柞蚕蛹虫草继代培育其活性物质变化规律

柞蚕蛹虫草中含有虫草素、腺苷、多糖等多种活性成分,具有提高免疫力、抗疲劳、保护心脑血管、抗癌等方面的作用,是冬虫夏草的良好替代品。以柞蚕蛹虫草的继代培育为基础,分别检测蛹虫草菌在不同传代次数时柞蚕蛹虫草子实体生长状态、蛹虫草中腺苷、虫草素、虫草多糖含量及蛹虫草菌菌丝、分生孢子中活性氧的分布。第1代蛹虫草菌接种后柞蚕蛹出现腐烂现象;第2、3代培育的子实体生长量、腺苷及虫草素含量均较高;第4代子实体生长量、腺苷及虫草素含量均出现大幅下降的现象。柞蚕蛹虫草中虫草多糖含量在传代过程中也逐渐降低,但降低幅度较腺苷和虫草素缓慢。第2代培育的柞蚕蛹虫草子实体生长状态优于第3代,故第2代蛹虫草菌更适合应用于批量生产。蛹虫草菌退化后含有活性氧的分生孢子比例增大,这可能是发生退化的表象之一。     

蛹虫草菌生物合成虫草素的研究进展

蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris是我国传统的药用真菌,虫草素是蛹虫草的主要活性成分,具有抗癌、抗肿瘤、抗病毒等多种生理功能。蛹虫草菌液体发酵是最有希望实现高效生产虫草素的途径,但现阶段生产强度低,亟需应用发酵工程及代谢工程手段提高虫草素产量。文中对液体发酵体系中培养基组分(碳/氮源、前体物质、金属离子等)和培养条件(pH、溶氧量、光照等)对虫草素产量的影响进行了总结,并对虫草素的分离纯化、生物合成基因簇及合成代谢途径进行了阐述,最后探讨了实现虫草素高效生产的关键环节。     

蛹虫草菌粉胶囊抑制肺部炎症及缓解肺纤维化的研究

传统中药可治疗肺炎。新型急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）外部囊膜上的S蛋白是决定病毒毒力的关键因素及主要抗原。本研究利用SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白和细菌脂多糖（LPS）诱导的肺炎模型,初步探索了蛹虫草菌粉对肺炎模型的促炎性因子、单核/巨噬细胞和髓源抑制性细胞（MDSCs）以及纤维化的调节作用。研究发现蛹虫草菌粉可降低SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白组和LPS组小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10的表达,并降低肺组织、肺泡灌洗液和外周血中巨噬细胞的比例,降低外周血和脾脏中MDSC的数量。进一步研究发现,蛹虫草还可降低SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白组和LPS组小鼠肺组织羟基脯氨酸的表达和成纤维细胞的分布,进而减轻小鼠的肺纤维化水平。qRT-PCR实验发现蛹虫草菌粉处理不仅可以降低SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白组小鼠肺组织中TGF-β R1水平,还降低SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白组和LPS组肺组织中smad2的表达。因此认为蛹虫草菌粉可缓解SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白和LPS诱导的肺部炎症和纤维化症状,且纤维化缓解作用可能与TGF-β R1/smad2信号通路相关。     

蓝光光照对蛹虫草子实体生长和主要活性成分的影响

光作为一种重要的环境因子,可影响真菌的生长发育、生理周期、形态变化及次级代谢产物的产生,对于蛹虫草而言,光照还是其子实体生长发育的必要条件。选择2株不同来源的蛹虫草菌株,研究了自然光照和蓝光光照条件下,其子实体生长、抗氧化酶活性和主要活性成分的变化。结果表明蓝光光照对于蛹虫草子实体产量没有明显的促进和抑制作用。自然光照条件下成熟子实体的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性显著高于蓝光光照,过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性没有明显差别,而过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性则表现出菌株差异。子实体主要活性成分方面,腺苷、甘露醇含量不受蓝光影响,类胡萝卜素在蓝光光照条件下含量极显著高于自然光光照,蓝光对子实体、虫草素、粗多糖含量的影响则存在菌株差异。研究为蛹虫草子实体的栽培条件优化,提高蛹虫草子实体质量提供依据。     

蛹虫草优良菌株的筛选

通过对5株蛹虫草的菌丝形态和生长速率、液体培养生物量和胞外多糖、人工栽培和子实体中活性物质虫草多糖和虫草素的对比研究,筛选出优良的蛹虫草菌株。试验结果表明：蛹虫草6号菌株的菌丝的生长速率比其他菌株快;液体培养生物量和胞外多糖含量明显高于其他菌株;人工栽培的蛹虫草子实体头部大,子囊壳丰富,颜色橘黄,出草整齐均匀,出草率高,子实体中虫草多糖和虫草素的含量均高于其他菌株,表明6号菌株具有较高的经济价值,是值得开发和推广的好品种。     

通过化学结构修饰提高虫草素抗菌活性的试验研究

本文以我国传统药用真菌蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)的主要活性成分虫草素为先导化合物,合成了4个虫草素的正构烷酰胺同系物(Cn-AAC),即N-丙酰基虫草素(C3-AAC)、N-正辛酰胺虫草素(C8-AAC)、N-月桂酰基虫草素(C12-AAC)和N-硬脂酰基虫草素(C18-AAC),并通过抑菌试验对比测定了虫草素和4个Cn-AAC的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。在此基础上,用SPSS10.0对MIC和Cn-AAC烷酰基侧链中碳原子数目(n)之间的关系进行了定量分析。结果表明:通过化学结构修饰的手段将虫草素改变成Cn-AAC同系物后,其抗菌活性会发生有规律的变化。Cn-AAC的MIC和n之间的关系可以用一个一元二次方程进行定量描述,其中抗菌活性最强的为C8-AAC;和虫草素相比,C8-AAC对枯草杆菌的MIC降低5倍,并可对虫草素本身不能产生抗菌活性的金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌产生抗菌活性。     

低能离子束修饰蛹虫草菌株高产虫草素

虫草素具有抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗炎等多种功效。为了更好地开发蛹虫草资源,选择合适剂量的低能离子束注入蛹虫草,优化虫草素的提取工艺条件,采用紫外分光光度法检测注入前后菌株中虫草素的含量。结果表明:最佳注入剂量为2.60×1015ions/cm2,虫草素最佳的微波-超声波提取工艺为:乙醇浓度70%,提取功率200W,提取时间110s,料液比1:240。选育出虫草素含量较高的15株菌株,最高含量达(11.924±0.063)mg/g,比原始菌株增长了近30%。     

不同来源的蛹虫草子实体活性成分的比较

通过比较不同来源的蛹虫草子实体的活性成分以探讨蛹虫草品质的差异。对17个蛹虫草菌株栽培得到的子实体及16个市售样品中的多糖、核苷类成分、游离糖醇及小分子糖类的含量进行分析测定,并比较其核苷类成分HPLC指纹图谱。结果表明,因菌株不同蛹虫草子实体的活性成分具有不同程度的差异,菌株对虫草素含量的影响最大,其次是N ⁶-(2-羟乙基)腺苷,因菌株不同虫草素含量可相差14倍,N ⁶-(2-羟乙基)腺苷的含量差异可达6倍以上。市售样品中的核苷类成分分析结果也证明了在测定的几种成分中,虫草素是含量差异最大的活性成分。17个蛹虫草菌株子实体的多糖含量为1.81%-4.92%,甘露醇含量为1.44%-4.47%,海藻糖含量为3.58%-25.43%。16个市售样品的多糖含量为2.84%-5.55%,甘露醇含量为0.96%-3.93%,海藻糖含量为1.04%-19.91%。采用数据归一化法进行子实体品质综合评价研究,结果表明菌株G7a、G10a、G15a综合品质较好,多数成分含量均大于平均值,是生产高品质蛹虫草的合适菌株。     

蛹虫草子实体活性成分的分离鉴定

蛹虫草具有悠久的食药用历史,但关于其活性成分的种类仍知甚少。本文采用大孔树脂、硅胶柱、HPLC等色谱技术对蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris子实体粗提物进行分离纯化,从中得到3个化合物。通过波谱数据分析,化合物1–3分别被鉴定为：虫草素（3’-脱氧腺苷）（1）,色氨酸（2）和5,5’-dibuthoxy-2,2’-bifuran（3）,杂环化合物3为首次从蛹虫草子实体中获得。对化合物进行抗菌活性测定发现,虫草素和5,5’-dibuthoxy-2,2’-bifuran对枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌都有显著的抑菌活性,但是它们对酿酒酵母均未表现出明显抑菌活性。     

蛹虫草磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶和焦磷酸甲羟戊酸脱羧酶基因的功能分析

【目的】确定蛹虫草甲羟戊酸途径中的2个关键酶——磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(CmErg8)和焦磷酸甲羟戊酸脱羧酶(CmErg19)的功能及其对麦角甾醇和虫草素含量的影响。【方法】通过生物信息学分析鉴定蛹虫草中CmErg8和CmErg19,并采用酵母互补确定其功能是否保守;以蛹虫草尿嘧啶营养缺陷型CmΔpyrG为背景菌株,利用农杆菌介导的转化方法对CmErg8和CmErg19进行过表达,观察其对麦角甾醇和虫草素含量的影响。【结果】CmErg8和CmErg19不能互补酵母erg8和erg19突变体的温度敏感表型;CmErg8和CmErg19过表达菌株中麦角甾醇和虫草素含量均有所增加,特别是CmErg19基因过表达可以使虫草素含量提升5倍左右。【结论】本研究揭示了蛹虫草CmErg8和CmErg19的功能,并且发现蛹虫草麦角甾醇合成通路基因可能会影响虫草素含量。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.