瓢虫科支序分析(鞘翅目)(英语)

根据成虫和幼虫的特征,应用数值支序方法探讨瓢虫科的系统发育.基于中国21族(包括不同学者提出的所有亚科)36个成虫性状,计算得到18个具有高度同质(homoplasy)的最简约的支序图.共同树显示5个支系:小艳瓢虫亚科,食植瓢虫亚科,瓢虫亚科(包括粗毛瓢虫族Singhikalini);红瓢虫亚科(不包括短角瓢虫族),以及小毛瓢虫亚科+盔唇瓢虫亚科(包括短角瓢虫族).这与Chazeau等(1990)提出的分六亚科系统相似.对14族幼虫18个性状初步分析,结果与相同14族成虫分析比较,只有一个组分即刀角瓢虫族和展唇瓢虫族的亲缘关系在两个分析中得到一致的支持.食植瓢虫是瓢虫科中最原始但高度衍化的一族.在揭示系统发育上,幼虫的研究或许更令人满意.     

广西食植瓢虫属五新种：鞘翅目：瓢虫科

本文记述采自广西的食植瓢虫属Ｅｐｉｌａｃｈｎａ５新种,即花端食植瓢虫Ｅｐｉｌａｃｈｎａ ａｎｔｈｏｄｅａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。,短叶食植瓢虫Ｅ．ｂｒａｃｈｙｌｏｄｂ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。浪平食植瓢虫Ｅ．ｌａｎｇｐｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,靴管食植瓢虫Ｅ．ｏｃｒｅａｔａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和管刺食植瓢虫Ｅ;ｓｉｐｏｎｅｃｈｉｎｕｌａｔａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

海南岛食植瓢虫属一新种和二种新记录（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）

论述了采自海南岛的食植瓢虫属Epilachna一新种和二种中国新记录：拟球端食植瓢虫E. paraglobiera 新种; 同亨食植瓢虫E. donghoiensis Hoang, 1978中国新记录; 戈特克食植瓢虫E. gokteika Kapur, 1961中国新记录。     

27种瓢虫mtDNA-COI基因序列分析及系统发育研究(鞘翅目:瓢虫科)

将自测的瓢虫科4亚科16种和从GenBank中检索到相关物种的mtDNA-COI基因编码区序列片断进行同源性比较,计算核苷酸使用频率,并构建分子系统树。在获得的471bp序列中,共有227个变异位点,195个简约信息位点,A T约占66.7%,转换发生比颠换更频繁。分子系统树表明:同种和同属的瓢虫均以较高置信值聚在一起,4个亚科都能恢复为单系;食植瓢虫亚科从系统树的基部最早分出,是瓢虫科最为原始的类群,小毛瓢虫亚科和盔唇瓢虫亚科首先聚为一支,显示二者具有较近的亲缘关系,然后再与瓢虫亚科相聚,食植瓢虫亚科的食植瓢虫属和裂臀瓢虫属均不是单系群。     

盔唇瓢虫族(鞘翅目：瓢虫科)系统分类研究进展

盔唇瓢虫族昆虫是瓢虫科中一类重要的捕食性天敌,主要捕食介壳虫,是该类害虫的重要生物防治天敌。盔唇瓢虫族昆虫研究历史悠久,目前世界盔唇瓢虫族包括22属超过280种,其中有9属42种分布在中国。该族许多属建立时间早,鉴别特征的原始描述不够详细,导致属间界定模糊,属的地位时常受到质疑且变动频繁。一些种类丰富,形态多变、且分布广泛的属如盔唇瓢虫属、光缘瓢虫属仍缺少世界性的订正研究。随着瓢虫科分子系统发育研究的开展,瓢虫科经典分类系统受到了较大的挑战,而盔唇瓢虫亚科已被证实为非单系起源的类群。目前,将盔唇瓢虫族归入瓢虫亚科得到绝大多数瓢虫科分子系统发育研究的支持,但与其它类群的亲缘关系仍存争议。尽管已有研究对盔唇瓢虫族现存所有属的系统发育关系进行了分析,但部分类群缺少分子数据,导致这些类群在该族系统发育关系中的位置并不明确。本文回顾了国内外盔唇瓢虫族的分类历史,记述了目前该族在瓢虫科的分类地位以及族下系统发育关系进展,最后对盔唇瓢虫族分类研究存在的问题及未来研究进行了展望。     

基于广义形态学性状对木通科的分支系统学分析

基于43个广义的形态学性状,对木通科进行了分支系统学分析。经过简约性分析,得到了68个同等简约的分支树。50％多数规则一致树的分支结构与以前建立的族划分系统基本一致。外类群大血藤属与木通科的勃奎拉藤属形成姐妹群,与以前的分支分析结果一致,但在分子系统发育树中,大血藤属却是整个木通科的姐妹群;除此之外,形态分支树的结构与分子树的结构差别不大,但一致性指数、保持性指数和各分支内部支持率均较低。单型的猫儿屎族和串果藤族位于分支树的基部,拉氏藤族与木通族是姐妹群,在木通族内,长萼木通属和木通属是姐妹群,作为一个分支;另一分支是PHS（牛藤果属、八月瓜属和野木瓜属）复合群,牛藤果属位于八月瓜属和野木瓜属各类群的基部。但八月瓜属和野木瓜属的属内系统发育关系仍有待进一步研究。     

四川南充市郊瓢虫物种多样性的初步研究

20 0 3年3月～2 0 0 4年5月,分别在南充市郊的人工林、农田、河漫滩草丛、灌木丛4种生境进行瓢虫种群结构及多样性的抽样调查研究,共采集瓢虫标本1 2 1 6只,经鉴定隶属7亚科,2 2属,3 6种。个体数量以瓢虫亚科最多,食植瓢虫亚科次之。物种数以瓢虫亚科最多,食植亚科次之,小艳瓢虫亚科最少。各生境的多样性指数和物种丰富度排序为灌木丛>河漫滩草丛>人工林>农田。     

紫荆族的脉序研究

本文对代表豆科云实亚科紫荆族全部五个属．即紫荆属、腺叶紫荆属、格里芬豆属、拟羊蹄甲属和羊蹄甲属的几乎全部系或亚组的１３４个种或种下分类单元的叶脉序进行了研究,并描述了本族２０个基本脉序类型．在紫荆族中,腺叶紫荆属和拟羊蹄甲属的脉序式样非常相似;紫荆属的种类的脉式样以全绿叶,一级脉不及绿等特征组合有别于本族其它属;格里芬豆属的脉序高度特化,有别于紫荆亚族的所有类群;羊蹄甲属是叶脉序式样最多样化的类群．在羊蹄甲属中,羊蹄甲亚属和显托亚属的脉序式样非常多样化．Ｅｌａｙｕｎａ亚属的两个组和Ｂａｒｋｌｙａ亚属的脉序式样非常相似．Ｂａｒｋｌｙａ亚属的仅有种了香叶羊蹄甲的脉序仅以其叶全缘区别于Ｅｌａｙｕｎａ亚属．脉序性状支持把Ｃａｎｓｅｎｉａ系、白花羊蹄甲系、羊蹄甲系、绿花羊蹄甲亚组、总状花羊蹄甲亚组、Ｅｌａｙｕｎａ亚属、伞房系、Ｃｈｌｏｒｏｘａｎｔｈａｅ系、棒花系、掌叶组和萼管组等作为自然类群的观点．在本族植物的脉序类型中,一级脉及缘、全缘叶、发育完好的脉岛等性状常相关出现;另一方面,一级脉不及缘,具二小叶或叶深裂,脉岛发育不完善及盲脉多分枝等性状常相关出现．如同形态和花粉性状,脉序性状能为紫荆族的分类提供另一方面的佐     

根据叶表皮特征试论国产三齿稃亚族的属间关系

根据植物叶片表皮结构,尤其下表皮特征,对国产三齿稃亚族6个属(包括1个引进属)进行了属间关系的分析。结果表明：国产三齿稃亚族中固沙草属最原始,草沙蚕属最高级,双稃草属、千金子属、三齿稃属和隐子草属演化居于其间;隐子草属可能直接起源于固沙草属,并在自身基础上派生了较为高级的三齿稃属;双稃草属与千金子属渊源关系直接,前者可能通过后者问接起生于固沙草属;草沙蚕属具有别于它属的性状级次,可能是起源于固沙草属、独树1支的顶级类群。这一结果不仅修正了前人演化理论的差误,而且为今后探讨该亚族的地理起源、散布路线提供了资料。     

六斑异瓢虫成虫肠道细菌分离及鉴定研究

目的通过对肠道菌群的研究,探讨其营养生理,进而改善和研制人工饲料,提高六斑异瓢虫的抗逆力和成活率。方法按照传统的培养分离方法从六斑异瓢虫雌成虫肠道消化道内分离纯化获得5个不同菌株,分别对其培养性状、菌体形态、染色反应、生理生化性状进行了系统研究。结果上述5个细菌菌株分别属于地杆菌属（Terrabacter）、李斯特菌属（Listeria）、短小杆菌属（Curtobacterium）、纤维单胞菌属（Cellulomonas）和皮杆菌属（Demabacter）。结论六斑异瓢虫的菌群种类与其生活习性有关,为进一步研究适合六斑异瓢虫生长和繁殖的人工饲料提供数据参考。     

AN EVALUATION OF BAUM ET AL.'S ASSESSMENT OF THE GENOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION IN THE TRITICEAE

We have critically evaluated Baum, Estes, and Gupta's (1987) assessment of the genomic system of classification in the tribe Triticeae. They have raised some valid concerns about basing a taxonomic classification on genome relationships. However, some of their objections are ill-founded. Baum et al.'s contention that genome analysis can only supplement other criteria in assessing phylogeny is inaccurate. Genome analysis by itself has yielded extremely useful information on phylogenetic relationships in the Triticeae, and their assertion that an individual morphological trait be given the same weight as genomic relatedness is not tenable. Moreover, these authors have adopted cladistic algorithms in the Triticeae, an analysis appropriate only in groups where reticulation has not occurred. Evolution in the Triticeae is highly reticulate, the main sources of reticulation being allopolyploidy and homoploid recombinational speciation.     

姬缘蝽科系统发育初探：（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）

本文通过对姬缘蝽科１４属的比较形态学研究,以支序分析方法探讨了各类间的系统发育关系,３其结果证明姬缘蝽科为一明显单系群,并支持Ｃｈｏｐｒａ（１９６７）系统中大部分族的划分意见,但因支序图中玛缘蝽族和姬缘蝽亚科为并系群,从而对Ｃｈｏｐｒａ系统中亚科的划分及玛缘蝽族是否成立提出疑问,并认为已有系统中的“红缘蝽亚科”应降为族级。文中还将支序分析结果与经前作者的系统发育意见相比较,认为本文所提出的关于该科     

Atelinae phylogenetic relationships: The trichotomy revived?

This research examines phylogenetic relationships between members of the Atelinae subfamily (Alouatta, Ateles, Brachyteles, and Lagothrix), based on analysis of three genetic regions. Two loci, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) and the hypervariable I portion of the control region, are part of the mitochondrial genome. The other is a single-copy nuclear gene, Aldolase A Intron V. Analysis of these genetic regions provides support for tribe Alouattini containing the Alouatta species, while tribe Atelini contains the other three genera. However, these three genetic regions produce conflicting results for relationships among tribe Atelini members. Previous genetic studies supported grouping Brachyteles with Lagothrix, leaving Ateles in a separate subclade. The present data sets vary based on the genetic region analyzed and method of analysis suggesting all possible cladistic relationships. These results are more consistent with investigations of morphology and behavior among these primates. The primary cause of discrepancy between this study and previous genetic studies is postulated to reside in increased sampling in the present study of genetic variation among members of the Atelinae, specifically Ateles. The present study utilized samples of Ateles from all postulated species for this genetically variable primate, while previous studies used only one or two species of Ateles. This paper demonstrates that shifting relationships are produced when different species of Ateles are used to reconstruct phylogenies. This research concludes that a trichotomy should still be supported between members of tribe Atelini until further analyses, which include additional Atelinae haplotypes are conducted.     

海菜花属的分支学研究

本文选取了与海菜花属系统发育有重要关系的19个性状,采用分支分析方法,研究了代表中国海菜花属全部已知分类群的18个居群的系统发育关系;根据简约性原则,构建了18个居群的分支图。结果表明,18个居群可划分为4类,它们分别对应于现知的4个分类学种,而与数值分类学研究中的Q分析结果基本一致;在分类群的划分上,分支分析与Q分析一样有效,并能反映系统发育关系。本文最后对海菜花属的起源和演化作了探索性推测,认为本属可能最迟在白垩纪末起源于冈瓦纳古陆的热带湖沼地区,此后分化成沉水叶多花支、沉水叶单花支和浮水叶单花支繁衍演化。     

Insights into the phylogenetic relationships within Cixiidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha): cladistic analysis of a morphological dataset

Abstract.  According to the most recent classifications proposed, the planthopper family Cixiidae comprises three subfamilies, namely Borystheninae, Bothriocerinae and Cixiinae, the latter with 16 tribes. Here we examine morphological characters to present the first phylogenetic reconstructions within Cixiidae derived from a cladistic analysis. We scored 85 characters of the head, thorax, and male and female genitalia for 50 taxa representative of all cixiid subfamilies and tribes and for six outgroup taxa. Analyses were based on maximum parsimony – using both equally weighted and successive weighting procedures – and Bayesian inferences. The monophyly of most currently accepted tribes and subfamilies was investigated through Templeton statistical tests of alternative phylogenetic hypotheses. The cladistic analyses recover the monophyly of Cixiidae, the subfamily Bothriocerinae, and the tribes Pentastirini, Mnemosynini, and Eucarpiini. Successive weighting and Bayesian inference recover the monophyly of the tribe Gelastocephalini, but only Bayesian inference supports the monophyly of Semoniini. The relationships recovered support the groups [Stenophlepsini (Borystheninae + Bothriocerinae)] arising from the tribe Oecleini, and [Andini + Brixiidini + Brixiini (polyphyletic) + Bennini]. Templeton tests reject the alternative hypothesis of a monophyletic condition for the tribe Pintaliini as presently defined.     

中国慈姑属系统发育的研究

本文研究了中国慈姑属植物间的系统发育关系。选取了12个与该属系统发育有较重要关系的特征,将8个已知分类群与外类群刺果泽泻属进行了比较。应用数量分支分析的Farris-Wagner方法,建立了中国慈姑属系统发育分支图。讨论了各分类群间的系统发育关系、该属起源和数量分支分析方法等问题。     

Phylogeny of the World Anthophorini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)

Abstract.  The phylogenetic relationships of members of the long-tongued bee tribe Anthophorini were investigated. Twenty-six ingroup taxa, representing all known genera and the most common subgenera of the Anthophorini, were included in a cladistic analysis of the tribe based on 51 morphological characters. The analysis yielded the generic relationships: (( Habrophorula , Elaphropoda ) ( Habropoda ( Deltoptila ( Pachymelus ( Amegilla , Anthophora ))))). The monophyly of the Anthophorini and each of its genera was confirmed. A second tribe, Habropodini, as postulated by some authors, is paraphyletic. On the basis of the results of the cladistic analysis and the biogeographical data of Anthophorini, an evolutionary scenario is postulated in which all genera of Anthophorini probably evolved in the Late Cretaceous, except Amegilla and Anthophora , which originated in the Oligocene. The northern part of south-east Asia (India to south-east China) is regarded as the most probable place of origin and radiation of the Anthophorini. The New World was probably colonized three times independently by Habropoda (upper Cretaceous to Tertiary), by an ancestral lineage of Deltoptila (upper Cretaceous to Tertiary) and by Anthophora (Tertiary to Quaternary).     

Evaluating the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Brassolini genera (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

Abstract.  This study uses 80 morphological characters and cladistic analysis to evaluate the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of 18 genera that constitute the butterfly tribe Brassolini. Most characters derive from genitalia, confirming previous generic definitions based mainly on wing characters, and showing that 16 of 18 genera are monophyletic. Mimoblepia Casagrande, syn.n. was subsumed within Opoptera Aurivillius to address the paraphyly of the latter, but resolution of the status of Aponarope Casagrande requires further study. The results suggest that the Brassolini includes six suprageneric groups/clades. Although this study verifies some genus-level relationships put forward over 100 years ago, some new hypotheses of relationships are proposed. Tracing larval host plant use onto the Brassolini phylogeny indicates that species in this tribe retain the use of Arecaceae and Poaceae from their 'satyroid' ancestors.     

水螨群总科阶元系统发育的支序分析 (蜱螨亚纲：水螨群)

对水螨群9总科进行了系统发育分析,支序分析选用了23个形态学特征和3个生物学特征。据分析结果所揭示的9总科间的系统发育关系和姐妹群关系,将水螨群9总科划分为5类：拟水螨类,含冥绒螨总科;始水螨类,含溪螨总科;真水螨类,含古水螨类和新水螨类;古水螨类,含水螨总科、盾水螨总科和皱喙螨总科;新水螨类,含刺触螨总科、腺水螨总科、湿螨总科和雄尾螨总科。类间姐妹群关系为：拟水螨类与始水螨类+真水螨类为姐妹群,始水螨类与真水螨类(古水螨类+新水螨类)为姐妹群,古水螨类与新水螨类为姐妹群。该文还就所提出的水螨群5类9总科的阶元排列建议与已有的观点进行了比较。     

CONGRUENCE BETWEEN SUPERPOSITIONAL AND PHYLOGENETIC PATTERNS: COMPARING CLADISTIC PATTERNS WITH FOSSIL RECORDS

Abstract— As the only direct evidence of past organismic history, the fossil record has always figured importantly in the reconstruction of phylogeny. But the incomplete nature of the fossil record has also been cited as a basis for claiming that fossils play only a secondary role in developing phylogenetic hypotheses that encompass extant taxa. The reliability of fossil data in such applications is a function of the degree of fit between superpositional relationships and the sequence of phylogenetic events. Thirty-eight vertebrate cases are examined for the fit between age data based on fossil first occurrences and phylogenetic results based on cladistic analysis. A general correspondence between superpositional and cladistic information is observed, although the degree of fit varies widely among cases. Horses, certain other ungulates, synapsids and basal archosaurs, which show very high correlations, are taxa characterized by an abundance of superpositional and cladistic data. Other groups, such as primates, show very poor correlations because certain major clades have either unreasonably short fossil durations or no fossil record at all. Correlations are also diminished when either fossil records or cladistic sequences are poorly resolved. In most cases, cladistic resolution was observed to exceed superpositional resolution. Correlations can be enhanced by more precise (e.g. radiometric) age dates, but these also place a high expectation on the fit between fossil first occurrence and cladistic results. Stratigraphic occurrence does not always provide a precise reflection of independently derived phylogenies, but the correspondence between age and cladistic information is remarkably high in a notable number of vertebrate examples.