植物N-糖链检测技术研究进展

N-糖基化作为一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,在胚胎发育、癌症发生发展及免疫防御等诸多复杂的生命活动中发挥着关键作用。近年来,基于质谱的N-糖链的检测及其定量研究在动物方面取得了显著进展,相比之下,植物N-糖基化及N-糖链检测的相关研究要远远滞后,这也是制约植物糖生物学研究发展的关键瓶颈问题之一。对蛋白质N-糖链的释放、定量策略、可视化检测及其在植物中的应用进展进行了归纳总结,以期为指导后续植物N-糖链及N-糖组的定性定量检测提供参考。     

基于超滤膜辅助的糖蛋白全N-连接糖链的富集和质谱解析

糖基化作为一种常见的蛋白质翻译后修饰,对蛋白质的空间结构、生物功能等具有重要的影响.解析糖蛋白糖链结构有助于更清楚地认识糖蛋白及其功能.本研究建立了一种基于超滤膜富集血清中糖蛋白全N-连接糖链,并利用质谱技术对糖链结构进行分析的方法.根据糖蛋白及其糖链结构之间的分子质量差异,利用Millipore公司的10 ku超滤膜富集血清糖蛋白上酶解(PNGase F)释放的全N-连接糖链,并使用MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS解析糖链结构.通过该技术可以从血清中富集并鉴定到23种独特的N-连接的糖链结构,并且利用二级质谱进行了结构确认.该方法可以被用于从大量生物样本中富集糖蛋白全N-连接糖链,可以达到快速、高通量地解析糖蛋白N-连接糖链的目的.     

miR-10b对MCF10A细胞表达N-糖链 及O-糖链的影响

蛋白质糖基化是蛋白质翻译后修饰之一,对蛋白质功能有重要的调节作用,而异常糖基化在肿瘤的发生、发展以及癌细胞转移过程中起到关键作用.MiRNAs在癌症的发生发展过程中同样起到非常关键的作用,但其如何影响糖基化进而在肿瘤恶性转化过程中发挥生物学功能的研究甚少.本文将miR-10b在人正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF10A中过表达,利用糖类相关基因芯片系统筛选了发生显著变化的糖基转移酶;随后利用本实验室建立的N-糖链及O-糖链测定方法,分析糖链水平的表达差异;最后对关键糖基转移酶基因Fut8、MGAT3及OGT通过荧光定量PCR、蛋白质免疫印迹和凝集素免疫印迹进行了验证,为研究miR-10b在乳腺癌中的作用提供更多糖组学方面的理论基础.     

红曲霉葡萄糖淀粉酶N-连接糖链的初步研究

 在加强了的碱性条件下对红曲霉葡萄糖淀粉酶进行β-消除反应,分离未发生消除的级分。对反应前后的样品进行糖组成及甲基化分析,证实了红曲霉葡萄糖淀粉酶上确有对β-消除有抵抗的含GlcNAc的糖链存在。     

视黄酸对皮肤上皮基底培养细胞表面膜糖蛋白N-连接型糖链结构的影响

维生素A类化合物对糖蛋白N-连接型糖链(简称N-糖链)结构的影响,近年来在研究其作用机制中颇受重视。本文研究视黄酸(RA)对大鼠皮肤上皮基底培养细胞表面膜糖蛋白糖链结构作用,发现RA促进N-糖链合成,使~3H-甘露糖掺入糖链量增加43.5％,RA可改变N-糖链的类型,促进复杂型N-糖链合成,表现为增加三、四天线复杂型N-糖链合成而不是二天线;RA还使含分叉性GIeNAc和核心Fuc的百分比上升。本文还用细胞电泳方法研究膜表面唾液酸相对量,发现RA可引起唾液酸含量下降。结果提示RA对N-糖链结构的影响,是其多种生物学作用的可能途径之一。     

糖链及其蛋白质糖基化

基因和蛋白质是生物统一性的重要标志,而糖链则是生物多样性最重要的标志分子。糖基化作为蛋白质翻译后重要的修饰方式,有其重要的生物学意义。本文综述了糖链的结构、功能及其蛋白质糖基化的类型、影响因素、表达系统等相关问题。     

糖蛋白糖链的分析

糖蛋白是蛋白与糖类的共价复合物,结合于蛋白肽链上的糖链具有重要的生物学功能。对糖蛋白上的糖链进行分析,要经过糖链释放、分离不同类型糖链、相对分子质量测定及糖链测序等步骤。本简要介绍糖蛋白糖链分析各步骤的常用方法、各种方法的特点、适用范围等。     

细胞膜表面糖链结构与肿瘤转移的关系

连接在天冬酰胺上的N-糖链,连接在丝氨酸和苏氨酸上的O-糖链,连接在丝氨酸上的糖胺聚糖,连接在脂类物质上的糖脂等糖基化修饰在真核细胞表面普遍存在,并调节了细胞的各种功能,它们不仅参与生命活动中正常的生理生化活动,而且于疾病的发生发展密不可分。肿瘤细胞表面糖基异常化,如糖链在表达水平上的差异以及特殊糖链结构的出现,均与肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移有密切关系。本综述主要介绍了肿瘤细胞糖基化的改变:一些主要的糖基化结构如β1,6分支和唾液酸的表达的增加会使某些肿瘤细胞的迁移能力增强。同时对引起这种变化的作用机制进行了介绍,提出一些潜在的抗肿瘤研究靶点,为肿瘤糖生物学的深入研究提供参考。     

免疫球蛋白糖链结构异常和自身免疫性疾病

免疫球蛋白在人体体液免疫中发挥巨大作用,而其均为糖蛋白.免疫球蛋白中与蛋白质相连的寡糖链结构及组成对其功能有很大影响,当寡糖链糖基化异常时,可导致一些自身免疫性疾病.从IgA肾病和类风湿性关节炎的结构基础、分子机制、酶学基础、临床意义等方面对这两类自身免疫性疾病的发病机制与糖基化异常之间的密切相关性予以详细论述,为这两类疾病在临床上建立一种特异、灵敏的血清学检测方法提供了理论基础,开辟了一条新途径.     

肝癌细胞67kD层粘连蛋白受体N-糖链结构与功能的变化

探讨肝癌细胞与正常肝细胞 6 7kD层粘连蛋白受体 (6 7LR)N 糖链结构与功能的差异 .采用流式细胞术检测SMMC 772 1肝癌细胞和L 0 2正常肝细胞膜表面 6 7LR的表达 ,并分别从这 2株细胞分离纯化到高亲和力的 6 7LR ,利用凝集素结合分析其糖链结构 ,并用肽 N 糖苷酶水解N 糖链 ,观察糖链在与层粘连蛋白结合过程中的作用 .结果发现 ,L 0 2细胞膜表面 6 7LR表达的阳性率为5 5 3% ,而SMMC 772 1细胞为 34.7% ,这两株细胞 6 7LR与伴刀豆素 (ConA)的结合能力无显著差异 ,但SMMC 772 1细胞的 6 7LR与麦胚凝集素的结合能力明显高于L 0 2细胞的 6 7LR ,说明 2株细胞 6 7LR的糖链结构存在显著差异 .当N 糖链被切除后 ,SMMC 772 1细胞的 6 7LR与层粘连蛋白的结合能力明显下降 ,而L 0 2细胞则没有变化 .这些资料表明 ,SMMC 772 1肝癌细胞和L 0 2正常肝细胞与层粘连蛋白结合能力的差别 ,以及两株细胞的 6 7LR与层粘连蛋白结合能力的不同 ,很可能是由于这两株细胞的层粘连蛋白受体的N 糖链结构不同所引起     

Seafood Allergy and Allergens: A Review

Seafoods are composed of diverse sea organisms and humans are allergic to many of them. Tropomyosin is a major allergen in many shellfish, especially crustacea and mollusks. Interestingly, tropomyosin has also been identified as an important allergen in other invertebrates including dust mites and cockroaches, and it has been proposed by some to be an invertebrate pan allergen. Different regions of shrimp tropomyosin bind IgE; 5 major IgE-binding regions have been identified in shrimp tropomyosin containing 8 epitopes. Mutations of these shrimp allergenic epitopes can reduce seafood allergenicity; methods utilizing such mutations will provide safer vaccines for more effective treatment of seafood-allergic patients, and in the future less-allergenic seafood products for consumption. Current address: (R. Ayuso) St. John's Episcopal Hospital, South Shore 327 Beach 19th St., Far Rockaway, NY 11691, U.S.A. Current address: (G. Reese) Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany     

胃癌相关糖蛋白糖链谱的研究进展

胃癌是一类高发病率和高死亡率的恶性肿瘤.研究表明,癌前感染与胃癌的发生发展过程始终伴随着蛋白糖基化的异常.例如在癌前感染阶段糖蛋白糖链发挥的作用:在感染阶段,幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)吸附导致的唾液酸化路易斯X抗原的上调,增强了H.pylori的吸附作用使其在胃部定殖并诱发持续的炎症反应;在慢性胃炎和肠上皮化生阶段唾液酸化的Tn抗原表达上调.胃癌发生发展过程中涉及到了血清、组织、细胞中的蛋白糖基化的改变,如核心岩藻糖基化N-糖链表达的下调,β1,6-连接的N-乙酰葡糖胺分支型N-糖链的增加,以及细胞黏附分子糖基化的改变.本文综述了胃癌相关糖蛋白糖链研究的最新进展,阐述了糖基化在胃癌的发生发展中发挥的重要作用及其作为胃癌早期生物标志物与药物靶点的潜在临床应用价值.     

用PCR扩增和克隆马立克氏病病毒糖蛋白D基因

用ＰＣＲ技术,从ＧＡ株马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）感染的成纤维细胞（ＧＥＦ）基因组ＤＮＡ中扩增出ＭＤＶ糖蛋白Ｄ（ｇＤ）抗原基因片段的约１３００ｂｐ编码序列,将该ｐｃＲ扩增的产物于ＥｃｏＲＩ和Ｋｐｎｌ位点克隆到ｐＵＣ１８质粒载体中,在以ｄｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎ（ｄｉｇ）标记的ｇＤＰＣＲ产物作为探针,进行原位杂交初步筛选到阳性重组质粒克隆,再根据酶切分析筛选到含ＭＤＶｇＤ基因的重组质粒ｐ１８ＭｇＤ。将ｐ１８ＭｇＤ质粒ＤＮＡ用ｄｉｇ标记后,在Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ中,该探针能识别ＭＤＶ基因组ＤＮＡ的ＢａｍＨＩ－Ａ克隆中的Ａ片段ＤＮＡ。酶切位点分析表明,该ｇＤ克隆也和已发表的ＭＤＶ的ＲＢＩＢ株ｇＤ一样,不含有ＥｃｏＲⅠ、ＨｉｎｄⅢ、ＰｓｔⅠ、ＳｍａⅠ、ｐｖｕⅡ等酶切位点。证明该重组质粒是ＭＤＶｇＤ克隆。     

Characterisation of allergen-specific responses of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (Br1) in Cow Milk Allergy

CD19+CD5+ regulatory B cells regulate immune responses by producing IL-10. IL-10-producing regulatory B cell (Br1) responses by allergen stimulation were investigated in human food allergy. Six milk allergy patients and eight milk-tolerant subjects were selected according to DBPCFC. PBMCs were stimulated by casein in vitro and stained for intracellular IL-10 and apoptosis. In response to allergen stimulation, Br1 decreased from 26.2 ± 18.3 to 15.5 ± 8.9% (p = 0.031, n = 6) in the milk allergy group and increased from 15.4 ± 9.0 to 23.7 ± 11.2% (p = 0.023, n = 8) in the milk-tolerant group. Apoptotic non-IL-10-producing regulatory B cells increased from 21.8 ± 9.3 to 38.0 ± 16.1% (p = 0.031, n = 6) in the milk allergy group and unchanged from 28.8 ± 13.8 to 28.0 ± 15.0% (p = 0.844, n = 8) in the milk-tolerant group. Br1 may be involved in the immune tolerance of food allergies by producing IL-10 and simultaneously undergoing apoptosis in humans. The exact roles for Br1 in immune tolerance needs to be further investigated.     

Molecular Characterization of Phytoplasma Associated with Rose Witches'-Broom in China

In 2005, rose plants (Rosa rugosa cv. ‘Plena’) exhibiting typical phytoplasma disease symptoms of stunting, yellowing, witches’‐broom and dieback were observed in Pingyin, Shandong Province, China. The disease, rose witches’‐broom (RoWB), is progressively destructive and can be graft‐transmitted. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing of PCR products and electron microscopy were used to investigate the possible association of phytoplasma with RoWB. All results indicated that presence of phytoplasma in the symptomatic rose plants. Sequence alignment of 16S rRNA gene, tuf gene and rp gene confirmed that the phytoplasma associated with RoWB is the causal agent of Paulownia witches’‐broom disease, which might be transmitted from the paulownia tree that is several meters away. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the molecular characterization of phytoplasma infecting rose in China.     

Detection and Molecular Characterization of a Phytoplasma Associated with Big Bud Disease of Tomatoes in Jordan

Tomato big bud was detected for the first time in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the eastern region (Al‐Mafraq) of Jordan. Infected plants showed proliferation of lateral shoots, hypertrophic calyxes and greening of flower petals. The presence of phytoplasmas in diseased tomato plants was demonstrated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The amplified DNAs yielded products of 1.8 kb (primer pair P1/P7) and 1.2 kb (primer pair R16F2/R2) by direct and nested‐PCR, respectively. DNA from tomato isolates T1 and T2 could not be amplified in the nested‐PCR assays when the aster yellow‐specific primer pair R16(1)F1/R1 was used, suggesting that the phytoplasma in these isolates is not genetically related to the 16SrI (aster yellows) group. After restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses, using four endonuclease enzymes (HhaI, RsaI, AluI and Bsp143I) similar patterns were formed among the digested 1.2 kb PCR products of two tomato isolates suggesting that both isolates belonged to the same phytoplasma. Compared with the RFLP profile of the reference strains, no difference in the digestion pattern was found between the tomato isolates and that of the catharanthus phyllody agent from Sudan, indicating that the phytoplasma belongs to 16SrDNA VI (clover proliferation) group.     

Direct-PCR Detection and Epidemiology of Ramularia collo-cygni Associated with Barley Necrotic Leaf Spots

Ramularia collo‐cygni (Sutton & Waller) is involved in a disease complex of barley characterized by the formation of necrotic spots on leaves. Isolation of this fungus is difficult, which complicates the study of its epidemiology and the aetiology of the disease complex. A new assay based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to detect the presence of R. collo‐cygni (Rcc) without previous isolation of the fungus nor prior purification of DNA. Primers RC3 and RC5 were designed to amplify a 348 bp fragment of the internal transcribed spacer region of this pathogen. These primers were highly specific to Rcc, as no cross‐reactions were observed with other barley pathogens or saprobes commonly found on this crop. Amplification was possible from crude extracts (direct‐PCR), circumventing the need for a DNA purification. Detection of 1 fg of target DNA was achieved with a single PCR. This specific and sensitive assay was used to study the epidemiology of Rcc on winter and spring barley at two locations in Switzerland. Rcc was present on winter barley from snow melting until harvest and colonized gradually all leaf layers. It was also found on volunteers, which could, together with weeds, offer a survival possibility to the pathogen between two barley crops. The fungus was detected on spring barley only after it sporulated on winter barley, indicating that Rcc probably spreads from winter to spring barley. The hypothesis of Rcc being a seed‐borne pathogen can be tested more easily with this fast and reliable molecular tool, which may also find applications in barley breeding programmes and fungicide trials.     

人用狂犬病疫苗过敏性反应探讨

采用超滤浓缩技术生产人用狂犬病疫苗后,疫苗效力得到明显提高;胆在使用中,包括过敏反应等在内的不良反应等有所增多且严重程度明显增大。以豚鼠为实验动物模型,探讨人用狂犬病疫苗引起过敏反应的原因。结果显示,地鼠民分是引起过敏的重要物质,过敏的严重程度随制品浓缩倍数的增大而增大。     

Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes with phosphine derivatives: Ruthenium-carbon bond labilization based on steric and electronic effects

Ruthenium phosphine complexes with a CO ligand [Ru(tpy)(PR₃)(CO)Cl]⁺ (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, R = Ph or p-tolyl), were prepared by introduction of CO gas to the corresponding dichloro complexes at room temperature. New carbonyl complexes were characterized by various methods including structural analyses. They were shown to release CO following the addition of several N-donors to form the corresponding substituted complexes. The kinetic data and structural results observed in this study indicated that the CO release reactions proceeded in an interchange mechanism. The molecular structures of [Ru(tpy)(PPh₃)(CO)Cl]PF₆, [Ru(tpy)(P(p-tolyl)₃)(CO)Cl]PF₆ and [Ru(tpy)(PPh₃)(CH₃CN)Cl]PF₆ were determined by X-ray crystallography.