Karyology of eight species of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Hainan Island,China

Karyotypes and chromosomal data are presented for eight bat species representing two families (Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae) from Hainan Island, China. The species investigated were Rhinolophus lepidus (2n = 62, FN = 60), R. pusillus (2n = 62, FN = 60), R. affinis (2n = 62, FN = 60), R. sinicus (2n = 36, FN = 60), Myotis horsfieldi (2n = 44, FN = 52), Pipistrellus abramus (2n = 26, FN = 44), Miniopterus australis (2n = 46, FN = 50) and M. schreibersii (2n = 46, FN = 50). The karyotype of Rhinolophus lepidus is reported for the first time.     

广东7 种蝙蝠的核型研究

对采集于广东的4 科7 种蝙蝠进行了核型分析,它们的核型分别是:犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)2n =34,FN= 58;印度假吸血蝠(Megaderma lyra)2n = 54,FN = 104;大耳双色蹄蝠(Hipposideros pomona)2n = 32,FN =60;中蹄蝠(H. larvatus)2n = 32,FN = 60;大卫鼠耳蝠(Myotis davidii)2n = 46,FN = 52;大黄蝠(Scotophilus heathi)2n = 36,FN = 54;南长翼蝠(Miniopterus australis)2n =46,FN = 50。其中大耳双色蹄蝠和大卫鼠耳蝠的核型为首次报道,犬蝠、印度假吸血蝠、中蹄蝠、大黄蝠和南长翼蝠的核型为中国第一次报道。     

广东五种菊头蝠的核型分析

本用蝙蝠的新鲜肺组织和尾椎进行组织培养,然后在光学显微镜下计数30个染色体分散良好的中期分裂相细胞,并进行摄影、剪贴和测量。分析了广东地区5种菊头蝠的核型,即小菊头蝠的核型为2n=62,FN=60;角菊头蝠的核型为2n=62,FN=60;中菊头蝠的核型为2n=62,FN=60;大耳菊头蝠的核型为2n=62,FN=60;中华(栗黄)菊头蝠的核型为2n=36,FN=60。大耳菊头蝠的核型为首次报道。角菊头蝠和中菊头蝠的核型与前人报道的结果基本相同。中华(栗黄)菊头蝠的核型(2n=36)与张维道报道的鲁氏菊头蝠相同,而与印度和斯里兰卡产R．rouxii的核型2n=56迥异。最后对东亚地区菊头蝠多样性进行了探讨。     

Thaptomys Thomas 1915 (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae, Akodontini) with karyotypes 2n = 50, FN = 48, and 2n = 52, FN = 52: Two monophyletic lineages recovered by molecular phylogeny

A novel karyotype with 2n = 50, FN = 48, was described for specimens of Thaptomys collected at Una, State of Bahia, Brazil, which are morphologically indistinguishable from Thaptomys nigrita, 2n = 52, FN = 52, found in other localities. It was hence proposed that the 2n = 50 karyotype could belong to a distinct species, cryptic of Thaptomys nigrita, once chromosomal rearrangements observed, along with the geographic distance, might represent a reproductive barrier between both forms. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood based on partial cytochrome b sequences with 1077 bp were performed, attempting to establish the relationships among the individuals with distinct karyotypes along the geographic distribution of the genus; the sample comprised 18 karyotyped specimens of Thaptomys, encompassing 15 haplotypes, from eight different localities of the Atlantic Rainforest. The intra-generic relationships corroborated the distinct diploid numbers, once both phylogenetic reconstructions recovered two monophyletic lineages, a northeastern clade grouping the 2n = 50 and a southeastern clade with three subclades, grouping the 2n = 52 karyotype. The sequence divergence observed between their individuals ranged from 1.9% to 3.5%.     

Karyologic evidence of diversification of the genus Thrichomys (Rodentia,Echimyidae)

Karyologic analysis of Thrichomys specimens from different Brazilian localities, in Pantanal, Cerrado and Caatinga biomes, shows different chromosome complements. The 2n = 34, FN = 64 karyotype is found in Mato Grosso do Sul state; the 2n = 30, FN = 54 karyotype in Bahia, Pernambuco, Piauí and Ceará states; the 2n = 30, FN = 56 karyotype in Goiás and Tocantins states, the 2n = 28, FN = 50 karyotype in Minas Gerais state, the 2n = 28, FN = 52 and 2n = 26, FN = 48 karyotypes in Bahia state. Comparisons of G-band patterns allowed the identification of homologies shared by all karyotypes and show that the two karyotypes with the lowest diploid number (2n = 26 and 2n = 28) belong to two different evolutionary lineages. The most proper names for each karyomorphic population are: Thrichomys pachyurus for 2n = 34; Thrichomys apereoides apereoides for 2n = 28, FN = 50; Thrichomys apereoides laurentius for 2n = 30, FN = 54 and Thrichomys inermis for 2n = 26. Two karyotypes (2n = 28, FN = 52 and 2n = 30, FN = 56) could not be attributed to any subspecies. These different karyomorphotypes are allopatric and/or parapatric.     

四川七种蝙蝠的核型

本报道了四川地区7种蝙蝠的核型。菊头蝠科2种,即角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus comutus)的核型为2n=62,FN=60;栗黄菊头蝠(R．ssinicus)的核型为2n=36,FN=60。蹄蝠科1种,即大蹄蝠(H．armiger)的核型为2n=32,FN=60。蝙蝠科3种,即伏翼(Pipistrellus abramns)的核型为2n=26,FN=44;南蝠(Iaio)的核型为2n=50,FN=48;山蝠(Nyctalus velutinus)的核型为2n=36,FN=50。犬吻蝠科的皱唇蝠(Tadarida teniotis)的核型为2n=48,FN=62。南蝠的核型为首次报道,但栗黄菊头蝠的核型2n=36与安徽张维道报道相同,而与印度和斯里兰卡同种R．rouxii的核型2n=56迥异。分布在中国的栗黄菊头蝠R．sinicus应为独立种而不是R．rouxii的中国亚种。另5种蝙蝠的核型与前人研究结论基本一致。     

白腹鼠属几个相似种的差异探讨

到目前为止,安氏白腹鼠、川西白腹鼠、社鼠、针毛鼠作为独立种没有多大的争议。但在形态上,安氏白腹鼠与川西白腹鼠、川西白腹鼠与社鼠、社鼠与针毛鼠具有较大的相似性,差异微小,有大量的中间过渡类型。因此,要对这些种进行准确鉴定非常困难。本文首先对这4个种的阴茎形态进行了比较,发现它们确实是独立的种。它们之间的主要区别在于尿道小瓣形态、位置及阴茎骨形态和长短比例上：（1）安氏白腹鼠,外环层有明显的乳突,尿道小瓣分两叉,位置很低,阴茎骨近支显著长于远支;（2）川西白腹鼠,外环层光滑,尿道小瓣位置较高,阴茎骨近支很细而直,近支明显长于远支;（3）社鼠,尿道小瓣较小,位置很低,呈舌状,阴茎骨近支较粗,显著向腹面弯曲,远支粗大且较长,近支长略大于远支;（4）针毛鼠,尿道小瓣位置较高,呈舌状,阴茎骨近支较细弱,显著向腹面弯曲,远支粗大且较长。采用单因素方差分析发现,川西白腹鼠与社鼠在眶间宽、上齿列长和下齿列长等方面差异显著;社鼠和针毛鼠在后头宽、眶间宽和听泡长等方面差异显著;安氏白腹鼠与其他3个种均具有显著的差异。     

台湾岛和海南岛兰科植物区系特征比较

为探明台湾岛和海南岛兰科( Orchidaceae)植物区系特征,在充分查阅相关资料的基础上,对2个岛屿兰科植物的物种组成、生活型和分布区类型进行分析,并对这2个岛屿与大陆陆地和周边国家兰科植物的分布特征进行比较和分析。结果表明：2个岛屿的兰科植物共有146属639种,其中,台湾岛有107属446种,海南岛有96属302种。2个岛屿树兰亚科( Subfam. Epidendroideae)的属和种比例均最高;原始的拟兰亚科( Subfam. Apostasioideae)在台湾岛无分布,而在海南岛分布有2属4种。从属和种的数量看,含1种和2~5种的属比例较高,分别占台湾岛兰科植物总属数的43.9%和36.4%,占海南岛兰科植物总属数的45.8%和40.6%;且包含种数多的属的比例较低。从生活型看,2个岛屿地生兰和附生兰的比例较高,分别占台湾岛兰科植物总种数的52.7%和34.3%,占海南岛兰科植物总种数的37.1%和55.3%。从分布区类型看,台湾岛和海南岛的兰科植物分别可划分为11和10个分布区类型,且均以热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布型属和种的比例最高,热带亚洲分布型属和种的比例也较高。从热带成分与温带成分的数量比(R/T)看,台湾岛和海南岛兰科植物属的R/T值分别为3.6和3.3,种的R/T值分别为10.9和11.9,说明2个岛屿的兰科植物均以热带成分为主,台湾岛还包含一定的温带成分。从共有属和共有种看,2个岛屿与大陆陆地的兰科植物共有属均约占各自兰科植物总属数的90.7%,其中,三地共有属有66属;台湾岛与大陆陆地的兰科植物共有种比例较低(46.2%),而海南岛与大陆陆地的兰科植物共有种比例较高(74.9%),说明2个岛屿与大陆陆地兰科植物属的同源性较高,且海南岛兰科植物的大陆性特征更明显。与周边国家相比,2个岛屿与越南的兰科植物共有种比例较高,分别占台湾岛和海南岛兰科植物总种数的33.9%和75.2%。综合分析结果显示：台湾岛和海南岛的兰科植物种类丰富,生活型齐全,且具有明显的热带性质,但台湾岛的兰科植物还表现出一定的温带性质;2个岛屿与大陆陆地兰科植物的亲缘关系较近,但台湾岛兰科植物的特有性更明显。     

Coupling Genetic and Species Distribution Models to Examine the Response of the Hainan Partridge (Arborophila ardens) to Late Quaternary Climate

Understanding the historical dynamics of animal species is critical for accurate prediction of their response to climate changes. During the late Quaternary period, Southeast Asia had a larger land area than today due to lower sea levels, and its terrestrial landscape was covered by extensive forests and savanna. To date, however, the distribution fluctuation of vegetation and its impacts on genetic structure and demographic history of local animals during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are still disputed. In addition, the responses of animal species on Hainan Island, located in northern Southeast Asia, to climate changes during the LGM are poorly understood. Here, we combined phylogeographic analysis, paleoclimatic evidence, and species distribution models to examine the response of the flightless Hainan Partridge (Arborophila ardens) to climate change. We concluded that A. ardens survived through LGM climate changes, and its current distribution on Hainan Island was its in situ refuge. Range model results indicated that A. ardens once covered a much larger area than its current distribution. Demographic history described a relatively stable pattern during and following the LGM. In addition, weak population genetic structure suggests a role in promoting gene flow between populations with climate-induced elevation shifts. Human activities must be considered in conservation planning due to their impact on fragmented habitats. These first combined data for Hainan Partridge demonstrate the value of paired genetic and SDMs study. More related works that might deepen our understanding of the responses of the species in Southeast Asia to late Quaternary Climate are needed.     

Karyological analysis of Proechimys cuvieri and Proechimys guyannensis (Rodentia, Echimyidae) from central Amazon

The aim was to characterize the karyotype of rodents of the genus Proechimys from three localities in the central Brazilian Amazon, in the search for new markers that might shed light on our understanding of the taxonomy and evolutionary history of this taxon. Two karyotypes were found, viz., 2n = 28, FN = 46 in individuals from the NRSP (Cuieiras River) and REMAN (Manaus), and 2n = 46, FN = 50 in individuals from the Balbina Hydroelectric Plant. While individuals with the karyotype with 2n = 28 chromosomes were morphologically associated with Proechimys cuvieri, their karyotype shared similarities with those of the same diploid number in two other regions. Although three karyotypes are described for Proechimys cuvieri, no geographic distribution pattern that defined a cline could be identified. Based on the morphological examination of voucher specimens and additional results from molecular analysis, the karyotype with 2n = 46 and FN = 50 could be associated with P. guyannensis.     

Phylogenetic relationships in genus Niviventer (Rodentia: Muridae) in China inferred from complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene

Chinese species of the genus Niviventer, predominantly distributed in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and in Taiwan, are a diverse group and have not yet received a thorough molecular phylogenetic analysis. Here, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of 32 specimens representing nine Chinese species of Niviventer, based on sequences of the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis resulted in three consistent trees, each supported by high bootstrap values. The results showed that the Niviventer species included here are monophyletic. The nine species were classified into three distinct clades: clade A with Niviventer brahma, N. confucianus, N. coxingi, N. culturatus, N. eha and N. fulvescens; clade B with N. andersoni and N. excelsior; clade C with N. cremoriventer. Our results also suggested that N. culturatus should be a valid species rather than a subspecies of N. confucianus. Divergence times among species were calibrated according to the middle-late Pleistocene (1.2-0.13 Mya) fossil records of N. confucianus. The results demonstrated that the first radiation event of the genus Niviventer occurred in early Pleistocene (about 1.66 Mya), followed by the divergence of clades A and B at about 1.46 Mya. Most of the extant Niviventer species appeared during early to middle Pleistocene (about 1.29-0.67 Mya). These divergence times are coincidental with the last uplift events of the Tibetan Plateau, Kun-Huang movement, Pleistocene glaciations and the vicariant formation of Taiwan Strait. Consequently geographical events and Pleistocene glaciations have played a great role in the diversification of Niviventer.     

Pollination Syndromes of Chinese Gesneriaceae: a Comparative Study between Hainan Island and Neighboring Regions

The species-rich Gesneriaceae are typically a tropical family in Asia, showing a monophyletic radiation and high endemism in Southwest China and Hainan Island. The Chinese species have diverse floral traits and pollination systems, but the detailed patterns of diversity and possible differentiations between Hainan Island and the Chinese mainland remain unclear. Here, we enumerate the species diversity and proportion of endemics of Gesneriaceae for Hainan Island and the nearby Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Guangdong. We then investigate the species evolutionary histories and main floral traits to evaluate speciation and pollination syndromes for the island and mainland flora. We recognize 24 (eight endemic) species on Hainan Island, 236 (106 endemic) in Yunnan, 211 (120 endemic) in Guangxi, 97 (28 endemic) in Guizhou, and 60 (20 endemic) in Guangdong. Although Hainan Island harbors fewer species than nearby regions, probably due to its smaller area, its endemic ratio is high, only slightly lower than Guangxi. A phylogenetic tree based on nuclear ITS 1/2 and chloroplast Trn L-F indicated most Hainan-endemic species were genetically close to species from Southeast Asia, rather than mainland China. For most floral traits, e.g., growth form, corolla type and color, Hainan Island species show no differences from other regions. Hainan Island and Yunnan Province have equal proportions of species with four or two stamens, whereas most species in other regions have two stamens. Hainan Island has a much higher percentage (21%) of actinomorphic species than other regions (< 10%). Most species in Hainan Island have exserted stamens, while stamens are included in most species in other regions. We did not find any increased tendency in floral traits that promote selfing for the island flora. Generalist pollination mechanisms, supported by characters such as actinomorphic corolla, appear to provide sufficient reproductive assurance in pollinator-depauperate Hainan Island.     

贵州6种蝙蝠的核型

采用常规骨髓细胞空气干燥法,研究了贵州6种蝙蝠的核型。白腹管鼻蝠(Murina leucogaster)2n=44,染色体臂数(FN)为58;普通长翼蝠(Miniopterus schreibersi)染色体数是2n=46,FN为50,黄大蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti)2n=32,FN为60;角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus cornutus)2n=62,FN为60;云南菊头蝠(R.yunnanensis)2n=44,FN是60;犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)2n=34,FN=58。其中白腹管鼻蝠、云南菊头蝠和犬蝠为国内首次报道。     

Genetic studies in representatives of genusRhipidomys (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) from Brazil

Karyotypic polymorphism of five taxa of the rodent genusRhipidomys from the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biomes was analysed.Rhipidomys nitela Thomas, 1901 from Amazon has 2n=48, FN=68. The other species, all have 2n=44, but can be separated into two groups, one with high FNs (76, 80) and the other with low FNs (48, 52). Two cytotypes ofR. mastacalis (Lund, 1840) with high FNs were trapped in four localities of the Cerrado, showing 19 and 17 biarmed autosomes, respectively. A low FN (48) was observed inR. leucodactylus (Tschudi, 1844) in two localities of the Cerrado and FN=52 in one locality in the Cerrado and the Amazon. All taxa with 2n=44 have a medium-sized acrocentric X chromosome and a small Y.Rhipidomys nitela is different from the species with 2n=44 by presenting a heterochromatic short arm of the X chromosome. In all karyotypes analysed, the nucleolus organizer regions were located in the short arms of two to six pairs and the (T₂AG₃)_n telomeric probes hybridizedin situ in both the short and long arms of all pairs of the karyotypes.     

Molecular phylogeny of hipposiderid bats (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) from Solomon Islands and Cape York Peninsula,Australia

Throughout the Old World Tropics, examples of cryptic diversity have been demonstrated in leaf‐nosed bats from the Family Hipposideridae. In addition to cryptic diversity, the widespread distributions and graded morphologies of some species render the taxonomy of this family poorly resolved. We used sequences of the mitochondrial gene ND2 and the nuclear gene RAG1 to reconstruct molecular phylogenetic relationships for hipposiderid species. Specimens from Solomon Island and Cape York Peninsula, Australia, were sequenced and combined with published sequences from Southeast Asia. Our results suggest the presence of undescribed diversity in northern Australia. Sequences of ND2 and RAG1 for samples of Cape York Hipposideros ater were distinct from those of Southeast Asia, with corrected sequence divergence estimates for the mitochondrial gene exceeding 23%. In comparison, there was no cryptic diversity detected in Solomon Island specimens when compared to conspecifics from Southeast Asia. On the contrary, three species members of the diadema morphological group from the region exhibit variability in the mitochondrial gene ND2, far below that of other species included in the analyses.     

Systematics of white-toothed shrews (Crocidura) (Mammalia: Insectivora: Soricidae) of Taiwan: Karyological and morphological Studies

We define the species boundaries of white-toothed shrews (genus Crocidura ) in Taiwan using karyological and morphological characteristics. Ninety-nine animals were obtained from all over Taiwan at capture rates usually less than 10%. Three species are recognized by distinct cytotypes: Crocidura attenuata tanakae 2n = 40, FN = 56; Crocidura suaveolens hosletti 2n = 40, FN = 50; Crocidura kurodai 2n = 40, FN = 54. A suite of six morphological characters diagnose the three species: shape of skull, position of incisive foramina, shape of fourth upper premolar, shape of pinna, tail vibrissae, and foot pads. A species key and notes on the life history of each species are provided. Finally, we discuss chromosomal evolution and biolgeography of Crocidura in East and South East Asia.     

Supernumerary chromosomes,Robertsonian rearrangement and variability of the sex chromosomes inNectomys squamipes (Cricetidae,Rodentia)

Chromosomes were analyzed in 91 specimens ofNectomys squamipes, collected in three distinct geographic regions of Brazil. Chromosomal polymorphism due to supernumerary chromosomes, Robertsonian rearrangement and variation of sex chromosomes is reported. Samples collected in the northeastern region had 2n=52, FN=52; 2n=53, FN=54; 2n=54, FN=56; 2n=55, FN=56; 2n=56, FN=56; 2n=57, FN=57. The specimens from the southeastern and southern regions showed 2n=55, FN=56; 2n=56, FN=56; 2n=57, FN=58; 2n=58, FN=60; 2n=59, FN=62. Seven different types of supernumeraries were observed. These vary in size, morphology and C-banding characteristics.The Brazilian populations ofNectomys squamipes are composed of at least two basic entities, one with 2n=52 and its increasing series up to 2n=55, the other with 2n=56, increasing to 2n=59. Both entities are characterized by variation from 0 to 3 supernumeraries. The X and Y chromosomes present polymorphisms in terms of the size, shape as well as the distribution of constitutive heterochromatin.This research was supported by CNPq-PIG (Projeto Integrado de Genética) and is part of the Rodent Cytogenetic Colaborative Study, developed by different Laboratories in Brazil.     

Autosomal and sex chromosomal polymorphisms with multiple rearrangements and a new karyotype in the genus Rhipidomys (Sigmodontinae, Rodentia)

Two diploid numbers and five karyomorphs were found in ten specimens of Rhipidomys (Sigmodontinae, Rodentia) from three states in Brazil: 2n = 50 from Amazonas, and 2n = 44 from Mato Grosso and Bahia. CBG, GTG, and RBG-banding and Ag-NOR analyses were performed, as well as fluorescence in situ: hybridization with (T2AG3)7 probes. The new diploid number of 2n = 50 was associated with two different fundamental numbers (FN = 71 and 72) as a result of pericentric inversions and addition/deletion of constitutive heterochromatin. The samples from two localities (Aripuan? and Vila Rica) in the state of Mato Grosso shared 2n = 44 and FN = 52, but their karyotypes differed because of pericentric inversions. Although the single specimen from Bahia had the same diploid number as the samples from Mato Grosso, its karyotype and FN were completely distinctive. Karyological comparison of GTG-banding patterns revealed total homology between the karyotypes of the specimens from Bahia and Mato Grosso, implying the occurrence of 14 autosomal pericentric inversions. Homologies between ten of the autosomes in the karyotypes with 2n = 50 (FN = 72) and 2n = 44 (from Vila Rica, MT) were demonstrated. The differentiation between 2n = 44 and 2n = 50 involved five pericentric inversions, addition/deletion of constitutive heterochromatin in both autosomes and sex chromosomes, at least one Robertsonian rearrangement and other not detected rearrangements. Despite the remarkable number of rearrangements, interstitial telomeric sites (ITS) were not detected. Sex chromosomes also exhibited polymorphism in size and morphology.     

Cytogenetic characterization of six species of flatfishes with comments to karyotype differentiation patterns in Pleuronectiformes (Teleostei)

The karyotypes and cytogenetic characteristics of flatfishes species Paralichthys orbignyanus , Paralichthys patagonicus , Citarichthys spilopterus and Etropus crossotus (Paralichthyidae), Bothus ocellatus (Bothidae) and Symphurus tessellatus (Cynoglossidae) were investigated by conventional [Giemsa staining, C-banding, Ag- and chromomycin (CMA₃)-stainings] and molecular [ in situ hybridization (ISH)] cytogenetic techniques. The results showed 2n = 46 and FN = 48 (2msm + 46sta) in P. orbignyanus , 2n = 46 and FN = 46 (46sta) in P. patagonicus , 2n = 26 and FN = 44 (18msm + 8sta) in C. spilopterus , 2n = 38 and FN = 64 (26msm + 12sta) in E. crossotus , 2n = 32 and FN = 50 (18msm + 14sta) in B. ocellatus , and 2n = 46 and FN = 62 (46msm + 62sta) in S. tessellatus . All species exhibited weak C-band positive segments in terminal and centromeric positions of some chromosome pairs. Silver staining of the nucleolus organizer regions (Ag-NOR) technique showed a single Ag-NOR-bearing chromosome pair in all species except E. crossotus . All these sites were CMA₃ positive and showed clear ISH signals after probing with a 18S rRNA probe. Etropus crossotus presented until seven chromosomes with Ag-NORs and CMA₃ positively stained segments in five chromosome pairs. Conversely only one chromosome pair was identified with the ISH experiments in this species. The available results show that the fishes of the order Pleuronectiformes experienced a marked chromosome evolution that included reduction in diploid number, mainly due to Robertsonian rearrangements, and several chromosome inversions.