Errata

New Phytologist 145 (2000), 1–3
In the January 2000 issue of New Phytologist , we published the forum article entitled 'Cadmium for all meals – plants with an unusual appetite' by U. Krämer. Since its publication, it has been brought to our attention that an error was introduced during typesetting. In the text several instances of concentrations are erroneously presented as mg⁻¹: these should be kg mg⁻¹.
New Phytologist 145 (2000), 367–421
In the March 2000 issue of New Phytologist , we published the Tansley review entitled 'Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications' by J. Arditti and A. K. A. Ghani. Since its publication, it has been brought to our attention that an error was introduced during typesetting. On p. 391, Eqn 5, the horizontal line above the right side of the equation should form a square root sign.
We apologize to the authors and to our readers for these mistakes.     

Corrigendum

New Phytologist 144 (1999), 195–202
In the October 1999 issue of New Phytologist , we published the research paper entitled 'Identification and expression analysis of two fungal cDNAs regulated by ectomycorrhiza and fruit body formation' by Uwe Nehls et al . ( New Phytol . (1999) 144 , 195–202). Since its publication, the authors have identified an important error in Fig. 4: the labels SC13 and SC25 are in incorrect positions and should be transposed.
We apologise to our readers for this mistake.     

New Phytologist 141 (1999), 99–108

In the January 1999 issue of New Phytologist , we published the research paper entitled 'The effect of light on the growth and reproduction of Floerkea proserpinacoides ' by Margaret F. McKenna and Gilles Houle ( New Phytol . (1999) 141 , 99–108). Since its publication, the authors have identified two important errors in the text. First, values given for leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) have been given erroneously in units of cm² g⁻¹; the correct units are cm² mg⁻¹. Second, the values for unit leaf rate (ULR) have been given incorrectly as tenfold lower than they should be; these should be multiplied by ten to give the correct values in mg m⁻² d⁻¹.
We apologise to our readers for these mistakes.     

New Phytologist 140 (1998), 709–714

In the December 1998 issue of New Phytologist , we published the research paper entitled 'Natural occurrence of Ampelomyces intracellular mycoparasites in mycelia of powdery mildew fungi' by Levente Kiss ( New Phytol. (1998) 140 , 709–714). Since its publication, an error in the published title has been brought to our attention: this refers to the ampelomyces , but the name should be Ampelomyces , meaning the genus.
We apologise to the author and to our readers for this mistake.     

The New Phytologist Forum

New Phytologist has, throughout its history, been a forum for open debate – indeed, in his opening editorial (1902), Tansley referred to 'easy communication and discussion' as being the main ideas for the journal launch. The Internet now offers exciting new ways for sharing information, and this has challenged all information providers to reassess what they offer. It is our intention that the new Forum section in the journal should formalize our standing commitment, and encourage serious dialogue – through scientific commentary, correspondence and opinion.
As the journal approaches its hundredth year, so the need for dialogue is stronger than ever. More and more science is published, making it harder, year on year, to keep abreast of important developments. Science is also global, making discussion confined to those within one country or economic bloc to be too restrictive. And as the pressure to publish is as strong as it has ever been, so the free flow of original and unorthodox ideas can too easily become stifled.
New Phytologist , as a high-impact, high-quality journal, with its international scope and fierce independence – the Trust is not answerable to any society or commercial publisher – is a respected vehicle for such material. We invite you to participate, and to join us in helping the Forum to develop.     

Evolution of metal hyperaccumulation and phytoremediation hype

Cadmium accumulation and tolerance are discussed in a New Phytologist article by Krämer (2000), which comments on a paper by Lombi et al . (2000). In this context, a number of additional points should be made, putting the role of humans in the evolution of metal resistance into context and emphasizing what is the 'hype' of phytoremediation.
It is important that sites created by humans should not be overemphasized in considering the evolution of metal resistance. Plants resistant to heavy metals have their primary sites not on these, but on soils where ores are outcropping, the so-called metalliferous or orogenic soils (Ernst, 1974). Over thousands of years, natural exposure to a surplus of various metals, depending on the mineralization process, has driven the evolution of metal resistance in many plant species under the local environmental conditions. Many publications have shown that Thlaspi caerulescens can hyperaccumulate Zn (e.g. Vázquez et al ., 1992), and accumulate other heavy metals such as Cu and Pb depending on soil chemistry (e.g. Baker et al ., 1994). It has been known for more than 30 years that T. caerulescens gives a good response to experimentally supplied high Zn levels (Ernst, 1968). One of the ecological effects of hyperaccumulation of heavy metals is a defence against herbivorous insects (Boyd & Martens, 1994). This effect is enhanced by a preferential accumulation of heavy metals in the epidermal leaf layer (Heath et al ., 1997).     

Hair in African Art and Culture

Hair in African Art and Culture. The Museum for African Art, New York, February 9–May 28, 2000 (review venue); Apex Museum, Atlanta, July–September 2000; Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, October–December 2000; Museum of African American History, Detroit, January–April 2001; California African American Museum, Los Angeles, May–August 2001.
Hair in African Art and Culture. Roy Sieber and Frank Herreman. eds. New York: The Museum for African Art; Munich, London, New York: Prestel, 2000. 192 pp.     

Books

Book reviewed in this article:
BEAMAN, M. 1994. Palearctic Birds: A checklist of the birds of Europe, North Africa and Asia north of the foothills of the Himalayas
COOKE, F., ROCKWELL, R. F. & LANK, D. B. 1995. The Snow Geese of La Perouse Bay: Natural selection in the wild
CRAMP. S. & PERRINS, C.M. (eds). 1994. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The birds of the western palearctic. Volume VIII: Crows to Finches
DAVIES, M.N.O. & GREEN. P.R.(eds). 1994. Perception and Motor Control in Birds: An ecological approach
DAZLEY, R. A. & TRODD, P. 1994. An Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Bedfordshire 1988–92
DEL HOYO. J., ELLIOTT. A. & SARGATAL, J. (eds). 1994. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl
EVANS, M.I. 1994. Important Bird Areas in the Middle East
KEMP, A. 1995. The Hornbills
LEIBAK, E., LILLELEHT. V. & VEROMANN, H. (eds). 1994. Birds of Estonia.
LEVER, C. 1994. Naturalized Animals
NIGHTINGALE, T. & HILL. M. 1993. Birds of Bahrain
PAULSON, D. 1993. Shorebirds of the Pacific Northwest
POOLE, A.F. & GILL, F.B. (eds). 1994. The Birds of North America: Life histories for the 21st century. Nos 81–120
POONSWAD, P. & KEMP, A. (eds). 1993. Manual to the Conservation of Asian Hornbills
KEMP, A. 1995. The Hornbills
SILVA, T. 1993. A Monograph of Macaws and Conures
TUCKER, G.M. & HEATH, M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: Their conservation status
WEINER, J. 1994. The Beak of the Finch—Evolution in real time
WILLIAMS, T.D. 1995. The Penguins: Spheniscidae
WINKLER, H. CHRISTIE, D.A. & NURNEY, D. 1995. Woodpeckers: A guide to the woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks of the world     

New Phytologist 140 (1998), 363–383

In the November 1998 issue of New Phytologist , we published the Tansley review 'Gibberellins: regulating genes and germination' by Sian Ritchie and Simon Gilroy ( New Phytol. (1998) 140 , 363–383). Since its publication, it has come to our attention that text associated with Fig. 4 was omitted during production. The correct figure is reprinted here in full.
We apologise to the author and to our readers for this mistake.
Figure 4. Promoter sequences of various genes expressed in the cereal aleurone and shown to be regulated by GA. The position of each sequence is indicated relative to the start codon. Regions identified as being involved in regulation of the genes are highlighted, as are similar regions in other genes. Sites at which protein has been shown to bind are also indicated. ( a ) Barley Amy 32b (Sutcliff et al ., 1993; Whittier et al ., 1987); wheat Amy 2/54 (Huttley et al ., 1992; Rushton et al ., 1992; Rushton et al ., 1995); barley Amy 46 (Khursheed & Rogers, 1988); barley Amy 2/p155 (Knox et al ., 1987); barley aleurain (Whittier et al ., 1987); barley β-glucanase II (Wolf, 1992); wheat cathepsin B-like (Cejudo et al ., 1992); rice ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (Chen et al ., 1995). ( b ). Wheat Amy 1/18 (Rushton et al ., 1992); barley Amy pHV 19 (Jacobsen & Close, 1991; Gubler & Jacobsen, 1992)/ Amy 1 / 6-4 (Khursheed & Rogers, 1988; Rogers, Lanahan & Rogers 1994); rice OSamy-a / Amy 3c (Ou-Lee et al ., 1988; Sutcliff et al ., 1991; Yu et al ., 1992; Goldman et al ., 1994); rice Amy 3B (Sutcliffe et al ., 1991); rice OSamy-c (Kim et al ., 1992; Kim & Wu, 1992; Tanida et al ., 1994); rice Amy 1A (Huang et al ., 1990; Itoh et al ., 1995).
Figure 4 ( b ). For legend see facing page.     

BUCHBESPRECHUNGEN

Book reviewed in this article:
reviews type of article–
M ason , J. L. (ed.): Evolution of domesticated animals . London, New York: Longman 1984.
G riffiths , G. C. D. (ed.): Flies of the Nearctic Region . Vol. VIII: Cyclorrhapha II (Schizophora: Calyptratae), Part 2 Anthomyiidae, Number 1 by G. C. D. G riffiths . Stuttgart: E. Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 1982.
S impson , G. G.: Penguins . Past and Present, Here and There. New Haven and London: Yale University Press 1983.
G ans , E.; P ouch , F. H. (eds.): Biology of the Reptilia . Vol. 12. New York – London: Academic Press 1982. 564 S. DM 353,–. G ans , E. (ed.):
M atsuno , K.; D ose , K.; H arada , K.; R ohlfing , D. L. (eds.): Molecular Evolution and Protobiology . New York, London
F elsenstein , J. (ed.): Numerical Taxonomy . Nato AS1 Series. Series G Ecological Sciencesxs
S meets , W. J. A. J.; N ieuwenhuys , R.; R oberts , B. L.: The Central Nervous System of Cartilaginous Fishes . Structure and Functional Correlations. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1983
H echt , M. K.; W allace , B.; P range , G. T. (eds.): Evolutionary Biology . Vol. 18. New York and London     

Tansley Review No. 95: 15N natural abundance in soil–plant systems

The following citations were erroneously omitted from the 'References':
Groffman PM, Zak DR, Christensen S, Mosier A, Tiedje JM. 1993. Early spring nitrogen dynamics in a temperate forest landscape. Ecology 74 : 1579–1585.
Handley LL, Brendel O, Scrimgeour CM, Schmidt S, Raven JA, Turnbull MH, Stewart GR. 1996. The ¹⁵N natural abundance patterns of field-collected fungi from three kinds of ecosystems. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 10 : 974–978.
Handley LL, Daft MJ, Wilson J, Scrimgeour CM, Ingleby K, Sattar, MA. 1993. Effects of the ecto- and VA-mycorrhizal fungi Hydnagium carneum and Glomus clarum on the δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values of Eucalyptus globulus and Ricinus communis. Plant, Cell and Environment 16 : 375–382.
Handley LL, Odee D, Scrimgeour CM. 1994. δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C patterns in savanna vegetation: dependence on water availability and disturbance. Functional Ecology 8 : 306–314.
Handley LL, Raven JH. 1992. The use of natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes in plant physiology and ecology: commissioned review. Plant, Cell and Environment 15 : 965–985.
Handley LL, Scrimgeour CM. 1997. Terrestrial plant ecology and ¹⁵N natural abundance: the present limits to interpretation for uncultivated systems with original data from a Scottish old field. Advances in Ecological Research 27 : 133–212.
Hansen AP, Pate JS. 1987. Evaluation of the ¹⁵N natural abundance method and xylem sap analysis for assessing N₂ fixation of understorey legumes in jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest in S.W. Australia. Journal of Experimental Botany 38 : 1446–1458.
New Phytologist apologizes unreservedly to all authors of the above papers for this error.     

Eriorhynchidae, a new family of Prostigmata (Acarina), with a cladistic analysis of eupodoid species of Australia and New Zealand

A new family of eupodine Prostigmata, Eriorhynchidae fam.n. , is established to accommodate Eriorhynchus gen.n. , and five species from Australia: E.australicus (Womersley), E.hades sp.n. , E.ramosus sp.n. , E.walteri sp.n. and E.womersleyi sp.n. The new family is unique in the possession of 15–34 setae on the gnathosomatic base, a naso-prodorsal process with 9–28 setae and a palp tibia with 6 or 7 setae. A key to the families of Eupodoidea is provided. A cladistic analysis of twenty-seven eupodoid species from Australia and New Zealand is presented. Results indicate that the genus Eriorhynchus gen.n. (thus Eriorhynchidae) is monophyletic, and the Australian and New Zealand species of Halotydeus Berlese, Penthaleus C. L. Koch, Rhagidia Thorell and Stereotydeus Berlese form separate monophyletic goups, while the Penthaleidae are not monophyletic. The new family Eriorhynchidae is a sister group to a clade consisting of Penthaleus and Chromotydaeus quartus Qin & Halliday.     

Book Review

Book reviewed in this article:
AUSTRALIAN WEEVILS. By E. C. Zimmerman. Vol. I: Primitive Weevils, Anthribidae to Attelabidae, pp. 1–741, with appendix, Nemonychidae of Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia by G. Kuschel, 1994 ISBN 0 643 05145 7. Vol. II: Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae, plus Introduction to Immature Stages of Australian Curculionoidea by Brenda M. May     

Survival of Heterodera zeae in Soil in the Field and in the Laboratory

Eggs and (or) second-stage juveniles (J2) inside cysts of Heterodera zeae survived over winter in the field with no detectable mortality at all six depths to 30 cm from which soil samples were collected between corn stubble in the row at 4-8-week intervals. Few or no free J2 were recovered from soil collected in January-April from the top 5 cm, but some were recovered at all samplings from soil collected at greater depths. Emergence of J2 from cysts and numbers of females developing on corn roots in bioassays of cysts increased substantially between January and April. Cyst numbers in a fallow area of the corn field did not decline at any depth to 30 cm during 20 months. Free soil J2, J2 emerged from cysts, and females from the bioassay of cysts were highest at the first soil sampling in July after 10 months of fallow; numbers of nematodes in all three categories declined thereafter, but a few were still detectable after 20 months of fallow. Some cysts were still being recovered after 51 months from naturally infested field soil stored moist in the laboratory at 2 C and 24 C. Females were produced in the bioassays of cysts recovered from soil stored for 38 months at 24 C and for 32 months at 2 C. No free J2 were recovered from soil after 1 month of storage at -18 C, but even after 7 months storage J2 emerged from cysts that were recovered and many females developed in bioassays of those cysts.     

Species-specific responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide and tropospheric ozone mediate changes in soil carbon

We repeatedly sampled the surface mineral soil (0–20 cm depth) in three northern temperate forest communities over an 11-year experimental fumigation to understand the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) and/or elevated phyto-toxic ozone (O₃) on soil carbon (C). After 11 years, there was no significant main effect of CO₂ or O₃ on soil C. However, within the community containing only aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.), elevated CO₂ caused a significant decrease in soil C content. Together with the observations of increased litter inputs, this result strongly suggests accelerated decomposition under elevated CO_2. In addition, an initial reduction in the formation of new (fumigation-derived) soil C by O₃ under elevated CO₂ proved to be only a temporary effect, mirroring trends in fine root biomass. Our results contradict predictions of increased soil C under elevated CO₂ and decreased soil C under elevated O₃ and should be considered in models simulating the effects of Earth's altered atmosphere.     

El Nuevo Mundo: The Landscape of Latino Los Angeles

El Nuevo Mundo: The Landscape of Latino Los Angeles. Photographs by Camilo José Vergara. National Building Museum, Washington, D.C., December 3, 1998-March 19, 1999; Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, New York City, June 25-September 5, 1999; Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, January 29–July 16, 2000 (review venue); Graham Foundation, Chicago, November 15,2000–January 25,2001.
ElNuevo Mundo: The Landscape of Latino Los Angeles. Photographs by Camilo José Vergara. Gustavo Leclerc. Michael J. Dear. and J. Dallas Dishman. eds. Los Angeles: Southern California Studies Center, 2000.48 pp.     

Differentiation of Erwinia Species in the "Amylovorap" Group by Class Analysis of Cellular Fatty Acids

Cellular fatty acids of Erwinia species in the Amylovora group ( E. amylovora, E. nigrifluens, E. quercina, E. rubrifaciens, E. salicis and E. tracheiphila ), grown on King's medium B agar for 1,3, and 6 days at 28°C, were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, grouped by chemical class, and compared in order to differentiate the species. For the group in general, the average percentage in 1-day-old cells ranged 36.4–41.5% for the saturated straight-chain even-carbon fatty acids, (Class A), 0.3–0.7% for saturated straight-chain odd-carbons (Class B), 43.4–53.3% for unsaturated acids (Class C), 4.5–7.1% for hydroxy-substituted acids (Class D), 0.2–2.0% for branched-chain acids (Class E), and 0–7.5% for cyclopropane fatty acids (Class F). Species could be differentiated in 4 sequential steps based on: 1) percentage of the 12:0 fatty acid ( E. amylovora >3.6%, E. quercina (1%);2) sum of Classes E + F ( E. tracheiphila (0.3%);3) ratio Class A/(E + F) ( E. salicis <8); and percentage of 18:1 ( E. rubrifaciens >14%, E. nigrifluens < 14%). Physiological age significantly affected relative percentages of Classes B, C and F in E. amylovora and E. salicis ; of Classes A, C and F in E. quercina ; of Class A in E. tracheiphila ; and of Class C in E. nigrifluens.     

Population structure, growth and reproduction of roughhead grenadier on the Flemish Cap and Flemish Pass

Roughhead grenadier Macrourus berglax were collected during the Flemish Cap bottom survey (1991–2001, NAFO division 3M, depth of 200–720 m) and on commercial vessels (1998–2000, NAFO divisions 3L, M and N, depth of 700–1700 m). The abundance of roughhead grenadier, as well as their average size, increased with depth. Age and length composition of the catches showed clear differences between the sexes. The proportion of males in the catch declined in the larger length classes and there were no males in the largest length classes (25 cm). There were differences in the growth trajectories of the two sexes; both sexes grew similarly up to 9 years, but the male growth was slower thereafter. The pre-anal fin length at first maturity ( L _PA50) for roughhead grenadier females was 28·5 cm, whilst the age at 50% maturity was 15–16 years. Individual total fecundity varied between 8522 and 61 844 oocytes. Macrourus berglax had a prolonged life cycle and multi-aged population structure, with differences in growth and mortality between males and females, slow maturation and low fecundity.     

Editorial

New Phytologist welcomes this month, and introduces, its new Managing Editor, Jonathan Ingram. He comes to New Phytologist from Elsevier Science's Trends in Plant Science , where he has worked as Assistant Editor since the highly successful launch of that magazine in January 1996.
Jonathan's introduction to plant science, at Oxford over 10 years ago, was through the excellent tuition of Vernon Butt in a traditional botany degree. He then took a DPhil with Andrew Smith and Chris Leaver, learning biochemical and molecular research methods while studying malate decarboxylation associated with Crassulacean acid metabolism. He subsequently moved to the Max Planck Institute for Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany, where he did research with Dorothea Bartels into the molecular mechanism of drought tolerance in the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum , specifically the role of sucrose-phosphate synthase.
These are challenging times in science publishing, particularly as technological advances force rapid change, but there are also many exciting new opportunities. Jonathan's experience and background will help New Phytologist remain in the vanguard of plant journals, while maintaining its traditions of scientific excellence and friendly service to authors and readers, traditions carefully nurtured by his predecessor David Stribley.
We wish David improved health and a happy retirement.     

90 Initial characterization of the terminal domains of linear plasmid-like dna's from ernodesmis verticillata (chlorophyta)

Phylogenetic analyses inferred from rbcL sequences indicates that specimens of Caloglossa (Harvey) G. Martens collected from Vermilion Bay, Louisiana and Galveston, Texas, reported as C. leprieurii (Montagne) G. Martens (1869) constitutes a separate taxon. Studies are presently being conducted to compare this northwestern Gulf of Mexico taxon with material of C. intermedia Kamiya et West in Kamiya et al. (2000, J. Phycol. 36:411-420) from the Western Atlantic coast and with C. apomeiotica West et Zuccarello in West et al. (1994, Bot. Mar. 37:381–390) from Baja California, Mexico.