肿瘤病毒研究进展

与人类肿瘤有关的病毒有ＥＢ病毒（ＥＢＶ）、人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）、乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）和人类Ｔ细胞白血病病毒（ＨＴＬＶ）,与人Ｂｕｒｋｉｔｔ＇ｓ淋巴瘤（ＢＬ）、鼻咽癌（ＮＰＣ）、肛门生殖道肿瘤、肝癌和白血病发生有关。近年来对病毒致癌在基因水平上进行研究,多数病毒在癌变中起激发始动作用,与其他因素共同配合致癌。     

妇女生殖道单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型和人乳头瘤病毒的感染及其相关 …

为探讨妇女生殖道单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（ＨｅｒｐｅｓＳｉｍｐｌｅｓＶｉｒｕｓ２,ＨＳＶ２）和人乳头瘤病毒（ＨｕｍａｎＰａｐｉｌｌａ－ｍａｖｉｒｕｓ,ＨＰＶ）的感染及其相关关系,我们应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）对４８例患有性病,生殖道感染的妇女和３９例正常妇女进行了生道ＨＳＶ２,ＨＰＶ的检测,ＨＳＶ２在实验组和对照组妇女中的感染率分别为７２．９％和２５．６％,两组有极显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）;ＨＰＶ在实验     

湖北地区宫颈癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒16型E7基因的分离,克隆和序…

采用加端聚合链反应技术,从湖北地区一宫颈癌患者癌组织ＤＮＡ中分离出人乳头瘤病毒１６型（ＨＰＶ１６）Ｅ７基因,并在ｐＵＣ１８载体中克隆,经限生核酸内切酶分析和ＤＮＡ序列分析,确认了含ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７重组克隆质粒,命名ｐｆＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７－ＨＢ。ＤＮＡ序列分析表明,ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７－ＨＢ基因全长２９４ｂｐ（与报道的标准基因长度相同）但其核苷酸顺序中的两处发生了Ｃ－（Ｔ）突变,即第４３位密码子ＣＡＡ变为ＴＡＡ     

多聚酶链反应检测宫颈HPV感染及分型的研究

本文应用ＰＣＲ技术检测２ｌ２例临床宫颈标本的ＨＰＶ－６、ｌｌ、１６、１８型特异性核酸序列。结果发现ＨＰＶ－ＤＮＡ的阳性率：宫颈癌组为６２．５％（２５／４０）．慢性宫颈炎为５７％（８１／１４２）,正常宫颈对照组为２０％（６／３０）,Ｐ＜０．００１,提示ＨＰＶ的感染与宫颈炎、宫颈癌有关。同时分型结果显示：ＨＰＶ－６、１６、１８型与宫颈炎相关,１６型与宫颈癌密切相关,且ＨＰＶ不同型别的混合感染在宫颈中普遍存在（３１．３％）。成年女性各年龄组间ＨＰＶ的感染率并无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

妇女生殖道单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型和人乳头瘤病毒的感染及其相关关系的研究

为探讨妇女生殖道单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（ＨｅｒｐｅｓＳｉｍｐｌｅｓＶｉｒｕｓ２,ＨＳＶ２）和人乳头瘤病毒（ＨｕｍａｎＰａｐｉｌａｍａｖｉｒｕｓ,ＨＰＶ）的感染及其相关关系,我们应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）对４８例患有性病、生殖道感染的妇女和３９例正常妇女进行了下生道ＨＳＶ２、ＨＰＶ的检测。ＨＳＶ２在实验组和对照组妇女中的感染率分别是７２９％和２５６％,两组有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜００１）;ＨＰＶ在实验组和对照组妇女中的感染率分别是５３３％和３３３％,两组无显著性差异（Ｐ＞００５）;两组中ＨＳＶ２、ＨＰＶ双阳性率分别是４５８％（２２／４８）和２３１％（９／３９）,有显著性差异（Ｐ＜００５）;在两组共８７份标本中,ＨＳＶ２和ＨＰＶ双阳性者占３１例,阳性率是３５６％。统计学分析表明：ＨＳＶ２和ＨＰＶ感染之间有极显著的相关性（Ｘ２＝２４０８,Ｐ＜００１）。研究表明：患有生殖系感染和性病妇女其ＨＳＶ２或ＨＰＶ和ＨＳＶ２混和感染的机率显著高于正常妇女,ＨＳＶ２和ＨＰＶ的感染具有协同作用。由于这两种病毒均与宫颈癌的发生有关,它们在生殖道中感染的相互作用机理有待于进一步研究。     

人乳头瘤病毒转化基因致癌的分子机制研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒１６型（ＨＰＶ１６）与宫颈癌及其他生殖道和肛周等恶性肿瘤有密切关系。本文综述了近年来ＨＰＶ１６转化基因在转录耕接、转录调控及致癌机制等方面的研究进展。     

湖北地区宫颈癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒16型E7基因的分离、克隆和序列分析

采用加端聚合酶链反应技术,从湖北地区一宫颈癌患者癌组织ＤＮＡ中分离出人乳头瘤病毒１６型（ＨＰＶ１６）Ｅ７基因,并在ｐＵＣ１８载体中克隆。经限制性核酸内切酶分析和ＤＮＡ序列分析,确认了含ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７重组克隆质粒,命名ｐＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７─ＨＢ。ＤＮＡ序列分析表明,ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７─ＨＢ基因全长２９４ｂｐ（与报道的标准株基因长度相同）,但其核苷酸顺序中有两处发生了Ｃ→Ｔ突变,即第４３位密码子ＣＡＡ变为ＴＡＡ,第７６位ＣＧＴ变为ＴＧＴ;前者使谷氨酰胺密码子变为终止密码,即无义奕变（ｎｏｎｓｅｎｓｅｍｕｔａｔｉｏｎ）。这种突变发生在２９４个碱基的ＤＮＡ扩增产物之中,不像是ＰＣＲ本身的错配,而很可能是湖北株与标准株之间的结构差异。     

宫颈癌病变组织人乳头瘤病毒感染率的免疫细胞化学与DNA杂交的比较观察

近年来人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）被认为与宫颈癌的发生有密切关系。该实验报道了用分子杂交技术（在严格条件下）检测了宫颈活检组织：慢性宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤（ＣＩＮ）、宫颈癌和宫颈正常组织中１６型乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ－１６）ＤＮＡ的阳性率,并将其与用免疫细胞化学方法（ＰＡＰ）所得结果进行了比较。结果显示１３％（２／１５）的慢性宫颈炎、１７％（２／１２）的ＣＩＮ、５６％（５１／９１）的宫颈癌含有ＨＰＶ－１６ＤＮＡ,而正常组织为阴性;ＨＰＶ属抗原仅见于３５％（６／１７）的ＣＩＮ,其他受检组织均为阴性。结果提示用ＰＡＰ法检查ＨＰＶ－１６的抗原,所得阳性率不及ＤＮＡ杂交所得阳性率高;但它作为一种简便、快速的方法用于福尔马林固定、石腊切片材料,显示ＨＰＶ属抗原,借以筛选多种不同型的ＨＰＶ对ＣＩＮ或其他组织中ＨＰＶ的增殖性感染有一定的价值。     

尖锐湿疣HPV感染与淋病关系初探

尖锐湿疣ＨＰＶ感染与淋病关系初探王镇美（广州番禺何贤纪念医院,　５１１４００）在我院经病理组织学诊断或结合免疫组化ＡＢＣ法检测ＨＰＶ－Ａｇ、聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测ＨＰＶ－ＤＮＡ确诊为尖锐湿疣的有１６９名患者。对其中临床病史完整的５０例患者采集宫颈...     

用质量控制狭缝式杂交法（Coslot）检测妇女宫颈上皮中人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）DNA

本文报道一种能对ＨＰＶ进行较为准确分型的刚Ａ杂交程序和方法。它具有如下特点：１．由于简化了实验程序,标本消耗减少。因此该方法尤其适用于小组织活检标本（１－２ｍｇ）中ＤＮＡ同源序列检测;２．敏感性高。由于标本消耗减少,使ＨＰＶ检出率大为提高,与斑点杂交技术相比,敏感性提高１．６倍;３．型别特异性强。由于改变了实验条件及在实验过程中实行严格的质量控制,明显减少了不同ＨＰＶ型别的交叉反应,甚至在部分出现交叉反应的标本中,仍可通过强度对比来最后判定ＨＰＶ感染型别。应用该技术对１４３份宫颈炎标本、１７份宫颈不典型增生标本及２５份宫颈癌标本进行了ＨＰＶ１６型检测,阳性率分别为５０．０５％（７３／１４３）、５７％（２７／４７）及７６％（１９／２５）,并与Ｄｏｔｂｌｏｔ方法进行了比较。该方法在ＨＰＶ感染与宫颈癌关系的分子流行病学研究中具有重要意义和广阔的应用前景。     

反向点杂交法快速检测HPV基因型的临床应用

应用反向点杂交法(RDB)的原理,针对HPV 6B, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33和35设计了7条序列作为未标记的特异性寡核苷酸(SSO)探针,分别固定在尼龙膜条上,形成7个点,再与经PCR扩增的样品DNA序列杂交,即可在一个膜条上分辨出这7型HPV中的任一型.此法快速简便,特异性高,不存在假阳性;且因PCR灵敏度高,亦不易出现假阴性.用PCR-RDB法检测保存的宫颈癌组织石蜡包埋标本32例,结果:HPV16阳性22例(68.8%),HPV18阳性5例(15.6%),HPV16/18双重感染2例(6.3%),阴性仅3例(9.3%).     

Frequency of human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, and 33 and sites of cervical lesions in gynecological patients from Recife, Brazil

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a well-established cause of cervical cancer. While many studies have been performed so far on HPV viral biology, mode of infection and prevention measures, scanty information is available on lesion sites of infected women and the incidence of viral types at specific locations. We looked for a possible relationship between the most common viral types (HPVs 16, 18, 31, 33) found in Recife, PE, Brazil, and lesion sites. We examined 396 HPV-positive women at the Gynecological Unit of the IMIP at Recife; 288 women were positive for HPV 16, 18, 31, or 33, present as a single-virus type or as co-infection. HPV 16 was the most frequent virus type found in the vulva, vagina, uterine cervix-vagina, and uterine cervix. HPV 31 was the second prevalent virus type in vulva, vagina, uterine cervix-vagina, uterine cervix, and mole. HPVs 18 and 33 were present with similar frequencies in the mole-vulva region. Among the co-infections, HPV 16/18 and HPV16/31 were the most frequent in our study group, followed by HPV 16/33.     

PCR based detection of HPV 16 and 18 genotypes in normal oral mucosa of tobacco users and non-users

There is increasing evidence of a causal association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Several studies have shown that HPV is associated with increased risk of oral cancer independent of exposure to tobacco and alcohol. The association is valid for HPVs 16 and 18, which generally are considered high risk types, because they have been detected in oral dysplastic lesions and cancers. We determined the baseline prevalence of HPVs 16 and 18 in normal oral mucosa of individuals with and without tobacco habit. PCR was used for DNA collected by oral smears to detect HPV 16/18 DNA in normal oral mucosa of 60 healthy individuals who were assigned to two groups of 30 subjects each. One group had a tobacco habit, the other did not. The tobacco user group comprised individuals who were tobacco chewers only. Sixty-five percent of individuals were positive for HPV 16/18 DNA, but HPV 16/18 positivity was less in individuals with tobacco habit than in those without tobacco habit. No significant association was found between the presence of HPVs and gender, age or duration of chewing habit, or between groups with and without a tobacco habit. We propose that HPVs16 and 18 commonly are present in normal oral mucosa and emphasize the importance of distinguishing clinical, subclinical and latent HPV infections when investigating HPVs and OSCC.     

The Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses Is Different in Young and Old Patients with Cervical Cancer

Despite numerous human papillomavirus (HPV) frequency studies in women with cervical cancer (CC), little is known of HPV frequency trends according to patient age. In this work, we compare the mean age and frequency distribution by age of CC patients positive for different HPVs. This study included 462 CC patients. HPVs were detected by PCR and typed using DNA sequencing. A total of 456 patients (98.7%) were positive for HPV: 418 (90.5%) had single and 38 (8.2%) had double HPV infections. HPV16 (46.5%), HPV18 (10.4%), HPV45 (6.7%), and HPV31 (4.1%) were the most frequent viral types in single-infected patients. The mean ages of single-infected patients with HPV16 (49.2±13.3), HPV18 (47.9±12.2), HPV45 (47.9±11.7), or HPV39 (42.6±8.9) were significantly lower than the mean ages of patients singly (53.9±12.7; p<0.001, t-test) or doubly (55.4±12.7; p<0.05, t-test) infected with the remaining HPVs. Three different trends were identified: one for HPV16, another for HPVs18/45/39, and a third for the rest of HPVs. The frequency trend of HPV16 shows two peaks. The first (63.2%) was found in the youngest women (≤35 years), followed by a decreasing trend until the age of 55–60 years (31.1%). The second peak arose at 61–65 years (52.5%), followed by a decreasing trend. The trend for HPVs18/45/39 declined from the youngest (19.3%) to the oldest (>70 years; 12.8%) women. In contrast, the trend for the remaining HPVs increased from the youngest (15.8%) to the oldest (46.2%) women. Unlike other life-style factors, low-risk sexual behavior was associated with late onset of CC independent of low-oncogenic HPV types (p<0.05, Wald chi-square statistic). The data indicate that most CCs in young women depend on the presence of high-oncogenic HPVs. In contrast, almost half of CCs in older patients had low-oncogenic HPVs, suggesting they could depend on the presence of other factors.     

Overexpression of ANXA1 in Penile Carcinomas Positive for High-Risk HPVs

The incidence of penile cancer varies between populations but is rare in developed nations. Penile cancer is associated with a number of established risk factors and associated diseases including phimosis with chronic inflammation, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poor hygiene and smoking. The objective of this study was to identify genes related to this type of cancer. The detection of HPV was analyzed in 47 penile squamous cell carcinoma samples. HPV DNA was detected in 48.9% of penile squamous cell carcinoma cases. High-risk HPV were present in 42.5% of cases and low-risk HPV were detected in 10.6% of penile squamous cell carcinomas. The RaSH approach identified differential expression of Annexin A1 (ANXA1), p16, RPL6, PBEF1 and KIAA1033 in high-risk HPV positive penile carcinoma; ANXA1 and p16 were overexpressed in penile squamous cells positive for high-risk HPVs compared to normal penile samples by qPCR. ANXA1 and p16 proteins were significantly more expressed in the cells from high-risk HPV-positive penile carcinoma as compared to HPV-negative tumors (p<0.0001) independently of the subtype of the carcinoma. Overexpression of ANXA1 might be mediated by HPV E6 in penile squamous cell carcinoma of patients with high-risk HPVs, suggesting that this gene plays an important role in penile cancer.     

Causal association between human papilloma virus infection and head and neck and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

HPVs commonly cause proliferative lesions of squamous epithelium, and infection with certain HPV types carries a high risk of malignant transformation. We used molecular techniques to detect and type HPV in papillomas and carcinomas in the oral cavity and esophagus. DNA was extracted from 150 fresh or paraffin embedded biopsy specimens, and analyzed for HPV by PCR with 15 sets of consensus primers directed to conserved regions of L1 gene, three sets of HPV16E6 primers (specific for the HPV 16 prototype and L83V variant), and sets of primers specific for the E6 gene of other mucosa type HPVs including HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 52, 58, 66 and 73. Overall, HPV sequences were detected in 61 of 150 specimens. HPV DNA sequences were detected in 16/32 specimens in the oropharyngeal region, in 13/36 specimens in larynx and 32/82 specimens in esophagus. Papillomas contained only the episomal form of HPV 16. In the esophagus, the most common type was HPV 73. In all specimens examined, HPV 6/11 (4/150), HPV 16 (23/150), HPV 35 (1/150), HPV 45 (1/150), HPV 54 (1/150), HPV 58 (1/150), HPV 61 (1/150), HPV 66 (1/150), HPV 68 (2/150), HPV 70 (3/150), HPV 72 (1/150), HPV 73 (16/150), double HPV infection (2/150), and unidentified HPV type (4/150) was detected. Interestingly, HPV was found in all verrucous carcinomas and in 18/22 basaloid squamous cell carcinomas. HPV16E6 T350G mutant were observed only in two of eight carcinomas. Using correspondence analysis, a segregation of specific virus types in specific clinico-pathologic lesions (verrucous carcinoma and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma) was proved. It was shown that the relative rates of the HPV positive tumors were significantly higher in women than in men. The synergic action of mucosal irritation and HPV infection may be necessary for the development of the papillomas and the specific types of carcinomas in the oral cavity and in the esophagus.     

Human papillomavirus prevalence among women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III and invasive cervical cancer from Goiânia,Brazil

This study estimated the prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types among women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade III and invasive cervical cancer from Goi s (Brazil Central Region). Seventy-four cases were analyzed and consisted of 18 CIN III, 48 squamous cell carcinomas, 4 adenocarcinomas, 1 adenosquamous carcinoma and 3 undifferentiated carcinomas. HPV-DNA sequences were examined in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues using primers from L1 region GP5+/GP6+. Polymerase chain reaction products were typed with dot blot hybridization using probes for HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 54, 6/11, 42/43/44, 51/52, 56/58. The prevalence of HPV was estimated to be 76% (56/74). HPV 16 was the most frequently found type, followed by HPV 33, 18 and 31. The prevalence of untyped HPV was 6%; 79% percent of the squamous cell carcinoma cases and 61% percent of the CIN III were positive for HPV and the prevalence rate of HPV types was the same for the total number of cases. According to other studies, HPV type 16 is the most prevalent virus in all Brazilian regions, but there is variation regarding to other types. Type 18 is the second most prevalent HPV in North, Southeast and South Brazil regions and types 31 and 33 are the second most prevalent HPV in Northeast and Central Brazil, respectively.     

Prevalence of human papilloma virus in esophageal carcinomas: a polymerase chain reaction-based study

Objectives: Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been repeatedly found in esophageal carcinoma tissues. However, detection rates of HPV DNA in these tumors have varied markedly. Differences in detection methods, sample types and geographic regions of the sample origin have been suggested as potential causes of this discrepancy. This study was undertaken to analyze the prevalence of HPV in esophageal carcinoma. Study Design: HPV L1 DNA was evaluated in a total of 49 esophageal carcinoma samples, including 44 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 5 cases of adenocarcinoma. Seventeen control samples of esophageal brushings were also analyzed. The HPV L1 fragment was detected using MY09/MY11 primers. Results: In test samples, 17/49 (34.7%) were positive for HPV L1 and, in comparison, none of the control samples were positive. HPV DNA was identified in 17/37 (46%) cases of non-keratinizing SCC and was not identified in any case of esophageal keratinizing SCC and adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: This study defines a significant association of HPV with esophageal non-keratinizing SCC. Our findings raise the possibility that HPV is involved in esophageal carcinogenesis, especially the non-keratinizing type of SCC. Further investigation with a larger sample size over broader geographic areas may be warranted.     

Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in genital warts and carcinomas by DNA in situ hybridization in Chinese patients

A series of 51 genital biopsies from normal epithelium, condylomata acuminata, leucoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma from Chinese male and female patients were analysed for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18 by DNA in situ hybridization. All of the nine genital condyloma acuminata were positive for HPV DNA, in which HPV 6 was found in six cases, HPV 11 in two cases and HPV 18 in one case. Twelve out of the 21 cases (57.1% of the total) of cervical squamous cell carcinoma were shown to contain HPV DNA; HPV 16 was found in nine cases, HPV 18 in two cases and HPV 16/18 in one case. Present results support the earlier concept that HPV 6/11 are closely associated with benign genital lesions, and HPV 16/18 are mostly confined to higher grade of intra-epithelial neoplasias and carcinoma.     

Presence of human papillomavirus genome in human tumor cell lines and cultured cells.

A series of 47 human carcinoma cell lines and their cultured cells were examined for human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes with the use of an HPV detection kit (DNA-RNA hybridization, mixed HPV DNA probe of types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35). Four of 8 cases of mild dysplasia, 3 of 9 cases of severe dysplasia, 3 of 7 cases of carcinoma in situ, 3 of 15 cases of uterine carcinoma and 5 of 6 cases of condyloma acuminatum were shown to contain the HPV DNA genome in primary cultured cells, while HPV was not detected in the third-passage cells except for the three cases of large cell, nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. HPV was also not detected in such normal tissues as uterine cervical squamous epithelium, uterine cervical columnar epithelium and endometrium. The presence of HPV DNA genomes was detected consistently in the passages of three lines (SKG-II, HKMUS and HKTUS; large cell nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix) with the use of the Southern Blot method (DNA-DNA hybridization, mixed HPV probe of types 6, 11, 16 and 18). HPV type 16 DNA was detected in HKTUS, and HPV type 18 DNA was found in SKG-II and HKMUS. The other 44 cell lines, including ovarian carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, sarcoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer and rectal cancer, were negative for the HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31, HPV-33 and HPV-35 genomes under stringent hybridization conditions.