苜蓿链霉菌内切β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶的克隆、表达及酶学性质

内切β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶广泛应用于糖生物学研究和工业生产。本研究从苜蓿链霉菌Streptomyces alfalfae ACCC 40021中克隆并原核表达了一个新的内切β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶,该酶最适反应温度为35℃,最适pH为6.0,具有良好的pH稳定性、温度稳定性和高比活(1×10⁶ U/mg)的特性,可催化不同蛋白底物去糖基化,具有作为工具酶和生物催化剂的潜力。     

棉铃虫N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera蛹为材料,通过硫酸铵沉淀分级分离、Sephadex G-200分子筛柱层析和DEAE-32离子交换柱层析纯化,获得聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳纯的N-乙酰- β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶酶制剂。纯酶的比活力为2 678.79 U/mg。以对硝基苯-N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷(pNP-β-D-GlcNAc)为底物,研究酶催化底物水解的反应动力学。结果表明：酶的最适pH为5.63,最适温度为55℃。该酶在pH 4～8区域较稳定,而在pH>8时能迅速失去活力;在50℃以下处理30 min,酶活力仍保持稳定,高于50℃,酶很快失去活力。酶促反应动力学符合米氏双曲线方程,测得米氏常数Km为0.16 mmol/L,最大反应速度Vm为10.73 μmol·L^-1·min^-1。酶催化pNP-β-D-GlcNAc反应的活化能为66.24 kJ/mol。     

CuSO4和ZnSO4对尼罗罗非鱼N-乙酰——D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的影响

以分离自尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)精巢的N-乙酰--D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.52, NAGase)为研究对象,探讨了两种水产常用药物CuSO4和ZnSO4对NAGase的影响。研究结果表明CuSO4和ZnSO4对该酶抑制的IC50分别为(1.230.05)和(0.280.02) mmol/L,都能改变酶的构象从而影响到其内源荧光的发射。这两种药物对该酶的抑制机理均为可逆抑制,其中CuSO4对酶的抑制类型为非竞争型, ZnSO4为竞争型,且均能明显影响该酶的pH稳定性和热稳定性。研究结果为罗非鱼养殖过程中CuSO4和ZnSO4的使用和监控提供了参考。       

日本鳗鲡肠道N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

为了探讨日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.52, NAGase)的分离纯化及其酶学性质, 通过硫酸铵沉淀分级分离、Sephadex G-100分子筛凝胶柱层析和DEAE-32离子交换柱层析纯化NAGase, 经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和SDS-PAGE鉴定酶的纯度、测定酶蛋白亚基分子质量; 以对-硝基苯-N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖为底物, 研究NAGase催化反应的动力学参数, 探讨其酶学性质。结果表明: 日本鳗鲡肠道NAGase纯酶制剂比活力为2517.40 U/mg, 酶蛋白亚基分子质量为69.98 kD, 酶的最适pH、最适温度、米氏常数K_m和最大反应速度V_max分别为6.0、60℃、0.336 mmol/L和7.634 μmol/(L·min); 酶在pH 4.8—7.2较稳定, 在温度60℃以下具有较好的热稳定性, 在65℃以上酶迅速失活。Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Mn²⁺、Cu²⁺...     

微生物几丁质酶研究进展及其在N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖制备中的应用

几丁质是自然界含量丰富的多糖,难溶于水,常被作为废弃物丢弃,造成资源浪费和环境污染.然而,其水解产物N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(GlcNAc)是一种重要的功能氨糖类化合物,广泛应用于医药、保健及护肤品等领域,市场需求量大.因此,将几丁质转换为高附加值的GlcNAc具有重要意义.几丁质酶可专一性水解几丁质产生GlcNAc,用于G...     

凝结芽孢杆菌耐热β­N­乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶在大肠杆菌的分泌表达及其在制备GlcNAc中的应用

β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶体,可作用于几丁质或壳聚糖等天然底物,从末端水解产生N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖 (GlcNAc) 单体,其在医药和农业领域有较广泛的用途。文中克隆了耐热菌凝结芽孢杆菌Bacillus coagulans DMS1的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶基因 (BcNagZ),并成功在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) 进行了分泌表达,蛋白表达量达到0.76 mg/mL。纯化后的BcNagZ分子量为61.3 kDa,测得的比活力为5.918 U/mg;进一步对该酶进行表征,结果显示酶的最适反应pH为5.5,最适反应温度为75 ℃,在65 ℃处理30 min后还有85%的残余酶活力,表明该酶具有良好的热稳定性。该酶的米氏常数Km为0.23 mmol/L,Vmax为0.043 1 mmol/(L·min)。重组BcNagZ可以水解胶体几丁质得到微量的GlcNAc,可以将二糖水解为单糖;偶联已报道的外切几丁质酶AMcase,可以有效地将胶体几丁质水解为GlcNAc,得率达到86.93%。     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶（OGT）研究进展

O-GlcNAc是一种广泛存在于蛋白质丝/苏氨酸残基上的动态、可逆的蛋白翻译后修饰,它广泛分布在细胞浆和细胞核中,参与调节多种细胞途径。研究表明蛋白的O-GlcNAc糖基化与神经退行性疾病、糖尿病和癌症等疾病相关。在体内,O-GlcNAc动态修饰由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶（OGT）和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（OGA）协同完成。近年来,OGT逐渐成为糖生物学领域的研究热点,在其结构、作用机制及晶体学方面取得了快速发展。     

几种重金属离子对中华绒螯蟹N-乙酰-βD-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活力的影响

本文研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Ag+等重金属离子对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)活力的影响。其结果表明:Cu2+、Pb2+和Zn2+对酶活力有不同程度的抑制作用,Cu2+和Zn2+对酶的抑制作用均表现为非竞争性抑制类型,Cu2+和Zn2+对酶的抑制常数(KI)分别为1.25mmol/L和8.10mmo/L;Pb2+对酶的抑制作用表现为混合型抑制类型,其对酶的抑制常数KI与KIS分别为10.44mmol/L和2.18mmol/L。Ag+对酶的效应为先激活后抑制,其抑制作用表现为反竞争性抑制,Ag+对结合酶(ES)的抑制常数KIS为204.51mmol/L。     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶V与肿瘤的关系

最近的研究认为，GnT—V在肿瘤发展及转移过程中是一个双功能蛋白质。GnT—V是一个高尔基体酶，但在某些肿瘤细胞中，GnT-V同类分子在高尔基体不能成簇，分子间二硫键介导的同类蛋白质寡聚体不能形成，GnT—V单体易受蛋白酶攻击，最终分泌到培养基中，分泌出细胞的GnT-V在生理浓度范围内能引起肿瘤血管生成。     

一种来源于兼性嗜碱菌Bacillus pseudofirmus 703的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶作用于肽聚糖或几丁质,从其非还原末端水解产生β-D-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖单体,该酶在细胞壁代谢过程中起重要作用,在医药和生物技术领域也有广泛的应用。【目的】克隆表达来源于兼性嗜碱菌Bacillus pseudofirmus 703的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶NagZ703,为获得乙酰氨基葡萄糖单体奠定基础。【方法】以B.pseudofirmus703基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到了β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶基因NagZ703,通过构建pET28a-nagZ703表达载体,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达NagZ703,利用镍柱纯化得到NagZ703纯蛋白,并对其酶学和生化性质进行分析。【结果】NagZ703与其同源蛋白多序列比对分析结果表明,NagZ703属于糖苷水解酶3家族(GH3),由2个结构域构成,催化活性中心由位于N端结构域的Arg232-His234-Arg318组成,和研究最多的Bacillussubtilis168来源的BsNagZ氨基酸的序列相似性为37%。酶学性质分析表明,以对硝基酚-β-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷(pNP-β-GlcNAc)为底物,NagZ703的最适反应温度和pH分别为60°C和pH 6.5,比酶活为10.79 U/mg,其Km和Vmax分别为0.276 mmol/L和0.612 mmol/(mg·min)。该酶具有较好的稳定性,在50°C处理30 min,或在pH 6.0–10.5条件下,4°C保存12 h后,仍保留80%以上的酶活力。EDTA不影响该酶的活性,推测其为非金属依赖酶,且Hg2+可完全抑制酶活性。【结论】本研究将兼性嗜碱菌Bacillus pseudofirmus 703来源的β-N-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶NagZ703在大肠杆菌中成功表达和纯化,并分析了其酶学性质;NagZ703的最适pH为6.5,没有表现出耐盐嗜碱的特征;NagZ703能水解胶体几丁质产生GlcNAc,为酶解生产GlcNAc提供了一条可行的思路。     

The living factory: In vivo Production of N-acetyllactosamine containing carbohydrates in E. coli

Scientific and commercial interest in oligosaccharides is increasing, but their availability is limited as production relies on chemical or chemo-enzymatic synthesis. In search for a more economical, alternative procedure, we have investigated the possibility of producing specific oligosaccharides in E. coli that express the appropriate glycosyltransferases. The Azorhizobium chitin pentaose synthase NodC (a (1,4)GlcNAc-transferase), and the Neisseria (1,4)galactosyltransferase LgtB, were co-expressed in E. coli. The major oligosaccharide isolated from the recombinant strain, was subjected to LC-MS, FAB-MS and NMR analysis, and identified as Gal(1,4)[GlcNAc(1,4)]₄GlcNAc. High cell density culture yielded more than 1.0 gr of the hexasaccharide per liter of culture. The compound was found to be an acceptor in vitro for Gal(1,4)GlcNAc (1,3)galactosyltransferase, which suggests that the expression of additional glycosyltransferases in E. coli will allow the production of more complex oligosaccharides.     

国际糖生物学战略布局与研究前沿分析

糖生物学与细胞信号转导、发育、免疫等许多领域相关联,是全面、深入理解生命活动所必需的。本文通过分析各国在糖生物学领域的战略布局,并使用ISI Essential Science Indicators数据库和VOS Viewer软件从定量角度分析国际糖生物学领域的研究前沿,为我国制定糖生物学研究相关战略提供借鉴。     

壳寡糖作用于巨噬细胞的机制初探

研究壳寡糖对免疫系统中巨噬细胞作用的具体机制.结合流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦实验检测壳寡糖与巨噬细胞相互作用,通过凝胶阻滞实验在体外验证壳寡糖的胞内定位.实验结果证明壳寡糖与巨噬细胞相互作用过程如下,先与细胞膜结合,然后进入细胞内,最后定位在细胞核的核酸(DNA/RNA)上.     

Sialic acid O-acetylation: From biosynthesis to roles in health and disease

Sialic acids are nine-carbon sugars that frequently cap glycans at the cell surface in cells of vertebrates as well as cells of certain types of invertebrates and bacteria. The nine-carbon backbone of sialic acids can undergo extensive enzymatic modification in nature and O-acetylation at the C-4/7/8/9 position in particular is widely observed. In recent years, the detection and analysis of O-acetylated sialic acids have advanced, and sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferases (SOATs) and O-acetylesterases (SIAEs) that add and remove O-acetyl groups, respectively, have been identified and characterized in mammalian cells, invertebrates, bacteria, and viruses. These advances now allow us to draw a more complete picture of the biosynthetic pathway of the diverse O-acetylated sialic acids to drive the generation of genetically and biochemically engineered model cell lines and organisms with altered expression of O-acetylated sialic acids for dissection of their roles in glycoprotein stability, development, and immune recognition, as well as discovery of novel functions. Furthermore, a growing number of studies associate sialic acid O-acetylation with cancer, autoimmunity, and infection, providing rationale for the development of selective probes and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs. Here, we discuss the current insights into the biosynthesis and biological functions of O-acetylated sialic acids and review the evidence linking this modification to disease. Furthermore, we discuss emerging strategies for the design, synthesis, and potential application of unnatural O-acetylated sialic acids and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs that may enable therapeutic targeting of this versatile sialic acid modification.     

Non-lysosomal Degradation of Singly Phosphorylated Oligosaccharides Initiated by the Action of a Cytosolic Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase

Phosphorylated oligosaccharides (POSs) are produced by the degradation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides (DLOs) by an unclarified mechanism in mammalian cells. Although POSs are exclusively found in the cytosol, their intracellular fates remain unclear. Our findings indicate that POSs are catabolized via a non-lysosomal glycan degradation pathway that involves a cytosolic endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase). Quantitative and structural analyses of POSs revealed that ablation of the ENGase results in the significant accumulation of POSs with a hexasaccharide structure composed of Manα1,2Manα1,3(Manα1,6)Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAc. In vitro ENGase assays revealed that the presence of an α1,2-linked mannose residue facilitates the hydrolysis of POSs by the ENGase. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analyses and fluorescent labeling experiments show that such POSs contain one phosphate group at the reducing end. These results indicate that ENGase efficiently hydrolyzes POSs that are larger than Man₄GlcNAc₂-P, generating GlcNAc-1-P and neutral Gn1-type free oligosaccharides. These results provide insight into important aspects of the generation and degradation of POSs.     

植物细胞器RNA编辑因子的功能及其作用机制 *

在植物线粒体和叶绿体转录本上,数百个胞嘧啶(C)位点经脱氨基反应变为尿嘧啶(U),这是一种在转录本水平上对遗传信息进行修饰或调控的机制.在植物细胞器中,RNA编辑过程需要不同家族的RNA编辑因子相互作用组装成复杂的编辑复合体,特异地识别编辑位点进行编辑.最初的研究发现,植物RNA编辑受到高特异性五环肽重复(pentatricopeptide repeat, PPR)蛋白的调控,目前在植物中发现400多种PPR家族蛋白,编辑作用复杂.之后对RNA编辑因子互作蛋白/多细胞器RNA编辑因子(RNA editing factor interacting proteins /multiple organellar RNA editing factors,RIP/MORF),细胞器RNA识别基序(organelle RNA recognition motif,ORRM),细胞器锌指蛋白(organelle zinc-finger,OZ)等的研究表明,这些非PPR蛋白组分可以与PPR蛋白形成编辑复合体,共同参与编辑,且RNA编辑复合体具有多样性.RNA编辑因子的缺失会引起植物的生长发育受阻,果实成熟延迟等,对RNA编辑因子的研究显得尤为重要.对植物中RNA编辑因子的功能及其作用机制研究进展进行综述,旨在为后续RNA编辑的研究提供一定的参考.     

二酰基甘油调控细胞功能的机制

二酰基甘油(DG)是一些磷脂水解产生的一种有重要功能的第二信使,它主要通过激活细胞内的蛋白激酶C(PKC)进而磷酸化一系列底物蛋白,产生相应的细胞效应．在细胞整体水平,DG还是一种重要的脂类物质的代谢中介产物,通过若干代谢途径参与脂类和激素代谢循环,目前,有关DG调控细胞生理功能的研究,主要集中在细胞信号转导方面．     

Olfactomedin Domain-Containing Proteins: Possible Mechanisms of Action and Functions in Normal Development and Pathology

A family of olfactomedin domain-containing proteins consists of at least 13 members in mammals. Although the first protein belonging to this family, olfactomedin, was isolated and partially characterized from frog olfactory neuroepithelim almost 20 years ago, the functions of many family members remain elusive. Most of the olfactomedin domain-containing proteins, similar to frog olfactomedin, are secreted glycoproteins that demonstrate specific expression patterns. Other family members are membrane-bound proteins that may serve as receptors. More than half of the olfactomedin domain-containing genes are expressed in neural tissues. Data obtained over the last several years demonstrate that olfactomedin domain-containing proteins play important roles in neurogenesis, neural crest formation, dorsal ventral patterning, cell–cell adhesion, cell cycle regulation, and tumorigenesis and may serve as modulators of critical signaling pathways (Wnt, bone morphogenic protein). Mutations in two genes encoding myocilin and olfactomedin 2 were implicated in glaucoma, and a growing number of evidence indicate that other genes belonging to the family of olfactomedin domain-containing proteins may contribute to different human disorders including psychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the possible roles of these proteins with special emphasis on the proteins that are preferentially expressed and function in neural tissues.     

胰岛再生源蛋白(Reg)在组织修复中的功能和调控机制

胰岛再生源蛋白(regenerating islet-derived protein,Reg)是一个多功能分子,在多种生理、病理活动中发挥重要作用。该文主要综述Reg蛋白在组织损伤后促进细胞增殖、抑制炎症因子过表达、调控细胞凋亡和抑制病原微生物生长和扩散的功能及调控机制,为治疗组织损伤提供新思路和新途径。