候鸟协定保护种.不同调查地点,鸟类的种类和数量相差较大,高桥鸟类最丰富,记录到83种鸟;五里鸟类种类最少,仅记录到40种鸟,各地鸟类种的相似性很低.环颈鸻(Charadrius alexandrinus)、白腰杓鹬(Numenius arquata)和红嘴鸥(Larus ridibundus)在雷州半岛的种群数量达到国际重要湿地的标准.雷州半岛鸟类种的丰度和多度季节变化明显,冬季种类多、数量丰富,夏季种类少、数量贫乏.冬季和夏季总的鸟类数量(P=0.043)和水鸟数量(P=0.001)差异明显.保护整个沿海红树林湿地是保护雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类多样性的关键.     

Low resolution of mitochondrial COI barcodes for identifying species of the genus Larus (Charadriiformes: Laridae)

We evaluated whether cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes that have been previously suggested for birds are useful for identifying species of the genus Larus, which are resident or migratory birds in Korea. We found 31 intra- or interspecific COI haplotypes from 12 of 13 Larus species in Korea. Haplotype analyses showed that the COI barcodes could not distinguish some interspecific haplotypes from 6 of 12 Larus species because there were no nucleotide substitutions among their COI haplotypes. The neighbor-joining tree formed shallow branches in the clades expected for L. saundersi, L. crassirostris, L. canus, L relictus, and L. ridbundus. In the nine Larus species, COI haplotypes were not grouped as distinct entities that were correctly assigned to their corresponding species, resulting in polytypic clades. These results indicate that the COI sequences need to be cautiously selected as a DNA barcode for identifying species of Korean Larus birds.