一种简便的DNA定量分子量标准的制备

目的：制备一种具有琼脂糖凝胶电泳定量功能的DNA分子量标准。方法：以pMD18-TSimple载体为基础骨架构建了长度为4.7kb的质粒,应用定点突变的方法,在载体上分别间隔100bp、200bp、400bp、800bp、1200bp处,加入了HindⅢ限制性内切酶的酶切位点,将该质粒扩增后并应用HindⅢ酶切后,1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定。结果：获得的分子量条带大小依次为100bp、200bp、400bp、800bp、1200bp和2000bp,每次使用4μl可获得质量范围为10ng、20ng、40ng、80ng、120ng和200ng的定量标准品。结论：应用该方法制备标准品,具有制备简单、成本低、定量快速等优点。     

利用PCR技术快速制备DNA分子量标准物

目的：制备一套DNA分子量标准物。方法：利用多聚酶链式反应技术（PCR）,以连接有9个不同大小DNA片段的pMD18-T载体为模板,M13引物为通用引物,进行大规模扩增,并进行2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析和利用TanonGIS凝胶图像处理系统对凝胶扫描及拍照。结果：DNA分子量条带大小依次为1653bp、1173bp、691bp、606bp、496bp、401bp、326bp、238bp、155bp,条带分布适度、亮度清晰。结论：制备了能满足研究和实验室的要求DNA分子量标准物,和市售的相比,成本大大降低。     

达乌尔鼠兔和高原鼠兔肝脏线粒体DNA的限制性内切酶图谱的比较研究

达岛尔鼠兔肝细胞线粒体DNA(mtDNA),经限制性内切酶HindI、HindII,EcoRI和BamHI酶切后分别产生5、4、3、2个片段。通过琼脂糖凝肢电泳对这些片段进行测定,并画出其酶切图谱。高原鼠兔肝细胞mtDNA经限制性内切酶EcoR I和BamH 1酶切后,分别产生4、2个片段,对其片段的分子量也进行了测定。测定结果,达乌尔鼠兔肝细胞mtDNA的分子量为10.25MD(兆道尔顿)．大小为16.25kbp(千碱基对);高原鼠兔肝细胞mtDNA的分子量为9.31MD,大小为l5.066kbp。并对两种鼠免的限制性内切酶片段进行了比较讨论。     

红胫戟纹蝗痘病毒形态及理化性质研究

红胫戟纹蝗Dociostaurus kraussi是新疆草原优势种蝗虫。1989年首次从新疆玛纳斯红胫戟纹蝗上分离到痘病毒Dociostaurus kraussi ntomopoxvirus(DkEPV),1992年又在新疆巴里坤发现, 自然流行率达23.3%。显微镜观察表明该病毒主要感染脂肪体。病毒球状体为圆球状,直径为2—7μm,大小差异悬殊,病毒粒子砖形或椭圆形,表面呈桑椹结构, 大小平均为144nlnx269nn。病毒DNA具有典型的核酸紫外吸收光谱。根据热变性曲线测得DkEPV—DNA的T_m,值为79.0,(G+C)%为23.7%。病毒DNA经限制性内切酶EcoRI、Bgl IIH和Hind III酶切后,分别得到29、21和18个片段。以λDNA Hind III酶切片段为标准分子量,计算出各酶切片段的分子量为155.45x10⁶、155.69x10⁶和155.40x10⁶D, 由此得出DkEPV—DNA总分子量为55.5x10⁶D。     

用低温熔化琼脂糖的叶绿体DNA的酶切图谱

DNA分子的限制性核酸内切酶谱为我们提供了与生化,遗传作用以及进化有关的物质基础。这也是核酸序列测定工作的起点。对于叶绿体DNA那样大小的各种DNA[110一180千碱基对(Kbp)],构建酶切图谱所采用的方法,通常包括从电泳凝胶中获得DNA片段以及其他过程。这里并不准备叙述那些化费时间而又常常没有效果的步骤。     

绿色木霉内切几丁质酶cDNA的克隆及其编码蛋白的序列分析

根据已克隆的内切几丁质酶基因序列的同源性比较,设计引物,采用PCR技术从绿色木霉基因组中分离出一个大小为1467bp的特异DNA片段,采用RT．PeR技术从绿色木霉总RNA中分离出大小约1276bp的eDNA片段。序列对比后发现该内切几丁质酶DNA含有三个内含子,大小分别为52bp,69bp,64bp。同源性分析表明其全长eDNA序列和已经报道的内切几丁质酶序列的同源性高达95％以上,预测其编码蛋白的氨基酸序列含424个氨基酸残基,分子量为46kDa,氨基酸序列分析表明该内切几丁质酶164～172位氨基酸是其活性中心,用同源建模法模拟其空间结构模型,为进一步研究其作用机制奠定了良好基础。     

斜纹刺蛾核型多角体病毒及其核酸的限制性内切酶酶解分析

本文描述了从自然罹死的斜纹刺蛾(Oxyplax orhracea(moore))幼虫中分离出一种核型多角体病毒。用快速简便方法提取核酸,经限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ、HindⅢ酶解,获得该病毒核酸的酶解带谱。以λDNA的EcoRⅠ酸解片段在凝胶中的迁移率与相应DNA片段分子量的对数值做标准曲线求得其平均分子量为102.09×10~6道尔顿,即为147.77kb。     

改良质粒快提法及其在酶切检查中的应用

基因重组后,从转化的细菌中快速提取小量质粒作限制性酶切检查,以筛选出阳性克隆,现已或为分子生物学实验的一项常用技术,至今已建立了多种方法。目前常用的为碱法和煮沸法。虽然现今所用的最新方法比传统的方法大大简化,但仍然相当耗时,即使是一个熟练的技术人员,提取获得18—24个样品仍需约2.5—3小时,这还不包括酶切、电泳等步骤。此文介绍我们改良的快提法,此法可在10分钟之内迅速有效地提取质粒,结合改进随后的酶切、电泳等过程,即可在三小时内筛选18个样品。     

黄褐天幕毛虫核型多角体病毒的形态结构与某些生化特性的研究

黄褐天幕毛虫核型多角体病毒是一种多粒包埋型病毒。在扫描电镜下观察,多角体呈不规则多面体,大小不一致,平均直径为1.30μm。病毒粒子为杆状,大小为366×90nm。病毒核酸为一环状DNA,长度约为37.2μm。经限制性内切酶酶解分析,DNA总分子量为77.1×10~6D。病毒多角体蛋白宫含ASP和Glu,而His、Cys、Met含量较少。经SDS-PAGE分析,多角体蛋白主带的分子量为30.2KD;病毒粒子含21条多肽,分子量范围在16.5—107KD之间。     

微量DNA的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶薄板电泳分析

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶薄板电泳,是进行微量DNA分析的一种有效方法。它能快速鉴定DNA的迁移位置,并将分子量大小不同的DNA片段进行分离。通常DNA聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳均采用2—3毫米厚的平板胶,由于板胶厚度大,因     

Novel Strategies to Construct Complex Synthetic Vectors to Produce DNA Molecular Weight Standards

DNA molecular weight standards (DNA markers, nucleic acid ladders) are commonly used in molecular biology laboratories as references to estimate the size of various DNA samples in electrophoresis process. One method of DNA marker production is digestion of synthetic vectors harboring multiple DNA fragments of known sizes by restriction enzymes. In this article, we described three novel strategies—sequential DNA fragment ligation, screening of ligation products by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with end primers, and “small fragment accumulation”—for constructing complex synthetic vectors and minimizing the mass differences between DNA fragments produced from restrictive digestion of synthetic vectors. The strategy could be applied to construct various complex synthetic vectors to produce any type of low-range DNA markers, usually available commercially. In addition, the strategy is useful for single-step ligation of multiple DNA fragments for construction of complex synthetic vectors and other applications in molecular biology field. Zhe Chen and Jianbing Wu contributed to this work equally.     

Hen oviduct N alpha-acetyltransferase is a ribonucleoprotein having 7 S RNA

Hen oviduct N alpha-acetyltransferase was clarified to have a nucleic acid as an existing constituent by the following three results: (i) an ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the purified N alpha-acetyltransferase free of S-acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) had an absorption maximum at 260 nm. (ii) A nucleic acid band stained with ethidium bromide was detected on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (iii) An ethidium bromide band co-migrated with a fluorescent band of the protein treated with N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)maleimide, a reagent specific for thiol groups, on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. N alpha-Acetyltransferase lost its activity partially or completely by digestion with bovine pancreatic RNase A, Staphylococcus aureus nuclease, or proteinase K, showing that both the nucleic acid and the protein subunit were necessary for the enzyme activity. The nucleic acid component was identified as an RNA but not a DNA because the RNase T2 digest of the nucleic acid was composed of four 3'-ribomononucleotides and completely separated from 3'- and 5'-deoxyribomononucleotides on TLC. The chain length of the nucleic acid of 260 nucleotides estimated by formamide-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was calculated to be about 83,000 of the molecular weight. The contents of RNA (35.0%) and protein (65.0%) in N alpha-acetyltransferase determined on weight basis corresponded reasonably well to the contents of RNA (34.4%) and protein (65.6%) calculated based on the assumption that N alpha-acetyltransferase consisted of one molecule of 7 S RNA (Mr 83,000) and two identical Mr 79,000 protein subunits. The total molecular weight (241,000) of the holoenzyme calculated based on the above result was identical to the molecular weight (240,000) of N alpha-acetyltransferase estimated by Sepharose 6B gel filtration.     

Two-dimensional strandness-dependent electrophoresis: a method to characterize single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, and RNA-DNA hybrids in complex samples

We describe two-dimensional strandness-dependent electrophoresis (2D-SDE) for quantification and length distribution analysis of single-stranded (ss) DNA fragments, double-stranded (ds) DNA fragments, RNA-DNA hybrids, and nicked DNA fragments in complex samples. In the first dimension nucleic acid molecules are separated based on strandness and length in the presence of 7 M urea. After the first-dimension electrophoresis all nucleic acid fragments are heat denatured in the gel. During the second-dimension electrophoresis all nucleic acid fragments are single-stranded and migrate according to length. 2D-SDE takes about 90 min and requires only basic skills and equipment. We show that 2D-SDE has many applications in analyzing complex nucleic acid samples including (1) estimation of renaturation efficiency and kinetics, (2) monitoring cDNA synthesis, (3) detection of nicked DNA fragments, and (4) estimation of quality and in vitro damage of nucleic acid samples. Results from 2D-SDE should be useful to validate techniques such as complex polymerase chain reaction, subtractive hybridization, cDNA synthesis, cDNA normalization, and microarray analysis. 2D-SDE could also be used, e.g., to characterize biological nucleic acid samples. Information obtained with 2D-SDE cannot be readily obtained with other methods. 2D-SDE can be used for preparative isolation of ssDNA fragments, dsDNA fragments, and RNA-DNA hybrids.     

The content of DNA and RNA in microparticles released by Jurkat and HL-60 cells undergoing in vitro apoptosis

Microparticles are small membrane-bound vesicles that are released from apoptotic cells during blebbing. These particles contain DNA and RNA and display important functional activities, including immune system activation. Furthermore, nucleic acids inside the particle can be analyzed as biomarkers in a variety of disease states. To elucidate the nature of microparticle nucleic acids, DNA and RNA released in microparticles from the Jurkat T and HL-60 promyelocytic cell lines undergoing apoptosis in vitro were studied. Microparticles were isolated from culture media by differential centrifugation and characterized by flow cytometry and molecular approaches. In these particles, DNA showed laddering by gel electrophoresis and was present in a form that allowed direct binding by a monoclonal anti-DNA antibody, suggesting antigen accessibility even without fixation. Analysis of RNA by gel electrophoresis showed intact 18s and 28s ribosomal RNA bands, although lower molecular bands consistent with 28s ribosomal RNA degradation products were also present. Particles also contained messenger RNA as shown by RT-PCR amplification of sequences for β-actin and GAPDH. In addition, gel electrophoresis showed the presence of low molecular weight RNA in the size range of microRNA. Together, these results indicate that microparticles from apoptotic Jurkat and HL-60 cells contain diverse nucleic acid species, indicating translocation of both nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA and RNA as particle release occurs during death.     

Real-time monitoring of nucleic acid ligation in homogenous solutions using molecular beacons

Nucleic acids ligation is a vital process in the repair, replication and recombination of nucleic acids. Traditionally, it is assayed by denatured gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, which are not sensitive, and are complex and discontinuous. Here we report a new approach for ligation monitoring using molecular beacon DNA probes. The molecular beacon, designed in such a way that its sequence is complementary with the product of the ligation process, is used to monitor the nucleic acid ligation in a homogeneous solution and in real-time. Our method is fast and simple. We are able to study nucleic acids ligation kinetics conveniently and to determine the activity of DNA ligase accurately. We have studied different factors that influence DNA ligation catalyzed by T4 DNA ligase. The major advantages of our method are its ultrasensitivity, excellent specificity, convenience and real-time monitoring in homogeneous solution. This method will be widely useful for studying nucleic acids ligation process and other nucleic acid interactions.     

分子生物学手段在植物系统与进化研究中的应用

在植物系统与进化研究中,为了揭示真实本质,必须从分子水平进行研究。植物分子系统学的研究包括两大方面,一是蛋白质与酶,二是核酸。酶电泳是分子水平上研究植物分子遗传学最经济有效的方法,可以有效地揭示自然居群中遗传结构、基因流动、变化系统、选择作用和系统发育等问题。植物核酸系统学的研究倍受青睐,因为核酸分子是最基本的进化单元,几乎不受主观因素影响。相关的核酸分析技术主要有：DNA杂交、DNA限制酶谱分析、RFLP分析、DNA指纹图技术、RAPD分析和核酸序列分析。在植物系统学和进化研究中,结合各方面的生物学证据,才能显示植物分子系统学的独特优势。     

The orientation of DNA fragments in the agarose gels

A microscopic method of measuring the orientation of nucleic acids in the agarose gels is described. A nucleic acid undergoing electrophoresis is stained with the dye ethidium bromide and is viewed under high magnification with a polarization microscope. A high-numerical-aperture microscope objective is used to illuminate and to collect the fluorescence signal, and therefore the orientation of the minute quantities of nucleic-acid can be measured: in a typical experiment we can detect the orientation of one-tenth of a picogram (10(13)g) of DNA. Polarization properties of the fluorescent light emitted by the separate bands corresponding to different molecular weights of the DNA are examined. A linear dichroism equation relates the measured fluorescence to the mean orientation of the absorption dipole of the ethidium bromide (and therefore DNA) and to the extent to which it is disorganized. As an example, we measured the orientation of phi X174 DNA RF/HaeIII fragments undergoing electrophoresis in a field of 10 V/cm. Ethidium bromide bound to the fragments with an angle of the absorption dipole largely perpendicular to the direction of the electrophoretic current. The dichroism declined as the molecular weight of the fragments decreased which is interpreted as an increase in the degree of disorder for shorter DNA.     

Nucleoprotein Complexes of Yeast and Their Biological Effect on T-Lymphocytes

Complexes of nucleic acids and acid nuclear proteins that are active toward human T-lymphocytes were isolated from cells of baker's yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The conditions of isolation of nucleoprotein complexes by acid extraction followed by microfiltration for concentration of macromolecular components were optimized. Gel filtration and electrophoresis were used to study the composition and molecular weights of components of the preparations obtained. It was shown that the nucleoprotein complex had a molecular weight of 1430 kDa. However, only one zone was determined by electrophoresis of the protein component with a molecular weight of 30 kDa.     

Nucleoprotein complexes of yeast and their biological effect on T-lymphocytes

Complexes of nucleic acids and acid nuclear proteins that are active toward human T-lymphocytes were isolated from cells of bakers' yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The conditions of isolation of nucleoprotein complexes by acid extraction followed by microfiltration for concentration of macromolecular components were optimized. Gel filtration and electrophoresis were used to study the composition and molecular weights of components of the preparations obtained. It was shown that nucleoprotein complex had a molecular weight of 1430 kDa. However, only one zone was determined by electrophoresis of the protein component with a molecular weight of 30 kDa.     

Isolation and separation of nucleic acids from Streptomyces hydrogenans (author's transl)]

Different methods for homogenization of cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans, for extraction of nucleic acids and for fractionation of the RNA and DNA obtained were critically examined. The only way to prepare high molecular weight rapidly labelled RNA and polysomes was to grind freeze-dried cells together with kieselguhr with a mortar and pestle. The best results for extraction of nucleic acids from the cell homogenate were obtained in the presence of diethyl pyrocarbonate (diethyl oxydiformate), yielding nucleic acids of considerable purity in a minimal amount of time. The best resolution of extracted nucleic acids was achieved by electrophoresis in 2% agarose acrylamide gels. This technique proved that during the cell homogenization and extraction procedure the bulk of nucliec acids was not degraded to low molecular weight material. An improved device for the registration of the profile of the absorption after gel electrophoresis is described.