核因子E2相关因子2在运动改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的作用

核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)信号通路在维持心血管疾病、神经系统退行性疾病以及慢性代谢性疾病中的细胞稳态方面起关键作用。研究表明,以氧化应激、炎症和线粒体功能失调为特征的慢性疾病可通过增加Nrf2表达来恢复机体氧化还原状态,治疗或预防疾病。非酒精性脂肪性肝病（nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）是一种由除酒精以外的其他多种因素导致的以肝脏脂肪变性为特征的慢性代谢性肝脏疾病,其患病率近年来在全球范围内逐渐增加。运动是防治NAFLD的有效手段,可通过运动方式、运动强度、运动环境和运动疲劳等因素影响Nrf2信号通路。本文通过阐述Nrf2信号通路的激活、其调控抗氧化的相关机制以及运动对Nrf2信号通路的影响,以NAFLD的发病机制为基础,探讨运动、Nrf2和NAFLD之间的关系,综述Nrf2在运动改善NAFLD中的作用及相关机制。为运动改善NAFLD的分子机制研究提供理论参考依据。     

肥胖诱导的骨骼肌萎缩机制研究进展

骨骼肌是人体氨基酸和蛋白质的主要贮存、代谢库,其正常功能和代谢过程受到多种病理因素的影响。骨骼肌萎缩发生于骨骼肌稳态严重失衡状态下,对患者生活和社会医疗造成了沉重负担。近年来,由于世界肥胖人群数量激增,肥胖诱导的骨骼肌萎缩正日益成为公共卫生的严峻挑战之一。肥胖诱导的骨骼肌萎缩过程涉及多种信号分子或通路的改变,如泛素蛋白酶系统、自噬溶酶体系统、胰岛素/IGF1-PI3K-Akt、肌肉生长抑制素、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子等;这些信号分子或通路在肥胖状态下被激活或抑制后,可共同影响蛋白质合成/分解平衡进而造成骨骼肌萎缩。基于上述信号分子或通路,系统总结并讨论了肥胖诱导的骨骼肌萎缩机制,以期为寻找缓解/治疗肥胖诱导的肌萎缩靶点和进一步开发利用天然植物化学物提供理论依据。     

幽门螺杆菌与胃癌相关信号通路研究进展

胃癌(gastric cance, GC)是世界范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其病死率在癌症中位居第二。GC的发病机制目前尚不明确,其发病机制与多种因素有关,其中包括环境因素和遗传因素。幽门螺杆菌( Helicobacter pylori , Hp)感染是GC发生最为重要的环境因素之一。Hp感染在GC的发展过程中,会伴有一些基因和信号通路的异常。现就Hp感染引发GC过程中相关信号通路的异常,包括Hedgehog信号通路、Notch信号通路、Wnt/β-catenin信号通路以及上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)相关信号通路等作一概述,为GC的预防及靶向治疗提供理论依据。     

肠道菌群-肠-脑-肌轴信号交流的研究进展

肠道菌群及其代谢产物在老年神经退行性疾病、胃肠道疾病以及肌肉骨骼系统性疾病的发病与康复中的作用越来越受到关注。肠道菌群及其代谢产物可通过免疫、内分泌和神经系统等多种途径调节大脑神经或肌肉骨骼系统功能;反之,肠道、大脑或肌肉骨骼系统也可通过炎症、代谢或线粒体通路作用于肠道系统,调节肠道菌群微生态,形成肠道菌群与肠-脑、肠-肌、 肠-脑-肌之间的双向信号交流机制,从而影响机体健康。因此,本综述总结了肠道菌群如何通过代谢产物、肠道通透性和免疫-神经通路建立起肠-脑-肌之间的相互联系,为促进大脑神经的可塑性和改善肌肉健康提供新思路。     

肌肉因子与运动对阿尔兹海默症的影响

随着老龄化社会进程加快,与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病如阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer's disease,AD)成为影响老年人生活质量的关键问题。运动作为非药物干预手段,可改善学习和记忆行为,提高认知能力,但其具体作用机制尚不明确。骨骼肌作为运动系统的主要器官,其分泌活性因子——"肌肉因子(myokines)",可作用于大脑,影响中枢神经系统功能。本文以"运动-肌肉因子-大脑"为主线,分析肌肉因子介导运动预防和缓解AD的潜在机制与信号通路,将为探寻治疗AD的药物靶点、相关临床方案的制定和运动疗法的施用提供理论基础。     

动物骨代谢相关信号通路研究进展

骨骼是组成脊椎动物内骨骼的坚硬器官,对机体起着运动、支撑和保护的作用。骨骼处于骨形成和骨吸收两种活动所组成的骨代谢的动态平衡状态,这种平衡对于维持骨量和矿物质稳态至关重要。在动物骨代谢过程中,存在着众多调节骨形成和骨吸收的信号通路,如BMP(bone morphogenetic protein)/SMADs、TGF-β(transforming growth factor β)、Wnt/β-catenin、OPG (osteoprotegerin)/RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand)/RANK (receptor activator of NF-κB)、FGF (fibroblast growth factor)和Notch信号通路等。这些信号通路具有复杂的调控机制,参与骨代谢过程的调节。本文综述了在动物骨代谢过程中起关键调节作用的相关信号通路的作用机制及研究进展,以期为动物骨代谢研究奠定基础。     

生物力学因子YAP/TAZ与骨代谢的关系

运动等机械负荷在骨骼内由局部信号转化为生化信号参与调控骨代谢进程。机械指令借助可感知应力刺激的转录共激活因子YAP/TAZ得以在细胞核中发挥效用,这一发现揭示了力学传导驱动生理、病理状态下的细胞行为学原理。近期研究证实,YAP/TAZ与Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)、Notch等骨代谢通路之间存在串话现象,并影响多种骨组织细胞的分化及功能。深入探讨YAP/TAZ在骨代谢过程中的机制作用,对于骨组织疾病的预防和治疗具有重要意义。该文从YAP/TAZ对机械应力的感知作用入手,分析YAP/TAZ与Wnt/β-连环蛋白、Notch通路的相关性,并对其在骨组织细胞领域的研究进行概述。     

线粒体自噬影响胰岛素抵抗的作用及机制

胰岛素抵抗（IR）是诱发许多代谢疾病的关键因素,包括代谢综合征、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、动脉粥样硬化和2型糖尿病（T2DM）。随着相关代谢疾病日益增多,寻找新的治疗靶点迫在眉睫。线粒体自噬是一种选择性自噬,其通过清除受损和功能失调的线粒体以维持正常线粒体功能和能量代谢。研究发现,线粒体自噬在代谢疾病中有积极作用,线粒体自噬受到各种信号通路与信号分子调控而改善代谢疾病,如AMPK/ULK1、PINK1/Parkin信号通路以及BNIP3/Nix和FUNDC1等信号分子。本文阐述了线粒体自噬在胰岛素抵抗中的作用及调控机制,综述了近年的相关研究进展。     

骨骼肌质量控制信号通路

骨骼肌质量约占健康成人体重的40%。骨骼肌不仅直接参与运动,还作为分泌器官分泌多种肌肉因子影响其它器官的功能,因此骨骼肌功能的维持对机体健康具有重要意义。骨骼肌质量作为骨骼肌功能的基础,常常受到运动、疾病等多种因素的影响。如抗阻运动可引起骨骼肌细胞蛋白质合成增加,诱发肌肉肥大;而肢体废用、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、心衰、慢性肾病、恶病质、杜氏肌营养不良等疾病可导致骨骼肌细胞蛋白质合成降低或降解增强,引起肌肉萎缩。骨骼肌肥大或萎缩的过程涉及多条信号通路的改变,如IGF-1/PI3K/Akt、肌肉生长抑制素、G蛋白等介导的信号通路参与了骨骼肌肥大的调控;而泛素-蛋白酶体途径、IGF-1/Akt/FoxO、自噬-溶酶体途径、NF-κB及糖皮质激素介导的信号通路则在调节肌肉萎缩中发挥重要作用。这些信号通路在不同的条件下被激活或抑制,共同调节骨骼肌质量。本文综述骨骼肌质量控制信号通路及其主要转导机制,以加深对骨骼肌质量调控的理解与认识。     

运动调控昼夜节律在抗肌萎缩中的作用

随着全球老龄化进程加剧,老年人口剧增,伴随着工作和生活方式的改变,导致体育锻炼减少与生活作息不规律等问题愈发严重。这样的结果显著增加了骨骼肌萎缩的发病率,降低了老年和慢性疾病人群机体健康,影响其生活质量。与此同时,饮食不均衡和运动量降低以及激素水平波动等进一步加剧骨骼肌萎缩的发生,其病理机制主要为慢性炎症加重、线粒体功能障碍、自噬功能状态低下、细胞凋亡增加、肌卫星细胞功能受损以及昼夜节律紊乱等。其中,随着昼夜节律相关研究的深入,骨骼肌作为机体最大的外周生物钟,可通过调控昼夜节律核心基因BMAL1以及CLOCK基因,对骨骼肌纤维结构、线粒体功能、肌肉质量等产生影响。运动锻炼作为改善骨骼肌质量的重要干预策略,还可激活昼夜节律信号通路,调控其相位,进而改善肌肉再生、提高肌肉力量,发挥延缓肌萎缩作用。为此,本文从昼夜节律的角度去阐述其与肌萎缩发生以及潜在运动干预的分子机制,以期为肌萎缩的预防、治疗及康复提供新的靶向思路。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.