国槐新害虫——国槐林麦蛾的研究

国槐林麦蛾是 1 998年发现的危害国槐和龙爪槐的新害虫。该虫在山东商河 1年发生 3代 ,幼虫卷缀 2～ 9个叶片或粘连花蕾在其中危害。本文首次报道了该虫幼期的形态特征、危害习性、发生与环境的关系。     

危害国槐的新害虫──双条杉天牛

双条杉天牛指名亚种Semanotusbifasciatusbifasciatus（Moischulsky）国内分布于河北、北京、山东、陕西等地,寄主是侧柏和圆柏属sabinaspp,是一种重要的蛀干害虫。国愧是泰安市市树,近几年受到锈色粒肩天牛Aprionaswainsoni（Hope）严重危害,个别路段树木受害率达95％以上,1990～1995年,我们在调查锈色粒肩天牛时,发现有少数树势极为衰弱的国槐是受双条杉天牛危害所致。国槐是双条杉天牛的新寄主植物,为阔叶树,与原有寄主针叶树有较大差异,特此报道。1危害情况双条杉天牛以幼虫钻蛀国槐的主干部,特别是距地面0．5～Zm段,并且…     

蔺草麦蛾生物学特性及防治研究

蔺草Scirpus juncoides是我县著名的经济特产。蔺草麦蛾Monochroa suffusella Dougl是我县蔺草上发现的重要害虫。为控制此虫为害。确保蔺草优质高产,笔者于1988～1989年对该虫做了系统的观察和研究,现将结果整理如下。     

三种鳞伞属(Pholiota)真菌的菌丝生物学特性初步研究

研究了多脂鳞伞(Pholiota adiposa)、翘鳞伞(P.squarrosa)和多脂翘鳞伞(P.squarroso-adiposa)三种鳞伞属真菌的菌丝生物学特性。结果表明,多脂鳞伞和翘鳞伞菌丝生长的最适碳源为麦芽糖;多脂翘鳞伞最适碳源为蔗糖和麦芽糖。多脂鳞伞和翘鳞伞最适氮源均为牛肉膏和酵母膏;而多脂翘鳞伞最佳氮源为酵母膏和蛋白胨。三种菌丝生长的最适温度均为25℃。多脂鳞伞在pH值6~8均生长良好,最适pH值7~8,偏碱性;翘鳞伞和多脂翘鳞伞最适pH值均为6~7。     

中国脐鳞属地衣的初步研究

在泛北极地区迄今已知的脐鳞属地衣共有三种:中国有记录的两种。本文报道了四种,其中之一为新种,另一种为中国新记录。此外,有一改级新组合。     

黄皮新害虫——咖啡豹蠹蛾

黄皮 Clausena lansium是我国南方原产、特产的热带、亚热带常绿果树 ,近年来发现咖啡豹蠹蛾 Zeuzera coffeae Nietner[1～ 4 ]严重为害该果树 ,作者 1 995～ 1 998年在粤西地区对该虫进行较深入的研究 ,现将结果整理于下。1　形态特征 (图 1 )1 .1　成虫雌蛾体长 1 6～ 2 3 mm,翅展 3 7～ 5 4mm,触角丝状。雄蛾体长 1 1～ 1 8mm,翅展 1 2～1 5 mm,触角基半部双栉状 ,端半部丝状。前足胫节内侧有一个比胫节稍短的前胫突。全体灰白色。前翅密布大小不等的蓝色短斜斑点 ,后翅上的斑点较淡 ,中部有一较大的蓝黑斑。前后翅外缘各有 8个色深而…     

柿树新害虫──柿树真绵蚧的研究

柿树真绵蚧Eupulrinariacitricola（Kuwana）的报道在国内尚属首次。近年来该虫在河北省部分柿产区日趋严重,成为柿树的一种重要害虫。该虫在当地1年发生1次。以2龄若虫在当年生枝条上越冬,第二年3月上旬越冬虫体复苏,4月20～25日成虫交配,5月20～25日雌成虫产卵,6月10～20日若虫孵化后,固定在叶片上越夏,9月下旬越夏若虫蜕皮进入2龄,并转移到当年生枝条上越冬。农药防治结果表明：久效磷、氧乐果等有机内吸剂的防治效果很好,防治的最佳时间是6月中旬。该虫在当地的主要天敌有红点瓢虫ChilocoruskuwanaeSilvestri、黑缘红瓢虫C.rubidusHope和一种寄生蜂。     

园林植物新害虫——黑色枝小蠹的调查

新近在贵阳地区发现一种重要的钻蛀性园林植物害虫,为害包括珙桐及木兰科等珍贵树种在内的多种植物,造成大量植物枝条枯死。经鉴定初步定为小蠹科(Scolytidae) Xylosandrus属中的一种X. compactus,异名为Xyleborus morstatti,Xyleborus compactus。文中对其危害特点、形态特征及生物学特性进行了详细描述,并对其防治策略及其它相关问题进行讨论。     

应用威杀鳞防治粘虫的试验研究

本文主要研究威杀鳞与化学农药溴氰菊酯混合使用对粘虫的防治,同时与化学农药溴氰菊酯进行了对比,结果表明两者防效相当;在威杀鳞纯菌剂中混入0.6％溴氰菊酯0.2％(以下简称复合剂),既不污染环境,且具有增效的作用。     

南荻新害虫——荻叉飞虱生物学特性及防治方法

荻叉飞虱 Garaga miscanthi Ding et al.是危害造纸原料植物——南荻 Triarrhenalutarioriparia的毁灭性害虫。此虫标本经南京农业大学丁锦华教授鉴定后确定为一新种 [1]。1 991年以来 ,作者对该虫的生物学特性及防治方法进行了研究 ,取得了一定的成果 ,现将主要结果整理报道如下。1　分布与危害1 990年 6～ 7月 ,此虫在湖南澧县、津市、安乡、常德等县市芦苇场大爆发 ,发生面积约5 0 0 0 hm2 ,严重地区产量损失 5 0 %以上 ,个别地块几乎失收。澧县芦苇总场当年减产 1千万kg,减收 2 0 0多万元。 1 991年 9月 ,沅水流域的各芦苇场及澧水流…     

国槐叶黄酮的抗氧化活性研究

本文采用ABTS清除体系、DPPH清除体系、H2O2/Fe2+/水杨酸检测体系、亚硝基清除体系、普鲁士蓝法、邻苯三酚自氧化法研究了国槐叶黄酮的抗氧化活性,并同芦丁、Vc进行了比较。结果表明,国槐叶黄酮对几种自由基均有不同的清除效果,在质量浓度为50μg/mL时,国槐叶黄酮对羟基自由基(·OH)、ABTS、DPPH、亚硝基自由基(NO2-)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除率为分别62.09%、47.70%、43.28%、22.11%、21.83%;与芦丁、Vc相比较,国槐叶黄酮清除ABTS、DPPH自由基的能力低于芦丁和Vc,而清除NO2-、.OH的能力高于芦丁和Vc,对O2-·的清除能力低于Vc而高于芦丁,其次国槐叶黄酮具有很好的还原力。由此说明,国槐叶提取物可以作为天然抗氧化剂,可以应用在医药食品领域。     

超声波法提取槐花中黄酮的最佳工艺研究

本文探讨了影响超声波法槐花中黄酮提取率的主要因素,最后用正交法确定了好的提取工艺,并与常规热回流提取法作了比较研究。结果表明：超声波法优于常规热回流提取法。超声法的最佳提取条件为：使用60％乙醇,在温度75℃料液比1：15条件下提取30min,连续提取2次,黄酮的总提取率可达99．84％。     

日本长白蚧的生物学特性及其防治

日本长白蚧Lopholeucas pisjaponica(Cockerell)是浙江衢州橘区的主要害虫之一,受害橘树树势衰退,甚至整株枯死。该蚧在衢州地区1年发生2～3代,以2,3龄若虫越冬为主,第1代若虫孵化相对较为整齐。防治时要注重春季清园工作以及加强对第1代若虫的防治。     

A Study on Comparative Morphology of Normal and Hyperhydric Stems and leaves from Sophora japonica Plantlets Cultured in Vitro

A large numar of plantlets were obtained from cotyledon explants of Sophom japonica L. cultured in vitro. They could be classified into 3 kinds according to their morphological characteristics, viz. the normal plantlets, the hyperhydric planfiets,and the intermediate state between the two or the sub-hyperhydric type. The free water content was more than 79% in the hyperhydric shoots,and 70% in the sub-hyperhydric shoots,while less than 50% in the normal shoots. The surface anatomy of normal, sub-hyperhydric and hyperhydric stems and leaves of the plantlets were compared by scanning electron microscopy. The surface structure of the normal plantlets was similar to those found in field-grown plants,but great change occurred in that of hyperhydric and the sub-hyperhydric plantlets. The stems and leaves surface of the hyperhydric and sub-hyperhydric plantlets appeared to be uneven, wrinkled, brittle and translucent and besides the leaves were thick, curled with a reduced surface area. There was little or no epicuticular wax on the surface of epidermal cells which had irregular shapes and patterns. All leaves were amphistomatic and the stomatal density, size and degree of opening were obviously bigger in the sub-hyperhydric and hyperhydric leaves than in the normal ones. Normal stomata had kidney-shaped guard cells and resembled closely those found in the feild-grown plants, whereas abnormal stomata had deformed guard cells. All of the morphological characteristics mentioned above indicated that the sub-hyperhydric and hyperhydric shoots bended to lose their water easily and resulted in desiccation, which might be one of the major causes of failure to transfer sub-hyperhydric and hyperhydric plantlets to soil.     

槐果皮中的黄酮醇及其苷类成分

槐 (ＳｏｐｈｏｒａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＬ .)又名豆槐 ,白槐。槐角为槐的果实 ,药用历史悠久 ,化学成分已有报道[1～ 3 ] 。作者首次对槐的果皮进行化学成分研究 ,从中分离得到 3个黄酮醇和 4个黄酮醇苷类成分 ,经波谱和化学方法确定了结构。其中化合物Ⅰ、Ⅳ和Ⅶ为首次从该植物中分离得到。为槐角的开发利用奠定基础。1　实验部分1.1　药材、仪器与试剂药材采自南京市中国药科大学本部校园内 ,原植物由中国药科大学龚祝南博士鉴定。熔点测定用ＸＴ4双目体视显微熔点测定仪 (温度未经校正 ) ;红外光谱测定用ＮｉｃｏｌｅｔＩｍｐａｃｔ 410型…     

Molecular cloning of the bark and seed lectins from the Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica)

cDNA clones encoding the bark and seed lectins from Sophora japonica were isolated and their sequences analyzed. Screening of a cDNA library constructed from polyA RNA isolated from the bark resulted in the isolation of three different lectin cDNA clones. The first clone encodes the GalNAc-specific bark lectin which was originally described by Hankins et al. whereas the other clones encode the two isoforms of the mannose/glucose-specific lectin reported by Ueno et al.. Molecular cloning of the seed lectin genes revealed that Sophora seeds contain only a GalNAc-specific lectin which is highly homologous to though not identical with the GalNAc-specific lectin from the bark. All lectin polypeptides are translated from mRNAs of ca. 1.3 kb encoding a precursor carrying a signal peptide. In the case of the mannose/glucose-specific bark lectins this precursor is post-translationally processed in two smaller peptides. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of the different clones revealed striking sequence similarities between the mannose/glucose-binding and the GalNAc-specific lectins. Furthermore, there was a high degree of sequence homology with other legume lectins which allowed molecular modelling of the Sophora lectins using the coordinates of the Pisum sativum, Lathyrus ochrus and Erythrina corallodendron lectins.     

A flavonol tetraglycoside from Sophora japonica seeds

A flavonol tetraglycoside, kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)- beta-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-L rhamnopyranoside, together with nine known compounds were isolated from the seeds of Sophora japonica L. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence.     

刺槐,国槐根际土壤生化成分及其对伴生杨树营养的影响

分析了杨树、刺槐和国槐的根面与根际土壤中的游离氨基酸及植物生长素ＩＡＡ,测定了不同处理小区中杨树叶片的营养状况（Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ和叶绿素含量）以及净光合速率和气孔阻力．结果表明,刺槐、国愧和杨树根面氨基酸组成和数量有很大差别;３个树种根际土壤中氨基酸含量显著低于根面．３个树种根面和根际土壤中ＩＡＡ含量为刺槐＞国槐＞杨树．混交豆科树种后,杨树叶片营养状况有所改善,净光合速率明显提高,气孔阻力有所降低．