动力髋螺钉和股骨近端髓内钉两种内固定方式治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折临床疗效

目的：比较动力髋螺钉（DHS）和股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）两种内固定方式治疗68例老年股骨粗隆间骨折临床疗效。方法：将68例股骨粗隆间骨折老年患者随机均分为两组,分别采取DHS和PFN不同内固定方式进行治疗,比较两组的术中出血量、手术时间、术后疗效及术后并发症发生率。结果：PFN组的优良率为91．18％,明显高于DHS组的70．59％（P=0．031〈0．05）;PFN组的术中出血量、手术时间及愈合时间均优于DHS组（P均〈0．05）。PFN组的并发症发生率为2．94％,低于DHS组的17．65％（P=0．046〈0．05）。结论：PFN较DHS固定方式治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折更有效,并发症少,安全性大。     

高龄股骨粗隆间骨折围手术期的护理

股骨粗隆间骨折是指股骨颈基层至小粗隆水平以上部位的骨折,是老年人常见的损伤.因高龄患者长期卧床,并发症较多,手术治疗的目的是防止髋内翻畸形.因此,护理对股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗及预后起关键作用.     

不同治疗方式在老年股骨粗隆间骨折中的对照分析

目的:比较分析不同治疗方式对老年股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析152例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者的临床资料,保守治疗组24例;手术治疗组128例,其中人工股骨头置换23例、外固定架23例、髓内固定28例(包括股骨近端髓内钉(proximal femoral nail,PFN)、Gamma钉等)、动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)26例、股骨近端锁定钢板(the locking compress plate,LCP)28例。对各种治疗方式的相关指标进行比较分析。结果:手术治疗组患者卧床时间和并发症发生率均显著优于保守治疗组(t=8.045,7.583,8.673,8.023,8.672,X2=9.124,4.809,6.603,4.276,14.444,P0.05);各手术组之间比较:各组卧床时间无显著差异(F=0.241,P0.05),外固定架组和LCP组手术时间、切口长度、出血量及术后引流量均显著优于其余各组(P0.05);保守组术后Harries评分低于手术组。结论:手术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折可获得满意疗效,且并发症较少;外固定架创伤较小,LCP和人工股骨头置换术后疗效较好,其中LCP可作为优先考虑方案。     

关节置换法与内固定法治疗老年骨质疏松合并股骨粗隆间骨折的临床对比分析

目的:探讨关节置换法和内固定法对老年骨质疏松合并股骨粗隆间骨折患者的治疗效果。方法:选择2011年12月到2014年12月在我院收治的96例老年骨质疏松合并股骨粗隆间骨折患者,随机分为对照组和实验组,分别采用内固定法和关节置换法进行治疗,对比两组临床疗效、并发症发生率和骨密度值。结果:实验组患者下地时间和并发症发生率均明显小于对照组(P0.05)。实验组的优良率(95.83%)明显高于对照组(70.83%),具有显著性差异(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者骨密度值均明显高于治疗前(P0.05),实验组骨密度值明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:关节置换法治疗老年骨质疏松合并股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果优于内固定法,能明显降低并发症发生率,增强骨密度,改善患者预后。     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效及术后隐性失血的影响因素分析

目的:观察股骨粗隆间骨折患者经股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)内固定治疗后的效果,并分析术后隐性失血的影响因素。方法:回顾性选取2018年3月~2020年7月期间来我院就诊的220例股骨粗隆间骨折患者的资料,患者经PFNA内固定治疗,观察其治疗效果及并发症发生情况,记录所有患者术后隐性失血情况,单因素和多元线性回归分析术后隐性失血的影响因素。结果:220例患者均成功完成了手术,按照Harris髋关节功能评分标准,优良率为82.73%(182/220),隐性失血量为(787.07±58.92)mL,并发症发生率为4.09%(9/220)。单因素分析结果显示,股骨粗隆间骨折患者经PFNA内固定治疗后,术后隐性失血的发生与年龄、骨折Evans分型、高血压病、糖尿病、术前抗凝、受伤至手术时间有关(P<0.05),而与性别、体质量指数、手术时间、术后输血无关(P>0.05)。多元线性回归结果显示,年龄>75岁、骨折Evans分型为Ⅲ~Ⅳ型、存在高血压病、存在糖尿病、术前抗凝、受伤至手术时间>5 d是引起术后隐性失血的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:PFNA内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折患者,疗效较好,术后并发症较少,同时患者均存在不同程度的隐性失血,隐性失血的量与糖尿病、年龄、高血压病、骨折Evans分型、术前抗凝、受伤至手术时间等因素密切相关。     

老年粗隆部骨折多种内固定方式的选择

目的:探讨老年人股骨粗隆部骨折的不同内固定术式选择原则。方法:对78例老年人(平均年龄76岁)股骨粗隆部骨折根据Evans分型及健康状况应用不同的内固定治疗,其中动力髋螺钉(DHS)14例、Gamma钉22例、股骨近端防旋转髓内钉(PFNA)42例。结果:78例平均随访16.5个月,按Harris评分标准,优良率84.6%。结论:根据Evans分型及健康状况选择不同的内固定手术方式均可以获得较好的手术效果,而PFNA具有最短的手术时间和最少的失血量,因此更适合高龄的患者。     

不同手术方式治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效分析

目的：回顾分析应用动力髋螺钉（dynamic hip screw,DHS）、股骨近端锁定钢板（locking proximal femur plate,LPFP）、防旋型 股骨近端髓内钉(proximal femoral nail antirotation,PFNA)和人工股骨头置换术（femoral head replacement,FHR）治疗老年股骨粗 隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法：分别应用DHS、LPFP、PFNA、FHR内固定方法治疗112 例老年股骨粗隆间骨折,从手术时间、术中平 均出血量、术后并发症、术后髋关节功能评分方面进行分析。结果：从手术时间,术中出血量和术后并发症上,PFNA 组较其他组 少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DHS 组,LPFP 组和FHR 组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Harris 髋关节功能评分上,PFNA 及人工关节组较其他2 组为优,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但PFNA 组和FHR组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：4 组内 固定方式都有其优点和缺点,应根据骨折的不同类型选择合理的内固定方式。     

动力髋螺钉与股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折患者的疗效及安全性和关节功能对比观察

目的:比较动力髋螺钉(DHS)与股骨近端髓内钉(PFNA)内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折患者的疗效及安全性和关节功能。方法:选取滁州市第一人民医院于2013年3月～2018年4月期间收治的160例股骨粗隆间骨折患者,根据内固定方式的不同将患者分为DHS组(n=80,采用DHS内固定)和PFNA组(n=80,采用PFNA内固定),比较两组临床疗效,采用髋关节功能Harris评分评价所有患者关节功能恢复情况,比较两组患者术前及术后相关指标,并观察患者术后并发症发生情况。结果:PFNA组患者临床总有效率为90.00%,高于DHS组患者的68.75%(P0.05)。两组患者Harris评分的优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PFNA组患者手术时间、卧床时间、骨折愈合时间、切口长度均短于DHS组(P0.05),术中出血量、术后引流量均少于DHS组(P0.05)。两组患者术后并发症总发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:DHS与PFNA内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折在术后关节功能恢复、安全性方面效果相当,但与DHS内固定治疗比较,PFNA内固定治疗的临床疗效更佳,手术时间更短,出血量更少,患者术后恢复更快,是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折较理想的手术方式。     

人工髋关节置换术治疗高龄患者股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效研究

目的:探究人工髋关节置换术治疗高龄患者股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法:选择40例高龄股骨粗隆间骨折患者并将其随机分为两组,观察组给予人工髋关节置换术治疗,对照组经股骨近端髓内钉内固定术治疗。观察比较两组L2-4椎体骨密度、疼痛程度、髋关节功能恢复情况及Harris评分。结果:治疗后,两组L2-4椎体骨密度均显著高于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组显著高于对照组(P0.05);观察组疼痛比例较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),且显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组髋关节恢复优良率为95.0%,显著高于对照组(70.0%,P0.05);两组Harris评分均显著高于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:采用人工髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效明显优于经股骨近端髓内钉内固定术治疗,其可有效促进髋关节功能恢复,减轻患者疼痛。     

髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果观察

目的：探讨髋关节置换手术治疗高龄人群不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的稳定性及愈后生活质量。方法：选取我院骨科收治的110 例不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折患者作为研究对象,随机分为两组,观察组55 例采用人工全髋关节置换术,对照组55 例采用DHS内固定治疗,观察两组患者的手术时间、手术出血量、平均住院时间、临床疗效、术后并发症及愈后生存质量。结果：观察组手术时间及手术出血量大于对照组,但患者平均卧床时间及显著短于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组手术总有效率为87.27%,对照组手术总有效率为70.90%,观察组手术效果明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组术后并发症发生率为7.27%,显著低于对照组（25.45%）（P ＜ 0.05）。观察组患者生活质量满意度为80.00 %,明显高于对照组（61.82%）（P ＜ 0.05）。结论：髋关节置换手术能减少术中出血量、患者下地活动时间早,局部组织修复速度快,对于体质较差、年龄大的老年患者,该术式是延长预期寿命的最佳手术方式。     

The proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) in the treatment of proximal femoral fractures

Proximal femoral fractures, especially in elderly persons with osteoporosis, present a challenge for the traumatologist. While the dynamic hip screw (DHS) became the implant of choice for the treatment of stable fractures, the ideal implant for the treatment of unstable fractures remains an issue. In our experience, Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation (PFNA) is an excellent device for osteosynthesis as it can be easily inserted, it provides angular and rotational stability and allows early weight bearing on the affected limb. Between February 2007 and August 2009, 76 patients underwent the PFNA fixation for proximal femoral fractures (15 men and 61 women). Forty seven fractures were pertrochanteric, 14 subtrochanteric, 2 pathological and 5 ipsilateral trochanteric and diaphyseal fractures whereas in 8 cases the PFNA was used in reosteosynthesis. The mean age of patients was 73.4 years (range 22-91 years). The fractures were reduced on a traction table and the implant was inserted using minimally invasive technique. Four patients developed superficial postoperative wound infection. No cases of implant breakage have been recorded; there was one cut-out; delayed union was noted in three patients. The majority of patients regained their pre-injury mobility status. The PFNA is an excellent implant for stabilisation of both trochanteric and complex combination fractures as well as an exceptional device for reosteosynthesis. It is easily inserted with few intra- and postoperative complications and allows early weight bearing on the affected limb as well as quicker rehabilitation of patients.     

微创动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的:探讨应用微创动力髋部螺钉(DHS)与常规DHS治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床效果.方法:老年股骨转子间骨折患者74例,其中应用微创DHS 40例(微创DHS组),常规DHS34例(常规DHS组),比较两组手术切口、手术时间、术中失血量、术中输血比例、血红蛋白变化量、住院天数、骨折愈合时间以及髋关节功能优良率.结果:两组病人均获得12～24月的随访,所有骨折均愈合,无不愈合病例及死亡病例.微创DHS组手术切口、手术时间、术中输血比例、血红蛋白变化量和住院天数均低于常规DHS组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).但是两组患者的骨折愈合时间以及髋关节功能优良率均无明显差别(P＞0.05).结论:使用微创DHS和常规DHS治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效相当,但微创DHS治疗有手术切口小、手术时间短、失血量少和住院时间短等优点.     

Biomechanical aspects of the repair of intertrochanteric fractures

A two-dimensional model of a repaired intertrochanteric fracture has been proposed in order to estimate the forces transmitted by a sliding screw implant and at the fracture site. These forces have been estimated from the radiographs of 55 repairs which were previously graded as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. The unsuccessful group was found to have significantly higher fracture angles as well as increased forces and moments transmitted by the implant. The results support the view that increased loading of implant and therefore high stresses in the surrounding cancellous bone contribute to the failure of repairs.     

Pathological fractures of the femoral neck

In a review of subcapital fractures due to metastases in the femoral neck it was found that in the majority of cases pain in the region of the hip developed a few days prior to fracture. While the majority of subcapital fractures are sustained as the result of a single incident of trauma, in cases with metastases trabecular stress fractures occur in increasing numbers until finally femoral neck fracture occurs. It would seem that once a critical number of trabecular stress fractures has been reached the patient develops pain. Immediate radiologic examination should be performed, and if there is evidence of bone destruction approaching 50% of the cortex, prophylactic hip pinning is strongly indicated.     

Hemiarthroplasty or internal fixation for intracapsular displaced femoral neck fractures: randomised controlled trial

Objective To compare the functional results after displaced fractures of the femoral neck treated with internal fixation or hemiarthroplasty.Design Randomised trial with blinding of assessments of functional results.Setting University hospital.Participants 222 patients; 165 (74%) women, mean age 83 years. Inclusion criteria were age above 60, ability to walk before the fracture, and no major hip pathology, regardless of cognitive function.Interventions Closed reduction and two parallel screws (112 patients) and bipolar cemented hemiarthroplasty (110 patients). Follow-up at 4, 12, and 24 months.Main outcome measures Hip function (Harris hip score), health related quality of life (Eq-5d), activities of daily living (Barthel index). In all cases high scores indicate better function.Results Mean Harris hip score in the hemiarthroplasty group was 8.2 points higher (95% confidence interval 2.8 to 13.5 points, P=0.003) at four months and 6.7 points (1.5 to 11.9 points, P=0.01) higher at 12 months. Mean Eq-5d index score at 24 months was 0.13 higher in the hemiarthroplasty group (0.01 to 0.25, P=0.03). The Eq-5d visual analogue scale was 8.7 points higher in the hemiarthroplasty group after 4 months (1.9 to 15.6, P=0.01). After 12 and 24 months the percentage scoring 95 or 100 on the Barthel index was higher in the hemiarthroplasty group (relative risk 0.67, 0.47 to 0.95, P=0.02. and 0.63, 0.42 to 0.94, P=0.02, respectively). Complications occurred in 56 (50%) patients in the internal fixation group and 16 (15%) in the hemiarthroplasty group (3.44, 2.11 to 5.60, P<0.001). In each group 39 patients (35%) died within 24 months (0.98, 0.69 to 1.40, P=0.92)Conclusions Hemiarthroplasty is associated with better functional outcome than internal fixation in treatment of displaced fractures of the femoral neck in elderly patients.Trial registration {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00464230","term_id":"NCT00464230"}}NCT00464230.     

不同类型的下颌骨骨折的手术治疗

目的：评估不同类型的下颌骨骨折的手术入路及固定方法。方法：对于52例不同类型下颌骨骨折患者采用不同的口外或口内切口及相应的固定方法。结果：52例患者伤口全部一期愈合,51例咬合关系恢复到伤前咬合关系,1例出现咬合关系不良,X线检查骨折线队位良好。结论：对于不同部位的下颌骨骨折应采用相应的手术切口及固定方法,以获得最好的疗效。     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of several internal and external pelvis fixations

The Finite Element Method (FEM) can be used to analyze very complex geometries, such as the pelvis, and complicated constitutive behaviors, such as the heterogeneous, nonlinear, and anisotropic behavior of bone tissue or the noncompression, nonbending character of ligaments. Here, FEM was used to simulate the mechanical ability of several external and internal fixations that stabilize pelvic ring disruptions. A customized pelvic fracture analysis was performed by computer simulation to determine the best fixation method for each individual treatment. The stability of open-book fractures with external fixations at either the iliac crests or the pelvic equator was similar, and increased greatly when they were used in combination. However, external fixations did not effectively stabilize rotationally and vertically unstable fractures. Adequate stabilization was only achieved using an internal pubis fixation with two sacroiliac screws.     

A new technique for internal fixation of femoral fractures in mice: impact of stability on fracture healing

Mouse models are of increasing interest to study the molecular aspects of fracture healing. Because biomechanical factors greatly influence the healing process, stable fixation of the fracture is of interest also in mouse models. Unlike in large animals, however, there is a lack of mouse models which provide stable osteosynthesis. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop a technique for a more stable fixation of femoral fractures in mice and to analyze the impact of stability on the process of fracture healing. The new technique introduced herein includes an intramedullary pin and an extramedullary metallic clip. Ex vivo biomechanical analysis revealed a significantly higher implant stiffness of our pin-clip technique when compared with previously described intramedullary fixation techniques. In vivo, we studied the course of healing after the more stable fixation with our pin-clip technique and compared the results with that observed after unstable fixation with the pin-clip technique after cutting the clip. After 2 and 5 weeks of fracture healing radiological analysis demonstrated that the more stable fixation with the pin-clip technique results in a significantly higher union rate compared to the unstable fixation. Torsional stiffness at 5 weeks was almost 3-fold of that measured after unstable fixation. Histomorphological analysis further showed that fractures stabilized with the pin-clip technique healed with a smaller periosteal callus area, an increased fraction of bone and a reduced amount of fibrous tissue. Of interest, the pin-clip fixation showed reliable union after 5 weeks, whereas the unstable pin fixation did not regularly achieve adequate fracture healing. In conclusion, we introduce a novel, easily applicable internal osteosynthesis technique in mice, which provides rotational stability after femoral fracture fixation. We further show that a more stable osteosynthesis significantly improves the process of fracture healing also in mice.     

Three kinds of new mechanism

I distinguish three theses associated with the new mechanistic philosophy—concerning causation, explanation and scientific methodology. Advocates of each thesis are identified and relationships among them are outlined. I then look at some recent work on natural selection and mechanisms. Framing that debate in terms of different kinds of New Mechanism significantly affects what is at stake.