花椒挥发油的化学成分分析及体外抑菌活性研究

目的:明确花椒挥发油的主要化学成分及对部分细菌、真菌的体外抑菌活性.方法:①采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取花椒中挥发油并进行GC/MS分析;②K-B纸片扩散法和浓度稀释法测试6种菌株(金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923、大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853、枯草杆菌ATCC6633、白色假丝酵母菌ATCC90028、近平滑假丝酵母菌ATCC22019)体外抑菌活性.结果:①GC/Ms法分离出80余个峰,鉴定出81种物质,用面积归一法确定其相对百分含量;其中5种化合物已占到总量的60%以上,分别为桉树脑15.64%、4-萜品醇15.60%、D-柠檬油精13.72%、β-月桂烯10.20%、α-蒎烯4.03%.②花椒挥发油除对铜绿假单胞菌抑菌活性不明显外,对其它5种菌株均有较好的抑菌活性.结论:①花椒挥发油中化学成分复杂,其中含量超过5%的成分仅4种且最高含量小于16%.②花椒挥发油具有明显体外抑菌活性.     

柚皮挥发油化学成分及对灰葡萄孢菌的抑菌活性

为探讨柚皮挥发油用于果蔬采后抑菌防腐的可能性,本研究以水蒸气蒸馏法提取柚皮挥发油,利用菌丝生长速率法测定了挥发油及其主要化学成分对灰葡萄孢菌的接触和熏蒸抑菌活性。研究结果表明,用水蒸气蒸馏法提取10 h柚皮挥发油的得率为0.32%(w/w),挥发油密度为0.66 g/cm~3。通过气质联用分析发现柚皮挥发油中有8种主要化学成分,其中柠檬烯含量最高,其次是月桂烯和香柏酮。挥发油及柠檬烯和月桂烯的熏蒸抑菌活性显著高于相同剂量的接触抑菌活性,且柠檬烯的活性显著高于相同剂量的挥发油和月桂烯。由于柚皮挥发油对灰葡萄孢菌有显著的抑制作用,有必要进一步研究将其用于防治灰葡萄孢菌所致果蔬采后病害的可行性。     

滨海前胡不同部位挥发油化学成分GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取滨海前胡Peucedanum japonicum根、茎叶、花及果实中挥发油,使用GC-MS分析挥发油并鉴定其化学成分,比较不同部位挥发油的化学成分及含量差异。结果显示,从根、茎叶、花和果实挥发油中分别鉴定出58、36、40和45种化学成分, 分别占各部位挥发油总量的95.60%、98.03%、95.82%和95.36%。四个部位共鉴定出79个化学成分, 其中有相同化合物20种,主要成分为α-侧柏烯、α-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、β-蒎烯等。     

黔产天胡荽挥发油化学成分的研究

为了研究黔产天胡荽挥发油的化学成分并初步探讨其抑菌活性,本文采用了水蒸气蒸馏法从天胡荽中提取挥发油,并用GC-MS法采用最佳分析条件对化学成分进行鉴定,GC法测定各化合物在挥发油中的相对百分含量;采用滤纸片法,探讨了其对多种细菌的抑制活性。通过研究,共鉴定了38个成分,占挥发油成分的89．99％以上,且发现其对多种细菌有一定的抑制活性,本研究为对黔产天胡荽植物的进一步开发利用提供了科学依据。     

北细辛挥发油对5种镰刀菌的抑菌活性及其成分分析北大核心CSCD

以水蒸气蒸馏法提取北细辛挥发油,通过菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,研究其对5种马铃薯干腐病致病菌镰刀菌的抑菌效果,优化提取方法,并采用气质联用法分析挥发油的化学成分。结果表明北细辛挥发油对5种供试镰刀菌抑制作用显著,且抑菌活性与挥发油浓度呈剂量依赖性。不同方法提取的4组挥发油共鉴定出51种成分,其中18种组分相同,均以甲基丁香酚和黄樟醚为主,两者总含量达50%以上。地下部分挥发油含量明显高于地上部分,且超声辅助浸提法提取率更高。因此,北细辛挥发油可进一步开发为植物源农药,具有很好的开发前景。     

毛两面针挥发油化学成分及其生物活性

研究了毛两面针挥发油抑菌作用。抗菌实验结果表明,水蒸馏法提取的挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有明显的抑菌作用,乙醚提取的挥发油原液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、白色念珠菌有明显的抑菌作用。采用GC/MS分析了水蒸汽所得挥发油的化学成分,鉴定了20种物质,其中,主要成分是倍半萜。(-)-spathulenol、-γelemene和germacrene D等已被报道有抑菌作用的成分含量分别为12.53%、1.75%和1.44%。     

北细辛挥发油对5种镰刀菌的抑菌活性及其成分分析

以水蒸气蒸馏法提取北细辛挥发油,通过菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,研究其对5种马铃薯干腐病致病菌镰刀菌的抑菌效果,优化提取方法,并采用气质联用法分析挥发油的化学成分。结果表明北细辛挥发油对5种供试镰刀菌抑制作用显著,且抑菌活性与挥发油浓度呈剂量依赖性。不同方法提取的4组挥发油共鉴定出51种成分,其中18种组分相同,均以甲基丁香酚和黄樟醚为主,两者总含量达50%以上。地下部分挥发油含量明显高于地上部分,且超声辅助浸提法提取率更高。因此,北细辛挥发油可进一步开发为植物源农药,具有很好的开发前景。     

昆仑雪菊挥发油化学成分及对新生隐球菌抗菌作用

【目的】探究昆仑雪菊挥发油对新生隐球菌抗菌活性及细胞膜的影响。【方法】采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取昆仑雪菊挥发油并用GC-MS分析挥发油中的化学成分,采用微量稀释法测定昆仑雪菊挥发油对新生隐球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),研究昆仑雪菊挥发油对新生隐球菌生物量和芽管萌发的影响,以及昆仑雪菊挥发油对细胞膜中麦角固醇合成和细胞膜渗透性的作用。【结果】昆仑雪菊挥发油对隐球菌的最小抑菌浓度为0.781μL/m L,昆仑雪菊挥发油对新生隐球菌的生物量和芽管萌发都有一定的抑制作用,其抑制作用与浓度呈正相关的趋势。昆仑雪菊挥发油能减少新生隐球菌细胞膜中麦角固醇的合成,并使新生隐球菌细胞膜的渗透性发生改变。【结论】昆仑雪菊挥发油通过破坏新生隐球菌细胞膜而对其达到抑制作用。     

黔产莪术不同炮制品中挥发油成分GC-MS分析

本研究利用GC-MS法分析比较不同炮制品的黔产莪术中挥发油含量及其化学成分的差别。本实验通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同炮制类型的黔产莪术中挥发油类成分,采用GC-MS法对黔产莪术挥发油的化学成分进行分析,通过标准谱库检索分析计算,确定黔产莪术挥发油中所含的主要成分,并比较四者所含化学成分的异同。结果显示,从4种饮片中共检测出78种化学成分,其中鲜品莪术挥发油中有58个化学成分,生切饮片挥发油中有53个化学成分,蒸制饮片挥发油中有52个化学成分,醋炙莪术挥发油中有51个化学成分。由此得出结论,4种挥发油中的主要成分为单萜和倍半萜类,但是不同炮制法制备的黔产莪术中挥发油的含量及其成分组成存在较大的差异。本研究将为黔产莪术加工炮制及综合开发利用提供指导。     

桑螵蛸挥发油的提取及对MRSA体外抑菌效应的初步研究

目的研究桑螵蛸挥发油提取物对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的体外抑菌效应。方法采用索氏提取法提取桑螵蛸中挥发油成分,在鉴定耐药基因基础上,再采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)、试管稀释法(MIC法)、吸光度值测定法来观察桑螵蛸挥发油提取物对MRSA的体外抑菌效应。结果桑螵蛸挥发油提取物对MRSA的生长表现出抑制效应。结论桑螵蛸挥发油提取物对MRSA具有一定的抑菌效应,为下一步研究其详细有效成分及开发提供数据和理论依据。     

Toxicity of citrus essential oils against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae

Citrus peel essential oils are considered to constitute the most important resistance factor of citrus fruits against fruit flies. Essential oils were obtained from three sweet orange varieties, one bitter orange and one lemon variety. Yield, chemical composition and toxicity against neonates of the Mediterranean fruit fly were determined. Based on chemical analysis, the toxicity of commercially purchased major and minor components (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) of essential oils was determined. In addition, fractions were prepared to evaluate the role of minor components in the toxicity of crude essential oils. Limonene was by far the most abundant ingredient (96.2–97.4%) in all sweet orange varieties and in bitter orange, while the concentration of limonene was much lower in lemon essential oils (74.3%). Orange and bitter orange essential oils were more toxic than lemon essential oils. The toxicity of orange and bitter orange essential oils was similar to that of their major component limonene. In tests of commercially purchased chemicals, the oxygenated components of essential oils were more toxic than hydrocarbons but their low concentration in citrus essential oils could not affect the toxic activity of essential oils. The presence of α-pinene and β-pinene seems to account for the lower toxicity of lemon essential oils in relation to other citrus essential oils. The importance of understanding the toxicity of essential oils in relation to their composition and their role regarding the resistance of citrus fruits to Ceratitis capitata infestation is discussed.     

Antioxidant properties of essential oils from lemon, grapefruit, coriander, clove, and their mixtures

Antioxidant properties of individual essential oils from lemon (Citrus limon L.), pink grapefruit (Citrus paradise L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus L.) buds and their mixtures were studied by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was assessed by oxidation of the aliphatic aldehyde hexanal to the carboxylic acid. The lowest and highest antioxidant activities were exhibited by grapefruit and clove bud essential oils, respectively. Mixtures containing clove bud essential oil also strongly inhibited oxidation of hexanal. Changes in the composition of essential oils and their mixtures in the course of long-term storage in the light were studied. The stability of components of lemon and coriander essential oils in mixtures increased compared to individual essential oils.     

燕子掌挥发油化学成分的研究

应用气象色谱-质谱联用技术对燕子掌挥发油化学成分进行了分析研究,共鉴定出66种组分与燕子掌主要挥发性化学成分以苯乙醇、2,6,6-三甲基-2,4-环庚二烯-1-酮、6,10,14-三甲基十五烷-2-酮、十六烷酸甲酯、十六烷酸乙酯、十八烷酸甲酯为主要成分,化合物类型以酮、酯、类等化合物为主,其中十六烷酸甲酯的含量最高,占挥发油总量的26．13％。     

杉木心材精油抑菌活性及其化学成分研究

通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取杉木心材精油,并进行柱层析分离、气-质联用分析和抑菌活性试验,比较分析了精油含量、化学组成和抑菌活性成分.结果表明,杉木心材精油含量为1.794～2.076(w/w);气-质联用分析共分离出47个色谱峰,鉴定出27个化合物(占精油总量的99%),其中主要成分为柏木脑(76.27%);杉木心材精油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌等均有较明显的抑制作用;柏木脑是杉木精油的主要抑菌活性成分.     

鄂西香茶菜中挥发油成分分析

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法分别从鄂西香茶菜的叶、花和果实中提取挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对其挥发油中的化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定,运用气相色谱峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对百分含量。从鄂西香茶菜的3种挥发油中共鉴定出39种成分,分别从叶、花及果实中鉴定出18、19和23种成分,其中只有6种成分在这3个部位都被鉴出,3种不同部位得到的挥发油成分差异较大。它们的挥发油中主要成分为单萜、倍半萜和二萜类化合物。     

桂产罗勒挥发油化学成分的分析

采用GC-MS法建立桂产罗勒挥发油的化学成分分析方法。采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取罗勒挥发油,用GC-MS联用技术分离并鉴定其成分,并用面积归一化法测定成分的相对含量。共鉴定出54个化合物,占挥发油总量的90.21%。桂产罗勒挥发油的主要成分是对烯丙基茴香醚、(+)表-双环倍半水芹烯、3,7,11-三甲基-(Z,E)-1,3,6,10-十二碳四烯,与文献报道的其他产地的罗勒油的化学成分存在显著差异。     

Anti-bacterial activity of chitosan loaded plant essential oil against multi drug resistant K. pneumoniae

The development of antibiotic resistant in K. pneumoniae is an emerging thread worldwide due to the poor antimicrobial drugs. To overcome this issue, researchers are focused on plant material and their essential oils to fight against multi drug resistant bacteria. In this context, the current study was concentrated in medicinal plant of guva leaves and their essential oils to combat multi drug resistant bacterial infections. The essential oils were successfully screened and confirmed by HRLC-MS analysis. The anti-bacterial ability of the compounds were loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles and proved by FT-IR analysis. In addition, the chitosan loaded essential oils morphology was compared with chitosan alone in SEM analysis and suggested that the material was loaded successfully. Further, the anti-bacterial ability of the chitosan loaded essential oils were primarily confirmed by agar well diffusion method. At the 100 µg/mL of lowest concentration of chitosan loaded essential oils, the multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae was inhibited with 96% and confirmed by minimum inhibition concentration experiment. Hence, all the experiments were proved that the essential oils were successfully loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles, and it has more anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae.     

油樟叶挥发油的镇痛活性研究

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取四川宜宾产油樟叶中挥发油,气相色谱-质谱联用仪鉴定油樟叶挥发油的主要化学成分,然后根据电热板和醋酸扭体实验研究不同剂量的油樟叶挥发油对小鼠疼痛阈值的影响。GC-MS结果显示,油樟叶挥发油主要含1,8-桉叶油素、α-萜品醇和香桧烯等26个主要化学成分,其中1,8-桉叶油素含量占58.55%。油樟叶挥发油中、低剂量组可延长小鼠对热致痛的痛阈时间,高、中剂量组可显著减少小鼠醋酸致痛扭体次数,镇痛百分率分别为74.69%和73.11%,与对照组呈极显著差异。     

Plant essential oils synergize various pyrethroid insecticides and antagonize malathion in Aedes aegypti

Pyrethroid resistance is a significant threat to agricultural, urban and public health pest control activities. Because economic incentives for the production of novel active ingredients for the control of public health pests are lacking, this field is particularly affected by the potential failure of pyrethroid‐based insecticides brought about by increasing pyrethroid resistance. As a result, innovative approaches are desperately needed to overcome insecticide resistance, particularly in mosquitoes that transmit deadly and debilitating pathogens. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of plant essential oils to enhance the efficacy of pyrethroids. The toxicity of pyrethroids combined with plant oils is significantly greater than the baseline toxicity of either oils or pyrethroids applied alone, which suggests there are synergistic interactions between components of these mixtures. The present study examined the potential of eight plant essential oils applied in one of two concentrations (1% and 5%) to enhance the toxicity of various pyrethroids (permethrin, natural pyrethrins, deltamethrin and β‐cyfluthrin). The various plant essential oils enhanced the pyrethroids to differing degrees. The levels of enhancement provided by combinations of plant essential oils and pyrethroids in comparison with pyrethroids alone were calculated and synergistic outcomes characterized. Numerous plant essential oils significantly synergized a variety of pyrethroids; type I pyrethroids were synergized to a greater degree than type II pyrethroids. Eight plant essential oils significantly enhanced 24‐h mortality rates provided by permethrin and six plant essential oils enhanced 24‐h mortality rates obtained with natural pyrethrins. By contrast, only three plant essential plants significantly enhanced the toxicity of deltamethrin and β‐cyfluthrin. Of the plant essential oils that enhanced the toxicity of these pyrethroids, some produced varying levels of synergism and antagonism. Geranium, patchouli and Texas cedarwood oils produced the highest levels of synergism, displaying co‐toxicity factors of > 100 in some combinations. To assess the levels of enhancement and synergism of other classes of insecticide, malathion was also applied in combination with the plant oils. Significant antagonism was provided by a majority of the plant essential oils applied in combination with this insecticide, which suggests that plant essential oils may act to inhibit the oxidative activation processes within exposed adult mosquitoes.     

Impact of essential oils on growth rate, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium graminearum under different temperature and water activity conditions in maize grain

AIMS: The effect of five essential oils (oregano, cinnamon, lemongrass, clove and palmarose) on growth rate, zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) production by Fusarium graminearum strains was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS: The influence of the essential oils was tested on irradiated maize at two concentrations (500 and 1000 mg kg-1), at different water activity (aw) (0.95 and 0.995) and temperature (20 and 30 degrees C) levels. At 0.995 aw all essential oils tested had an inhibitory effect on growth rate of F. graminearum at both temperatures studied. At this aw level, DON production in general was inhibited by all essential oils at 30 degrees C and, although palmarose and clove were the only essential oils with statistically significant inhibitory effect on ZEA production, an inhibitory trend was observed when cinnamon and oregano oils were added to maize grain. CONCLUSIONS: Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of the essential oils assayed was shown to depend on environmental conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is apparent that essential oils should be considered as alternative preharvest natural fungicides. Further investigation on natural maize grain might be useful to study the effectiveness of these essential oils in the presence of natural mycoflora of maize grain.