Torulopsis peltata sp.n.

A new yeast species is described,Torulopsis peltata, which is characterised by the formation of lunate cells.     

Rhodotorula infirmo-miniata (Okunuki) comb. n.

Torula infirmo-miniata Okunuki was taxonomically compared withRhodotorula macerans Sonne-Frederiksen. As these two yeasts proved to be very closely related, it is proposed to incorporate both in a new combination,Rhodotorula infirmo-miniata.     

Redescription of Synthesium pontoporiae n. comb. with notes on S. tursionis and S. seymouri n. comb. (Digenea: Brachycladiidae Odhner, 1905)

Synthesium pontoporiae n. comb. is redescribed, together with Synthesium tursionis and Synthesium seymouri n. comb.; the parasites were obtained from stranded and accidentally caught cetaceans. The sucker ratio (ratio between widths of the oral and ventral suckers) in S. pontoporiae was 1:1.8-3.0 (mean 1:2.2); in S. tursionis was 1:0.8-1.2; and in S. seymouri was 1:0.5-0.7. Synthesium pontoporiae differed from its congeners by additional diagnostic characters, including: oval to lobed testes; small cirrus with pyriform proximal region and flexible, tubular distal region formed by evagination of ejaculatory duct; and vitellarium in small follicles extending from the level of the seminal vesicle to the posterior extremity of the body and not forming dendritic radial bunches. Data on the morphology of adult S. pontoporiae and S. tursionis were inferred from confocal laser microscopical observations.     

Bathygrillotia n. g. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), with redescriptions of B. rowei (Campbell, 1977) n. comb. and B. kovalevae (Palm, 1995) n. comb.

Bathygrillotia n. g. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) is erected for B. rowei (Campbell, 1977) n. comb. and B. kovalevae (Palm, 1995) n. comb. The new genus is based on the possession of two bothria, an atypical, heteroacanthous, heteromorphous armature with longitudinal files of hooks on the external surface of the tentacle associated with each principal row, each consisting of a large anterior hook followed by two smaller hooks. Bathygrillotia is allocated to the Lacistorhynchoidea Guiart, 1927 and its relationships with Grillotia Guiart, 1927 are discussed.     

Redescription of Natalaspis leptocarpi n.comb. (Homoptera: Diaspididae)

Abstract

Cyllobelus rufopictus? a salticid species from equatorial Africa, has a large and complex repertoire of displays. These spiders live on and near the ground in habitats of short grass, and build opaque silk nests on dead leaves. Each male uses one of three different mating tactics depending on the female’s maturity and location (communicatory versatility). Type 1 courtship, involving special movements and postures of the legs, palps, and body, occurs if the female is an adult away from the nest; apparently this type of courtship is vision-dependent. If the male encounters an adult female inside her nest, he uses Type 2 courtship, which consists of movements by the male that cause the silk to vibrate. If the female is a subadult inside her nest, the male initially uses Type 2 courtship, then builds a second chamber on the female’s nest, and cohabits until she moults and matures. Other displays occur during male-male and female-female interactions. Biting and pinching are distinctive Type 2 courtship displays that have not been described previously for salticids, and juddering is the most distinctive Type 1 display.     

Bacillus penetrans n. comb. Causing a virulent disease of plant-parasitic nematodes

The prokaryotic and bacterial nature of the incitant of a lethal disease of economically important plant-parasitic nematodes was confirmed by electron microscopy. The organism (formerly Duboscqia penetrans Thorne, Microsporea: Protozoa) was renamed Bacillus penetrans n. comb., Bacillaceae. B. penetrans produces an endospore typical of Bacillus spp., and its life cycle and spore morphology are similar to B. popilliae and B. lentimorbus, the “milky disease” organisms of insects. It differs from the latter pathogens in spore shape, in the dichotomously-branched colonies formed in the host pseudocoelom by nonseparating vegetative cells, and in that the spores are not known to be ingested by nematodes. Substantial reductions in Pratylenchus scribneri populations and in root-knot disease of tomato were obtained in glasshouse tests with the pathogen. Endospore production in vivo presents the first possibility of biological control of pest nematodes with inoculum of a highly specific virulent pathogen.     

Morphology and geographical variation of Pseudokuhnia minor n.g., n.comb. (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea)

A new genus, Pseudokuhnia, is established for Kuhnia minor, family Mazocraeidae. It differs from Kuhnia in the presence of two dorso-lateral vaginae, supported by surface ridges; differently shaped large genital hooks, large hamuli and ovary; an opisthaptor which is ventral to and well separated from the body proper; and a rudimentary antero-supplementarium of the clamps. The Atlantic population of P. minor differs from the Pacific population mainly in the larger size of the hamuli and the smaller size of the large and small genital hooks.     

Morphology and Infraciliature of a Marine Scuticociliate with a Polymorphic Life Cycle: Urocryptum tortum n. gen., n. comb.

A new genus and species combination are proposed for Urocryptum tortum n. gen., n. comb., a scuticociliate with a polymorphic life cycle. This marine ciliate was isolated from a sample taken at Gokasho Bay in Mie Prefecture (Japan). Specimens from different phases of the growth cycle were examined in vivo and with two silver staining techniques. Three life-history stages were observed: an exponential growth phase stage (trophont), a stationary phase stage (tomite), and finally a resting stage (cyst). The exponential growth form is laterally flattened and ovoid; it has 20-24 somatic kineties (SK) and a typical complement of scuticociliate oral structures. Polykinetid 1 (Pk1) has two longitudinal files of 6 kinetosomes (Ks); sometimes one or two additional kinetosomes are located anteriorly. Polykinetid 2 (Pk2) has two files of 6 or 7 Ks; a third file of three widely spaced kinetosomes is located on its right side, as well as a small curved row of 5 Ks positioned on the right hand side of the posterior end of Pk2. Polykinetid 3 (Pk3) has 3 rows of 4, 5, and 7 Ks's perpendicular to the haplokinety (Hk) or paroral membrane. The stationary growth phase cell is spindle-shaped and has a similar number of SK that are much more closely spaced than in exponentially growing specimens. Oral infraciliary structures are reduced in size, having fewer kinetosomes and being positioned more anteriorly in the cell. Pk1 is composed of two files of 5-Ks, Pk2 has only two files of 6-7 Ks, and Pk3 has two to three rows of 3-4 Ks. The Hk is displaced anteriorly and becomes straight, losing the shape typical of exponential growth phase cells. Cysts are pyriform with a wide cyst wall; no infraciliary structures were visible.     

Redescription of Monhystrella parvella (Filipjev) comb.n. (Nematoda, Monhysteridae)

The type of material of Monhystrella parvella (Filipjev, 1931) comb.n. from Abyssinia (Ethiopia) is redescribed and figured in detail. Data on the genital system and the ontogeny of this species are given. Monhystera filiformis sensu Gerlach, 1951 nec Bastian, 1865 of the Black Sea at Pomorie (Bulgaria) is synonymised with M. parvella . The Black Sea specimens have a shorter pharynx, a longer tail and differ also from the Abyssinian specimens in the shape of the tail and the spinneret outlet.     

Argentophilic structures of the miracidia and cercariae of Philophthalmus distomatosa n. comb. from Israel

The morphology and patterns of distribution of the argentophilic structures of miracidia and cercariae of Philophthalmus distomatosa n. comb. are described. The epidermal plate arrangement of the vast majority (94.2%) of miracidia studied conformed to the formula 6:8:4:2 = 20. The rest (5.8%) displayed the following patterns of arrangement of epidermal plates: 6:7:4:2 = 19; 6:6:4:2 = 18; and 6:4:4:2 = 16. Twenty papillalike structures were observed on the terebratorium. They were arranged along 1 axis, in 3 groups. Most commonly, 16 papillae were present on the body, located between epidermal plates of the first and second rows. The eye spots were located dorsally, near interepidermal space S1. The numbers, arrangements, and locations of the excretory pores varied. Patterns of distribution of the tegumentary papillae of P. distomatosa n. comb. cercariae are given, including those of the cephalic regions, periacetabular region, and tail. Argentophilic structures of the mentioned larval stages and of other parameters clearly distinguishing between the presently described species and those of P. lucipetus from Israel are summarized. On the basis of comparison of the presently described larval stages and those of other Melanoides tuberculata-associated larval stages of Philophthalmus in Israel and Jordan, the possibility exists that a third species occurs in Israel.     

Tadaridanema delicatus (Schwartz, 1927) n. gen., n. comb. (Trichostrongylina: Molineidae) parasite of Molossidae bats

On the basis of the revision of the type material of Anoplostrongylus delicatus Schwartz, 1927, and new specimens collected from Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure, 1860) in 4 arid localities from Mexico, we describe a new genus (Tadaridanema n. gen.), to which A. delicatus is transferred (as Tadaridanema delicatus (Schwartz, 1927) n. gen., n. comb.). This new genus differs from all other genera included in Anoplostrongylinae by having ray 2 larger than ray 3. In addition, T. delicatus can be differentiated from the type species of Anoplostrongylus (Anoplostrongylus paradoxus (Travassos, 1918)) because it possess vestibular branches equal in length, cephalic inflation divided into 2 regions, and synlophe with many small ridges at the midbody level, whereas in T. delicatus, vestibular branches are equal in size, cephalic inflation is simple in structure, and the synlophe has only 2 well-developed dorsal cuticular ridges.     

On the hoplonemertean, Kameginemertes parmiornatus (Iwata, 1957) gen. n., comb. n. from Sagami Bay, Japan

The hoplonemertean Amphiporus parmiornatus Iwata,1957, from Sagami Bay, Japan, has beenredescribed and named Kameginemertes gen. n. asa member of the reptantic Polystilifera. Anatomicallythe new genus shows affinity to the genus Drepanophorus belonging to the EureptantiaAequifurcata, but because of differences in thecerebral sensory organs, nervous system,blood-vascular system, and rhynchodaeal wall, a newgenus is proposed for it.     

On the hoplonemertean,Kameginemertes parmiornatus (Iwata, 1957) gen. n., comb. n. from Sagami Bay,Japan

Two different tributyltin (TBT)-induced virilisation phenomena in prosobranch snails – intersex in Littorina littorea and imposex in Nucella lapillus – are compared in order to facilitate their simultaneous use in geographical large scale effect monitoring surveys. Imposex in dogwhelks is a more sensitive biomarker and should be used in areas that are only slightly or moderately contaminated with TBT (ambient TBT concentrations < 2.0 ng as Sn l-1). The assessment of intersex intensities in periwinkle populations has considerable advantages in areas with higher TBT concentrations and should be used also wherever dogwhelks are absent irrespective of the TBT exposure level. The intersex index (ISI) and vas deferens sequence (VDS) index are proposed as the most suited parameters for effect monitoring purposes. The geographical uniformity of intersex and imposex is analysed and proven for the coasts of Ireland, France, and Germany. A relative loss of TBT sensitivity in females can be found, but to a varying extent in both species. The implications of this result for biological TBT effect monitoring programmes are discussed in light of the fact that intersex and imposex have both been found to be irreversible. Because it is the objective of these programmes to assess current TBT contaminations and resulting biological effects, only relatively young specimens should be considered in the sampling strategy.     

Ascospore Dimorphism and Mating Type in Chromocrea spinulosa (Fuckel) Petch n. comb

The asci contain four large and four small ascospores, eachtwo-celled, arranged in the six patterns expected if spore sizewere controlled by a pair of allelic genes, the locus showing65 per cent, second-division segregation. The small ascosporesproduce sterile colonies, the large ones moderately fertilecolonies whose asci again show segregation for spore size. Fertilityis stimulated where colonies from large and small spores meet.In crosses of various mutants with the wild type, all asci inperithecia developed along the line of junction show segregationfor the mutant as well as for spore size. Evidently Chromocreais heterothallic, the spore-size difference being a pleiotropicexpression of mating type. One allele, that governing largespores, occasionally mutates to the other allele, resultingin fertility of colonies from large spores.     

Megistospermaticus kenyensis n. comb. pour Microphallus kenyensis Canaris, 1971 (Digenea: Microphallidae)

L'étude anatomique comparée de la voie génitale m^ale de Microphallus kenyensis Canaris, 1971 et de celle du genre Megistospermaticus Deblock & Canaris, 1992 conduit au transfert de l'espèce dans ce dernier genre dont elle possède la m^eme définition.     

The erection of Pelecanema n. g. (Nematoda: Spirurida: Acuariidae), with redescriptions of P. sirry (Khalil, 1931) n. comb. and P. pelecani (Johnston & Mawson, 1942) n. comb.

Pelecanema n. g. is erected for P. sirry (Khalil, 1931) n. comb., syn. Synhimantus sirry Khalil, 1931 (type-species) and P. pelecani (Johnston & Mawson, 1942) n. comb., syn. Dispharynx pelecani Johnston & Mawson, 1942. In the structure of its cordons, consisting of two rows of delicate cuticular plates, the new genus is similar to Synhimantus Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912, Dispharynx Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912, Chordatortilis Machado de Mendon?a & Olivera de Rodrigues, 1965 and Parachordatortilis Mutafchiev, Santoro & Georgiev, 2010. Pelecanema sirry, a parasite of Pelecanus onocrotalus L. and P. crispus Bruch (Pelecaniformes, Pelecanidae) in Africa (Egypt and Senegal) and Europe (Ukraine and Bulgaria), is redescribed using light and scanning electron microscopy on the basis of specimens from P. crispus from Bulgaria. Pelecanema pelecani, a parasite of Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck in Australia, is also redescribed using light microscopy on the basis of specimens from its type-host and type-locality. In contrast to a previous opinion recognising Pelecanema sirry and P. pelecani as synonyms, the two species are considered distinct and P. pelecani is validated.     

Proemotobothrium n. g. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), with the redescription of P. linstowi (Southwell, 1912) n. comb. and description of P. southwelli n. sp.

A new genus, Proemotobothrium (Trypanorhyncha: Otobothriidae), is erected to contain P. linstowi (Southwell, 1912) n. comb. (syn. Otobothrium magnum Southwell, 1924) and P. southwelli n. sp. The new genus is characterised by two bothridia, paired bothridial pits, an acraspedote scolex, elongate bulbs, four hooks per principal row, hooks 4 (4') being small and uncinate, a single, filiform, intercalary hook between each principal row and by the arrangement, in tandem, of the two or three extra hooks of the armature of the external surface of the tentacle, a pattern previously known only in the family Mixodigmatidae. The two species are distinguished from one another on the basis of measurements of the scolex and bulbs, the sizes of the hooks of the principal rows and by the number and size of the additional hooks in the linear arrays on the external surface of the tentacle.