Über die Struktur und den Verschlussmechanismus Des ductus venosus

Zusammenfassung Das Gefäßrohr des Ductus venosus schließt nur geringe Mengen der glatten Muskulatur ein. Ein muskulärer Sphinkter ist an seinem Abgang nicht vorhanden. Auch andere vorgebildete Strukturen, z. B. die im Schrifttum gelegentlich erwähnten Lippenbildungen, die den Ductusabgang postnatal sofort verschließen sollen, liegen nicht vor.Die postnatale funktionelle Ausschaltung des Ductus venosus ist Folge des Druckabfalles im portalen Sinus (Recessus umbilicalis) und beruht im Wesentlichen auf der Retraktion und Engstellung seines Abganges, dessen lichte Weite vom Gefäßinnendruck in hohem Maße abhängig ist.Die Retraktion des Ductusabganges wird wahrscheinlich durch die muskulären Elemente gefördert, die nahe dem Ductusabgang in die Wand des portalen Sinus eingebaut sind. Vermutlich werden auch die antenatalen intermittierenden Verschlüsse des Ductus venosus bei menschlichen Feten durch die muskulären Elemente des portalen Sinus mitverursacht.Der organische Verschluß des Ductus venosus beginnt an seinem enggestellten Abgang und ist zwischen dem 10.–20. Tag vollendet. Die Proliferation des Verschlußgewebes geht zunächst von den besonders strukturierten Grenzleisten aus, die eine Art Bindegewebsreserve darstellen.

---

Summary The wall of the ductus venosus contains only small amounts of smooth muscles. No muscular sphincter is found at its origin. There is also no evidence for the existence of other pre-formed structures, like the so-called lips which are sometimes mentioned in the literature and which are said to obstruct the duct immediately after birth.The postnatal obliteration of the ductus venosus is the result of a decrease in pressure in the portal sinus (recessus umbilicalis); essentially it is based on a retraction and narrowing of its origin, the internal diameter of which depends to a high degree on the intravascular pressure.It seems that the retraction of the duct is enhanced by the muscular elements, which have their origin in the wall of the portal sinus near the origin of the duct. In human fetuses the prenatal intermittent obstructions of the ductus venosus are presumably caused in part by the muscular elements of the portal sinus. The organic closure of the ductus venosus commences at its narrow origin and is completed between the tenth and twentieth day. The proliferation of the obliterating tissue starts in specially structured border zones, which represent a kind of connective tissue reserve.

     

Conceptions et Mises À Jour Au Sujet Des Mycétomes

Résumé L'auteur expose quelques points de vue et considérations sur les mycétomes. On considère le terme de mycétome comme inadéquat et propose son remplacement par celui degranose, c'est-à-dire affection à formation de grains. On estime que les agents des mycétomes se divisent en deux groupes:spécifiques (qui provoquent uniquement des mycétomes) etnon-spécifiques (qui produisent également d'autres tableaux cliniques). On procède à une mise au point de la conception actuelle sur l'origine saprophytique des mycétomes. On débat de problèmes actuels de pathogénie, de diagnostic, de pronostic et de traitement.

---

Summary Instead of mycetoma the term ofgranosis (affection with grain formation) is suggested.In the author's opinion, the causative organisms of mycetoma may be divided in 2 groups:specific agents (causing exclusively mycetoma) andnot specific agents (producing also other clinical pictures). An up to date view on the actual opinions concerning the saprophytic origine of mycetoma is presented. Present state of the pathogenicity, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of this disease are discussed.

     

Des gènes à la culture : réflexions finales

Imagination pushes humanity well beyond its natural biological capacities. An approach of co-evolution, between molecular biology and behaviour, is thus required to explain these combined processes. Technological performances define spiritual conquests and formulas whose sole function is cultural. Humanity operates according to intentional social modes defined by the group, but these immediately become conditions for their own evolution. These choices are the motor for the history of humanity, and thus humanity can itself choose its own path. Anatomic modernisation is only a distant reflection of bipedalism, but freeing the hands leads to the development of abstract thought. The relationship between anatomy and awareness allows infinite variations in the harmonious adaptation to nature, animals and other societies. In Europe, humanity arrived in abrupt bursts because it was the result of external evolution, continuous and distant, dispersed across Asia. By its unceasing audacity, humanity combats biological determinism, imposing “moral” rules, or imperatives. The balance between biology and culture is reflected in the rules for sharing food: the biological life itself is coded by social sharing. These systems take on ternary values as soon as they include animal behaviours. Built shelters integrate societies with the cosmos because they delimit cultural spaces within natural chaos. Mastery of cognitive mechanisms gives humanity an entirely new responsibility, that of being able to define its destiny. Our united disciplines are transformed into ethical requirements.     

利用PiggyBac转座子系统构建表达Δ15 Des酶活性的转基因小鼠

必需脂肪酸为人体健康和生命所必需,但机体自身不能合成,研究表明ω-3族脂肪酸对人体的生理功能有更加积极的影响。哺乳动物体内缺乏ω-3去饱和酶的基因,来自线虫Caenorhabditis elegans的Δ15-脂肪酸去饱和酶(Δ15Des)可以将体内ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)转化为ω-3 PUFAs。利用PiggyBac转座子(PB)系统构建表达Δ15 Des酶活性的转基因小鼠可以在较短时间内繁育出稳定遗传的纯合子转基因小鼠,整合率高达35.1%。饲料中添加6%ω-6 PUFAs饲喂小鼠,通过气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)检测小鼠体内脂肪酸的变化,荧光定量PCR(quantitative PCR,qPCR)和蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting, WB)来检测Δ15 Des在小鼠体内的表达水平。从qPCR和GC结果分析,阳性小鼠的基因活性率为61.53%,与传统方法相比,Δ15 Des的转入效率及活性都显著提高,且纯合子比杂合子表达更高的活性,进一步验证了PiggyBac转座子系统高效...     

Activité Enzymatique Des Ascomycetes: Pichia Vini Et Pichia Vini Var. Melibiosi

Résumé Pichia vini etPichia vini var.melibiosi sont comparées en tenant compte des systèmes enzymatiques intracellulaires et non plus seulement des caractères d'assimilation du cellobiose et du mélibiose. La présence de système enzymatique susceptible d'hydrolyser les glucosides chezP. vini var.melibiosi et les galactosides chezP. vini sont des arguments valables pour synonymiser les 2 variétés.

---

Pichia vini andPichia vini var.melibiosi are compared in respect to their intracellular enzymatic systems concerning cellobiose and melibiose. Both species possess intracellular glucosidase and galactosidase with the same characteristics. It seems that the separation between the 2 varieties is not valuable after our results.

---

---

Étude particulière de l' galactosidase et de la-glucosidase, conséquences taxonomiques.     

Des effets de l'épandage de nitrites sur des cultures en plein champ

Conclusions Ces essais effectués en plein champ prouvent que les nitrites produisent dans plusieurs cas des dégâts parfois conséquents aux cultures et que les plantes présentent une sensibilité variable à leur action. Il n'est cependant pas encore possible de déduire des résultats si l'utilisation des nitrites comme herbicides sélectifs peut être envisagée. L'action des nitrites semble cependant de courte durée probablement en raison de la prompte transformation des nitrites; plusieurs résultats portent d'ailleurs à croire que l'azote des nitrites à été eventuellement après transformation, utilisée par les plantes. Il n'en reste pas moins vrai, que l'emploi de nitrites comme engrais ferait courir le risque grave de voir occasionner d'importantes brûlures. Mais nous estimons que la présence de faibles quantité de nitrite, à l'état d'impureté dans d'autres engrais, ne peut pas provoquer de sérieux dégâts aux cultures.     

Phylogenetic Relationship of Dendranthema （DC.） Des Moul. Revealed by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Phylogenetic relationships of the different species in the genus Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul. were estimated based on chromosome fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S-26S rDNA of Arabidopsis and genomic DNA of Dendranthema as probes. The results revealed that there was no positive correlation between the number of nuclear organization region (NOR) loci and the ploidy of Dendranthema.The exact cytogenetic information of NORs about 14 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) indicated that D.vestitum (Hemsl.) Ling et Shih was closer to the cultivars than other putative species, whereas D. zawadskii (Herb.) Tzvel. was the most distinct. The ambiguously distributed signals of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) with genomic DNA of lower ploidy species as probes suggested that different genomes among Dendranthema were mixed. The result also indicated the limitation of GISH in studies on the phylogenetic relationships of the different species in this genus Dendranthema and on the origin of cultivated chrysanthemums. Based on these results and previous research, the origin of Chinese cultivated chrysanthemum is discussed.     

Des Normapolles du Crétacé supérieur de Piedras Negras (Coahuila,Mexique)

Normapolles pollen grains found in the Upson andSan Miguel Formations of northeastern Mexico extend the atlantic Normapolles Province of North America to the northern part of Middle America. Besides, since one admits the Lower Maastrichtian age of the Olmos Formation, the biostratigraphic extinction of the group appears regionally earlier than in the Atlantic Coastal Plain.     

Untersuchungen Über Zusammenhänge Zwischen Der Verteilung Des Thiamins In Podsolböden Und Ihrer Mikroflora

Zusammenfassung 1. Es wurden aus Bodensäulen, deren natürliches Gefüge weitgehend erhalten geblieben war, und die unter kontrollierten Außenbedingungen aufbewahrt wurden, laufend Proben entnommen und ihr Thiamingehalt und die Gesamtkeimzahl ermittelt.2. Im unbehandelten Boden steigt im A₀-A₁ Horizontbereich der Thiaminspiegel um ca. 300% an bei gleichzeitiger Abnahme der Bakterienzahl. Im B₂-Horizont erfolgt bei parallel verlaufender Bakterienkurve ebenfalls eine deutliche Zunahme des Thiamingehaltes. Für die Veränderungen können weder Wurzelexsudate noch extern zugefügte organische Stoffe verantwortlich gemacht werden.3. Durch Perkolationsversuche mit Thiaminlösungen wurde der Einfluß des Bodens auf die Verteilung des gebildeten Thiamins untersucht. Die maximale Sorptionskapazität fand sich im A₀-A₁ Horizont, sowie — mit einigen Besonderheiten — in der Humuseisenorterdeschicht.4. Entsprechend lassen sich die adsorbierten Thiaminmengen mit Wasser auswaschen oder durch Ba⁺⁺-Ionen austauschen. Ein erheblicher Teil des Vitamins ist so fest gebunden, daß er sich nicht zurückgewinnen läßt.

---

Summary 1. The content of thiamin and the number of bacteria were determined in different horizons of soil. The samples were taken from columns of soil. The natural texture of the columns was preserved as well as possible. They were stored under controlled conditions.2. In the A₀-A₁ horizon of untreated soil the content of thiamin increases up to 300 per cent while the number of bacteria is decreased. In the B₂-horizon the increase of the number of bacteria goes parallel. These changes are not caused by exudates of the roots nor by added organic components.3. By percolation experiments with solutions of thiamin the influence of the soil upon the distribution of the thiamin was studied. The maximum capacity of sorption was found in the A₀-A₁ horizon and, with some variations, in the layer of iron-humus (Humuseisenorterde).4. The adsorbed amount of thiamin can be washed out by water or replaced by Ba⁺⁺-ions. A considerable amount of the vitamin is so fixed that it cannot be recovered.Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft danke ich für die Sachbeihilfe, die mir die Durchführung der Arbeit erst ermöglichte.

     

Alterations?in?White?Matter?Microstructure?as?Vulnerability?Factors?and?Acquired?Signs?of?Traffic?Accident-Induced?PTSD

It remains unclear whether white matter (WM) changes found in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients are stress-induced or precursors for vulnerability. The current study aimed to identify susceptibility factors relating to the development of PTSD and to examine the ability of these factors to predict the course of longitudinal PTSD. Sixty two victims who had experienced traffic accidents underwent diffusion tensor imaging using a 3.0T MRI system within 2 days after their accidents. Of these, 21 were diagnosed with PTSD at 1 or 6 months using the Clinician-Administered Ptsd Scale (CAPS). Then, 11 trauma-exposed victims with PTSD underwent the second MRI scan. Compared with the victims without PTSD, the victims with PTSD showed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in WM of the anterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), temporal lobes and midbrain, and increased mean diffusivity (MD) in the vmPFC within 2 days after the traumatic event. Importantly, decreased FA of the vmPFC in the acute phase predicted greater future CAPS scores. In addition, we found decreased FA in the insula in the follow-up scan in the victims with PTSD, which correlated with the decreased FA of the vmPFC in their baseline scan. These results suggested that the WM might have changed within 2 days after the traumatic event in the individuals who would later develop PTSD. Furthermore, decreased FA of the vmPFC could be a possible vulnerability marker predicting future development of PTSD and may provide an outcome prediction of the acquired signs.     

Des sources neuronales aux signaux EEG : modèle et interprétation des activités épileptiques

This work deals with the interpretation of electrophysiological patients recorded in epileptic patients candidate to surgery. This issue is addressed through a physiologically relevant model for the generation of scalp and intracerebral electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. The proposed model is based on a spatiotemporal representation of the sources of brain activity, which combines a distributed dipole source model and a model of coupled neuronal populations. Signals recorded by sensors (scalp and intracerebral) are then computed by solving the forward problem in the head volume conductor. In this paper, the EEG generation model is used to study the influence of some source-related parameters (spatial extent, position, synchronization) on simulated signals, during epileptic transient activity (interictal spikes). Results show that the model allows for studying, on the one hand, the relationship between the spatiotemporal organization of neuronal sources and the properties of the observed signals and, on the other hand, the relationship between surface and depth EEG signals.     

Die Wirkung Des »Gibberellinantagonisten« 2-Chloräthyltrimethylammoniumchlorid (CCC) auf die Stecklingsbewurzelung Windender und nicht Windender Pflanzen

Summary Root initiation at cuttings is inhibited by application of gibberellin. CCC does not antagonize this inhibition. However, CCC stimulates root initiation at cuttings of three different species of twining plants known to be rich in endogenous gibberellin. CCC seems to be an antagonist for endogenous but not for exogenous gibberellin, which suggests that CCC influences gibberellin biosynthesis.     

Des considérations écologiques peuvent-elles apporter une contribution a la connaissance du cycle biologique des colonies deCremastogaster (Hymenoptera-Formicoidea)?

Resumen Ciertos nùmeros de luchos experimentales y de observación de cuatro especies deCremastogaster: Cr. auberti, Cr. scutellaris (de Francia);Cr. vandeli, Cr. skounensis (de Cambodia) han conducido a formular una hipotesis acerca del ciclo biologico de ciertos especies deCremastogaster.Hay alternancia entre dos generaciones, una agama reproduciéndose por partenogenesis, otra sexuada. La generación sexuada comprende machos y hembras aladas destinadas al origen para la diseminación del especie aprovechando las condiciones ecológicas favorables (vuelo de enjambre). La descendencia normal de las hembras est a constituida por obreras (sin embargo puede haber en las hembras partenogenesis arrhenotoque accidental del tipo himenoptere). La generación agama comprende solo hembras apteras (obreras) y està destinada para la conservación del especie durante las estationes con condiciones ecológicas defavorables. Esas obreras son poco prolificas y ciertamente solo por un breve periódo de su vida. La generación asexuada vuelve a dar una generación sexuada por partenogenesis deuterotoque (La deuterotoquia està bajo la influencia de factores troficos y, por consiguiente, ecológicos).

---

Summary Some number of expérimental samples and observations on for species ofCremastogaster: Cr. auberti; Cr. scutellaris (of France);Cr. vandeli, Cr. skounensis (of Cambodia) brings to formule hypothesis on biological cycle of some species ofCremastogaster.There is alternance between two generations, the one without sexual types, which reproduces by parthenogenesis, the other with sexual types. The sexual generation comports winged males and winged females for dispersion of species (in beginning) which profit of ecological favourable conditions (wing of swarming). The normal descendance of females is constitued by workers (however by males it can existe accidental arrhenotocal parthenogenesis of Hymenopteral type). The without sexuals generation comports only wingless females (workers) and it is destined to conserve the species during seasons under unfavourable ecological conditions. These workers are not to much prolific and certainly during a short time of their life. The asexual generation gives again sexual generation by deuterotocal parthenogenesis (Deuterotoquia is under the influence of trophic and, from this fact, ecological factors).

     

Serological?identification and molecular?characterization?of?B?(A)?02?subtype?in?patients?and blood donors from?Eastern?China

This study was designed to identify the rare?type?ABO?blood?groups, B(A) 02, from Eastern China. Three samples with discordant serological results during routine blood type identification and four samples from one sample’ family were selected. All of them were detected by serological method. The exon 6 and 7 of the ABO genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced. They were typed as AsubB by serology and as BO by genotype. In AsubB samples, nt 700C>G mutation was detected in B gene, which was previously defined as B(A)02 alleles. In these seven samples, six showed B(A)02/O01 and one showed B(A)02/O02.B(A)02 allele was found to be more common in this study than B(A)04 which is considered to be more frequent than B(A)02. The careful identification of rare blood types is important for the safety of clinical blood transfusion.