The Decompositions for Point Symmetry Models in Two-way Contingency Tables

The decomposition for the complete point symmetry model in a rectangular contingency table is shown. Also the respective decompositions for the local point symmetry model and the reverse local point symmetry model in a square contingency table are given. Moreover test procedures for the decomposed models and an example are given.     

米瓦罐的光合特性研究

采用美国LI-COR生产的LI-6400便携式光合系统研究了米瓦罐的光合特性。结果表明,米瓦罐光 合速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,上午10:00时光合速率达到最大值;在大气CO2浓度下,米瓦罐的光饱和点为 1 800μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点为30μmol·m-2·s-1;在光饱和点的光强下,米瓦罐的CO2饱和点为1 200 μmolCO2·mol-1,CO2补偿点为40μmolCO2·mol-1。     

几种银莲花光合特性的初步分析

采用LI6400便携式光合仪分析昆明室外栽培的几种野生银莲花光合作用特性。净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均呈单峰曲线,前者的峰值出现在10～11点,后者的峰值出现在13点前后。在光强0～2000μmol·m2·s1条件下,Pn呈S曲线,光合补偿点为60～80μmol·m2·s1,饱和点为800μmol·m2·s1左右,但光强继续增加到1800μmol·m2·s1,Pn仍有少许提高;Tr随PAR的增加而缓慢地增加。在环境CO2浓度为0～350μmol·mol1条件下,Pn直线上升,草玉梅、秋牡丹和野棉花的光合CO2补偿点均为50μmol·mol1左右;Tr在环境CO2浓度25～350μmol·mol1范围内几乎呈水平线。野生银莲花的Pn和Tr表现较明显的种间差异。     

稻水象甲越冬成虫的耐寒力测定

测定了浙江乐清 (北纬 2 8 1 4°,东经 1 2 0 94°)稻水象甲LissorhoptrusoryzophilusKuschel越冬成虫的耐寒力 ,从 1 1月下旬至 3月下旬平均过冷却点温度为 -1 5 3～ -2 1 2℃ ,结冰点温度为 -1 4 0～ -1 8 6℃。结合发生地气温条件 ,讨论了该地冬春季低温对该虫越冬群存活的影响。     

西藏飞蝗各发育阶段的耐寒性

西藏飞蝗Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen是青藏高原的重要农牧业害虫。对该虫各发育阶段的过冷却点和结冰点的测定表明,西藏飞蝗卵的过冷却点和结冰点为最低,分别为-22.02℃、-16.36℃,4龄蝻的过冷却点和结冰点最高,分别是-6.46℃和-5.05℃,西藏飞蝗在甘孜以卵越冬。     

几种野生银莲花生殖生长期的光合作用特性初探

采用LI-6400便携式光合仪对室外栽培的几种野生银莲花光合作用特性进行了研究.结果表明,净光合速率 Pn 和蒸腾速率 Tr 日变化均呈单峰曲线,前者的峰值出现在10:00～11:00时,后者的峰值出现在13:00时前后.在光强0～2000μmol·m-2·s-1条件下,Pn呈S曲线,光补偿点为60～80μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点为800μmol·m-2·s-1左右,但光强继续增加到1800μmol·m-2·s-1,Pn仍有少许提高;Tr随PAR的增加而缓慢增加.在环境CO2浓度为0～350μmol·mol-1条件下,Pn直线上升,草玉梅、秋牡丹和野棉花的光合CO2补偿点均为50μmol·mol-1左右;Tr在环境CO2浓度25～350μmol·mol-1范围内几乎呈水平线.野生银莲花的Pn和Tr表现出较明显的种间差异.     

不同海拔地区种植的水稻叶片光合作用特征的比较

本实验于1983—1985年在云南元江(海拔400米)、大理(海拔2000米)和丽江(海拔2400米)三地进行,主要结果如下: 1.低海拔地区种植的水稻,其叶片光合速率每日有两个峰值(10点——主峰;16点——次峰)。高海拔地区的11点出现峰值,无次峰;一日间较平稳。 2.不同生育期叶片光合作用速率三地均由分蘖期开始增加,在抽穗期达到峰值而后下降。唯有大理的由于病害在抽穗期即开始下降,但总的看却有最高水平。元江次之,丽江最低。 3.低海拔地区种植的水稻其叶片光合作用的光补偿点和光饱和点比高海拔地区的低。 4.CO_2补偿点和光呼吸速率均随海拔升高而减低。 5.增施N素化肥(底肥或追肥)均增加其光合作用速率。追肥明显地提高其抽穗后的光合作用速率。而且生长在海拔越高的水稻对N素反应越强。 结合三地环境条件的差异讨论了上述结果。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的耐寒性测定

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher&LaSalle是一种新入侵的检疫性有害生物,为了明确其对极端低温的耐受性,以了解其适生范围,测定了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫、蛹、成虫及不同地区、不同寄主条件下雌雄成虫以及广东、广西、海南3省6地越冬幼虫12—3月的过冷却点和冰点。结果表明,不同虫态的过冷却点和冰点由低到高顺序为:蛹<幼虫<成虫。蛹的过冷却点和冰点分别为(-24.93±0.10)℃、(-22.81±0.14)℃,成虫的过冷却点和冰点为(-20.93±0.24)℃和(-17.33±0.27)℃。随着纬度的升高,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的过冷却点和冰点都呈现降低的趋势。海南地区不同寄主桉树枝瘿姬小蜂过冷却点从低到高的顺序排列为:湛-201<小叶桉<广林9号。在12—3月,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的越冬幼虫过冷却点和冰点随着环境温度的升高而升高,以广东广州地区1月份的越冬幼虫过冷却点和冰点为最低,其数值分别为(-25.44±0.17)℃和(-24.04±0.21)℃,个体过冷却点的最低值为-26.9℃。由实验结果可知,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂蛹和幼虫的耐寒力最强,以幼虫和蛹越冬。地区、寄主、温度对其耐寒力均有显著的影响,而且其有向现疫区以北的区域扩散的潜能。     

Modelling Tree Roots in Mixed Forest Stands by Inhomogeneous Marked Gibbs Point Processes

The aim of the paper is to apply point processes to root data modelling. We propose a new approach to parametric inference when the data are inhomogeneous replicated marked point patterns. We generalize Geyer's saturation point process to a model, which combines inhomogeneity, marks and interaction between the marked points. Furthermore, the inhomogeneity influences the definition of the neighbourhood of points. Using the maximum pseudolikelihood method, this model is then fitted to root data from mixed stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) to quantify the degree of root aggregation in such mixed stands. According to the analysis there is no evidence that the two root systems are not independent.     

Bias-corrected variance estimation and hypothesis testing for spatial point and marked point processes using subsampling

Summary We introduce novel regression extrapolation based methods to correct the often large bias in subsampling variance estimation as well as hypothesis testing for spatial point and marked point processes. For variance estimation, our proposed estimators are linear combinations of the usual subsampling variance estimator based on subblock sizes in a continuous interval. We show that they can achieve better rates in mean squared error than the usual subsampling variance estimator. In particular, for n×n observation windows, the optimal rate of n^?2 can be achieved if the data have a finite dependence range. For hypothesis testing, we apply the proposed regression extrapolation directly to the test statistics based on different subblock sizes, and therefore avoid the need to conduct bias correction for each element in the covariance matrix used to set up the test statistics. We assess the numerical performance of the proposed methods through simulation, and apply them to analyze a tropical forest data set.     

A note on testing separability in spatial-temporal marked point processes

Summary .   In environmental risk analysis, it is common to assume the stochastic independence (or separability) between the marks associated with the random events of a spatial-temporal point process. Schoenberg (2004, Biometrics 60, 471–481) proposed several test statistics for this hypothesis and used simulated data to evaluate their performance. He found that a Cramér-von Mises-type test is powerful to detect gradual departures from separability although it is not uniformly powerful over a large class of alternative models. We present a semiparametric approach to model alternative hypotheses to separability and derive a score test statistic. We show that there is a relationship between this score test and some of the test statistics proposed by Schoenberg. Specifically, all are different versions of weighted Cramér-von Mises-type statistics. This gives some insight into the reasons for the similarities and differences between the test statistics' performance. We also point out some difficulties in controlling the type I error probability in Schoenberg's residual test.     

金桔秋季光合特性初步研究

采用Li-6400型便携式光合测定系统对多年生金桔的光合特性进行研究。结果表明,金桔净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,存在光合"午休"现象,最高峰出现在11:00左右,次峰出现在14:00,日最大净光合速率为3.4467 μmol/m²·s。净光合速率与蒸腾速率、气孔导度之间呈正相关,与胞间CO₂浓度呈负相关;在400 μmol/mol CO₂浓度下,光补偿点为67 μmol/m²·s,光饱和点为672 μmol/m²·s。金桔的光合特性表现为典型的阳性耐荫植物,对光照的适应性较强。     

DNA sequence analysis of point mutations in traA, the F pilin gene, reveal two domains involved in F-specific bacteriophage attachment

Summary Six missense point mutations in traA (WPFL43,44,45,46,47 and 51), the gene encoding F pilin in the transfer region of the F plasmid, have been characterized for their effect on the transfer ability, bacteriophage (R17, QB and fl) sensitivity and levels of piliation expressed by the plasmid. The sequence analysis of the first five of these mutations revealed two domains in the F pilin subunit exposed on the surface of the F pilus which mediate phage attachment. These two domains include residues 14–17 (approximately) and the last few residues at the carboxy-terminus of the pilin protein. One of these mutants had a pleiotropic affect on pilus function and was thought to have affected pilus assembly. The sixthe point mutant (WPFL51), previously thought to be in traA, was complemented by chimeric plasmids carrying the traG gene of the F transfer region, which may be involved in the acetylation of the pilin subunit. A traA nonsense mutant (JCFL1) carried an amber mutation near the amino-terminus which is well suppressed in SuI⁺ (supD) and SuIII⁺ (supF) strains. Neither the antigenicity of the pilin nor the efficiency of plating of F-specific bacteriophages were affected when this plasmid was harbored by either suppressor strain. A second amber mutant (JCFL25) which is not suppressible, carried its mutation in the codon for the single tryptophan in F pilin, suggesting that this residue is important in subunit interactions during pilus assembly. Two other point mutants (JCFL32 and 44) carried missense mutations in the leader sequence (positions 9 and 13) which affected the number of pili per cell presumably by altering the processing of propilin to pilin.     

紫茎泽兰的光合作用特征及其生态学意义

本文研究了紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)光合作用强度的变化规律及其与环境主要生态因子的关系,比较了它与某些农作物叶片净光合速率的差异,得到如下结果: 1.紫茎泽兰是一种阳性偏阴的C_3类草本植物,其光合作用的光饱和点约为40000 lx,光补偿点约为700 lx,且具有80 ppm左右的CO_2补偿点。 2.紫茎泽兰的最大净光合速率能达到23毫克CO_2/平方分米·时左右,叶片净光合速率的日变化规律呈双峰曲线型(主峰在10时左右,次峰在16时左右)。在一年中有较长的时间,它的光合速率保持着较高的水平。 3.生长在一般菜园土上的紫茎泽兰,当土壤含水量降至17％左右时,叶片光合速率接近0:而且,受过干旱处理的紫茎泽兰植株,在恢复供水后的第三天,其光合速率只达到原来的53％。 根据以上结果,结合受紫茎泽兰危害地区干湿季分明的特点,提出干季是防除紫茎泽兰的最佳季节。     

红脂大小蠹幼虫和成虫耐寒能力及耐寒物质的研究

为明确红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte的耐寒能力以及主要耐寒物质,对越冬期幼虫和成虫的过冷却点及冰点进行了测定,同时对越冬期及非越冬期幼虫和成虫体内的抗冻保护物质进行了测定.结果表明,越冬期幼虫和成虫的过冷却点差异不显著,分别为-18.34±0.26℃和-18.59±0.63℃,冰点差异显著,分别为-10.17±0.36℃和-15.90±0.70.越冬期幼虫体内脂肪、甘油、海藻糖和山梨醇含量均显著高于非越冬期幼虫,水分、糖原和蛋白质含量差异不显著;越冬期成虫体内糖原、甘油、海藻糖和山梨醇含量均显著高于非越冬期成虫,水分、脂肪和蛋白质含量差异不显著.甘油、海藻糖、山梨醇是红脂大小蠹幼虫和成虫的主要抗冻保护物质,在越冬过程中发挥重要作用;此外,脂肪在红脂大小蠹幼虫越冬过程中也发挥重要作用,糖原在红脂大小蠹成虫越冬过程中发挥重要作用.     

正四面体晶格的计数、分布及其应用

本文引入正四面体晶格（简称D晶格）、D格点、D格点简并度等新概念,对正四面体晶格的计数及分布规律进行了系统地研究,从归纳法和组合数学两条途径均得出了正四面体的顶点、棱上、面上、体内及总的D格点数的一般公式,而且得到了其D格点简并度的表达式;归纳总结出了D格点碱基组分表及分布规律．解释了经验方程〔1〕;计算了人的46条染色体DNA分子的简并度,探讨了不同生物种类DNA的排序花样．     

显脉金花茶的光合生理特性研究

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-Cor Inc., USA)对显脉金花茶光合特性进行研究。结果表明：(1)在夏季,显脉金花茶叶片的P_n日变化呈单峰曲线,最高峰出现在中午11：00。其最大净光合速率（P_max）为3.81 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、光饱和点（LSP）为459.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、光补偿点（LCP）为6.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。显脉金花茶的光饱和点和光补偿点都比较低,表明其是一种阴生植物。（2）在控制光照强度和温度的条件下,CO₂浓度小于800 μmol·mol^-1,P_n几乎呈直线上升,升高CO₂浓度可使显脉金花茶的净高合速率增大,提高了叶片对光能的利用率。其叶片CO₂饱和点(CSP)大约在1 200 μmol·mol^-1左右,CO₂的补偿点（Г^*）为70.1 μmol·mol^-1,最大羧化速率（V_cmax）为17.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,最大电子传递速率（J_max）为40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。