与胃癌发生相关MicroRNA 的研究新进展

MicroRNA(微小核糖核酸;miRNA)是一类长约20～25个核苷酸的非编码的单链RNA分子.它的表达与个体发育、增殖、分化以及恶性肿瘤发生密切相关[1,2].近期研究表明microRNA具有癌基因和抑癌基因的作用.新研究发现miR-20b,miR-150,miR- 106a,miR-27a,miR107,miR-21,miR-20a与胃癌的发生过程呈正相关;而Let-7microRNA,miR-218,miR-101,miR-650,miR-29,miR-34,miR-451与胃癌的发生过程呈负相关.本文就胃癌发生相关microRNA的研究新进展予以综述.     

肿瘤发生过程中miRNA与lncRNA的相互作用

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是生物体内普遍存在,且对生命活动具有重要调控作用的生物分子.以微RNA（microRNA,miRNA）和长链非编码RNA（long non coding RNA,lncRNA）为代表的ncRNA分子在肿瘤发生和发展过程中都有重要的作用.越来越多研究发现,miRNA和lncRNA之间的关系是非常密切的,某些lncRNA(如H19和BIC)可以作为miRNA的前体,通过加工成miRNA而发挥作用.有些miRNA通过作用于lncRNA影响肿瘤的发生(如：miR-129与MEG3,let-7与H19);同样地,有些lncRNA通过作用于miRNA影响肿瘤的发生(如：HULC与miR-372,PTCSC3与miR-574-5p,ciRS-7与miR-7,Sry与miR-138).miRNA与lncRNA之间既可以直接相互作用,也可以通过其它分子（特别是蛋白质或蛋白质复合物）间接地影响着肿瘤的发生和发展.揭示miRNA和lncRNA相互作用在肿瘤发生中的作用可以为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新思路.     

p53/miR-34a调控网络在肿瘤中的作用

MicroRNA是重要的调控分子,长约22 nt,属于非编码RNA,对肿瘤的发生和发展起着重要的作用。miR-34a是研究比较清楚的microRNA,目前认为是重要的抑癌micro RNA。p53是一个重要的抑癌基因。p53与miR-34a形成的正反馈调控网络具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长、转移及抑制肿瘤干细胞的功能。现综述p53/miR-34a调控网络研究的最新进展,并探讨其在肿瘤诊断及治疗中的应用。     

日本血吸虫非编码小RNA研究进展

非编码小RNA是一类通过调节基因的表达从而影响生命活动的小分子,主要包括微小RNA、内源性小干扰RNA、Piwi蛋白相互作用的RNA及竞争性内源RNA。研究发现日本血吸虫感染动物后,宿主和虫体的非编码小RNA的表达水平均发生了改变。宿主源的非编码小RNA主要为微小RNA,其中miR-454和miR-203与日本血吸虫病发生发展有关,miR-223和miR-451与日本血吸虫自身生长发育有关;日本血吸虫非编码小RNA包括微小RNA、内源性小干扰RNA,这些非编码小RNA在日本血吸虫的生长、发育、性成熟及产卵中发挥着重要作用,如sjalet-7、sja-bantam,而且像sja-miR-3479和sja-miR-0001还可以诊断日本血吸虫病。就日本血吸虫非编码小RNA的研究进展进行综述,为日本血吸虫病的防治提供参考。     

长链非编码RNA与肿瘤的关系及其临床价值

长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,IncDNA）是指长度超过200个核苷酸、具有调控基因表达作用的非编码RNA。近年来研究表明,长链非编码RNA在肿瘤的发生、发展过程中发挥着促癌或抑癌作用,它们参与了细胞凋亡调控、肿瘤浸润与转移等过程;另外,它们还通过表观遗传调控的方式影响肿瘤细胞的生长。它们有希望成为新型肿瘤标志物和肿瘤治疗的靶点,在肿瘤诊断和治疗方面显示出良好的临床应用前号。     

微RNA-375的抑癌机制

微RNA-375（microRNA-375,miR-375）是最早在胰腺组织中发现的微RNA,参与胰岛的形成和发展,具有调节胰岛素分泌的功能. 新近研究发现,miR-375在多种肿瘤组织（包括呼吸系统、消化系统、泌尿生殖系统、皮肤和妇科肿瘤组织）中和食管鳞状细胞癌、肝癌和胰腺癌患者外周血中明显表达异常. miR 375可通过调控多个靶基因（如：3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1、14-3-3ζ、Janus激酶2、p53、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、Wnt、血管内皮生长因子、胰岛素样生长因子 1受体、星形胶质细胞升高基因 1/异黏蛋白、地塞米松诱导的Ras相关蛋白1和特异蛋白1等相关基因）,参与肿瘤的发生和发展过程. 提高细胞内miR 375的水平能够抑制肿瘤细胞（如：头颈鳞癌、胃癌、食管鳞癌、黑色素瘤和乳腺癌等肿瘤细胞）的增殖和迁移. 因此,具有抑癌活性的miR 375是一种有临床价值的新型肿瘤分子标志物和肿瘤靶向治疗的新靶点.     

MicroRNA-449a/b抑制人结肠癌细胞内Fra-1的表达

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 是一类长度约为22 nt的非编码的调控性小RNA,它们在诸多的生命活动中发挥重要作用,如参与调控细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡以及肿瘤的发生发展. MicroRNA-449a/b (miR 449a/b) 是脊椎动物中进化保守的miRNA,作为抑癌基因,参与了许多癌症的发生过程,但其在结肠癌中的作用尚不清楚. 本文利用实时荧光定量技术研究了miR-449a/b在结肠癌组织中的表达. 利用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统及Western印迹鉴定miR-449a/b的靶基因. 应用MTS法和Transwell分别检测miR-449a/b对结肠癌细胞增殖和迁移的影响. 检测组蛋白乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古菌素A (trichostatin A, TSA) 对结肠癌细胞中miR-449a/b表达的影响. 研究结果表明：与正常结肠组织相比,miR-449a/b在结肠癌组织中低表达;miR 449a/b能够结合到FRA-1 mRNA 3′-非翻译区 (3′-untranslated region, 3′-UTR),从而抑制结肠癌细胞HCT116内源Fra 1的表达;外源转染miR-449a/b明显抑制结肠癌细胞HCT116的增殖和迁移;并且TSA处理能够诱导结肠癌细胞HCT116中miR-449a/b的表达. 以上结果提示: miR-449a/b可能通过抑制靶基因Fra-1的表达,进而抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖和迁移．     

miRNA-200 家族在卵巢癌中作用的研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类非编码小分子RNA,参与基因转录后水平调控,与肿瘤的形成、侵袭及转移、治疗及预后过程密切相关。研究发现,miRNA-200家族包括miR-141、miR-200a、miR-200b、miR-200c和miR-429在卵巢癌中的表达改变明显,且参与卵巢癌的发生、侵袭转移、卵巢癌细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性及复发过程,可能是用于卵巢癌的早期诊断、治疗、预后预测的指标。本文主要对miRNA-200家族在卵巢癌中的研究进展进行综述。     

长链非编码RNA在心肌肥厚中的研究现状及进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNAs,lncRNAs)的结构、功能存在多样性,参与多种生理及病生理过程,具有重要的功能,是近期的生物医学研究热点之一。长链非编码RNA与多种心血管疾病密切相关,最新的报道发现长链非编码RNA在心肌肥厚的发生和发展中发挥重要作用。本文主要结合长链非编码RNA在心肌肥厚领域的研究现状,综述其在疾病发生发展中的作用和意义。     

miR-145与肿瘤相关研究及其临床应用

microRNAs(miRs)是一类长约22核苷酸的内源性非编码单链RNA分子,对生长发育、细胞增殖、凋亡乃至肿瘤发生发展等生命过程具有重要作用.其中,miR-145是研究最多的miRs之一,研究发现其在多种肿瘤组织中表达下调.通过与多种靶分子,如OCT4、MUC1等相互作用,miR-145可影响肿瘤细胞的增殖、转移及凋亡等过程.在临床应用方面,多项研究发现,miR-145表达水平与肿瘤患者的诊断及预后具有良好的相关性.此外,其表达水平还与卵巢癌等多种肿瘤的化疗耐药性相关.本文就miR-145对肿瘤的发生发展的作用及影响,以及在临床上诊断、治疗和预后等方面的应用前景做一综述.     

MicroRNA-203 leads to G1 phase cell cycle arrest in laryngeal carcinoma cells by directly targeting survivin

Previous studies have shown that miR-203 acts as a tumor-suppressive microRNA in various cancers, but its roles in laryngeal carcinoma are still contradicted. Here, we found that miR-203 inhibited the growth of laryngeal cancer cells and survivin was a direct target of miR-203. Moreover, silencing of survivin recapitulated the effect of miR-203 on cell cycle progression, whereas overexpression of survivin reversed this effect. Additionally, qRT-PCR showed the reciprocal relationship between miR-203 and survivin in laryngeal cancer tissues. These findings indicate that miR-203 inhibits the proliferation of laryngeal carcinoma cells by directly targeting survivin, suggesting its application in anti-cancer therapeutics.     

DGCR5 promotes cancer stem cell-like properties of radioresistant laryngeal carcinoma cells by sponging miR-506 via Wnt pathway

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been recognized as the significant cause of tumor recurrence. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various cancers, including human laryngeal cancer. So far the correlation between lncRNA DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 5 (DGCR5) and CSC-like properties in human laryngeal cancer remains barely known. In our current study, two human larynx squamous carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2 and Hep-2R) with different radio sensitivities were cultured. Interestingly, CSC-like phenotypes were much more enriched in Hep-2R cells. We found that DGCR5 was upregulated and microRNA-506 (miR-506) was downregulated in Hep-2R cells. In addition, silence of DGCR5 could inhibit the stemness and enhance the radiosensitivity of Hep-2R cells. Meanwhile, overexpression of miR-506 also suppressed the CSC-like traits and the radiosensitivity was increased significantly. In addition, miR-506 was predicted as target of DGCR5 and the correlation between them was validated in our study. Finally, we observed that Wnt pathway exerted a significant role in human laryngeal CSCs and DGCR5 inhibition could repress Wnt signaling activity by sponging miR-506. In vivo assays were performed and we found that DCGR5 depressed stemness of human laryngeal cancer cells through modulating miR-506 and Wnt signaling pathway. Taken these together, we reported that DGCR5 induced CSC-like properties by sponging miR-506 through activating Wnt in human laryngeal carcinoma cells.     

Noncoding RNAs in acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI), caused by various stimuli including ischemia reperfusion, nephrotoxic insult, and sepsis, is characterized by abrupt decline of kidney function. Till now, the molecular mechanisms for AKI have not been fully explored and the effective therapies are still lacking. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), a group of biomolecules function at RNA level, are involved in a wide range of physiopathological processes including AKI. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most extensively studied ncRNAs in AKI. Evidence indicated that miRNAs are altered significantly in various types of AKI. Gain-and-loss-of-function studies demonstrated that miRNAs, such as miR-24, miR-126, miR-494, and miR-687, may bind to the 3′-untranslated region of their target genes to regulate inflammation, programmed cell death, and cell cycle in the injury and repair stages of AKI, indicating their therapeutic potential in AKI. In contrast, functions of long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs in AKI are hot topics but still largely unknown. Additionally, ncRNAs packaged in exosome can be detected in circulation and urine, they may serve as specific biomarkers for AKI. This review summarized the alteration and functional role of ncRNAs and their therapeutic potential in AKI.     

非复制型腺病毒携带miR-1的表达诱导肝癌细胞凋亡

miR-1在多种肝癌细胞中被甲基化沉默,导致其下游多个癌基因MET,FoxP1,HDAC4等大量表达,促进了肝癌的增殖.本研究利用非复制型腺病毒Ad-easy携带miR-1（Ad-miR-1）在肝癌细胞PLC/PRF/5和HepG2中过表达miR-1,探讨miR-1抑制肝癌细胞的作用机制.结果表明,肝癌细胞PLC/PRF/5和HepG2中miR-1表达水平极低,感染Ad-miR-1后miR-1表达水平显著上升.肝癌细胞PLC/PRF/5和HepG2感染Ad-miR-1后,MET和FoxP1的mRNA水平和蛋白表达水平被显著下调,细胞凋亡水平显著增加,肝癌细胞的增殖被抑制. 可见,miR-1在肝癌细胞中可能是一个重要的抑癌因子.同时,利用腺病毒载体携带抗癌的microRNA（如miR-1）,也为今后的基因治疗研究提供了一种新方法.     

Knockdown of DGCR5 enhances the radiosensitivity of human laryngeal carcinoma cells via inducing miR-195

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exert critical roles in the development of various cancers, including human laryngeal cancer. Radioresistance contributes to the predominant causes of laryngeal cancer recurrence after radiotherapy. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of dysregulated lncRNA and radiation resistance in human larynx squamous carcinoma. Here, we investigated the biological roles of lncRNA DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 5 (DGCR5) in radioresistance of human laryngeal cancer. Two human larynx squamous carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2 and Hep-2R), with different radiosensitivities in vitro were used in the present study. We observed that DGCR5 was significantly upregulated in Hep-2R cells. Inhibition of DGCR5 by LV-shDGCR5 transfection restrained Hep-2R cell proliferation and sensitized cells to radiation. Reversely, overexpression of DGCR5 exhibited an opposite phenomenon in vitro. In addition, microRNA (miR)-195 was predicted as a direct downstream target of DGCR5. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays verified the direct interaction between them. Meanwhile, miR-195 was observed to be reduced in Hep-2R cells and miR-195 mimics repressed Hep-2 cell growth. Moreover, radiosensitivity of Hep-2R cells was greatly enhanced by overexpression of miR-195, which could be reversed by upregulation of DGCR5. Finally, in vivo experiments were used to validate that knockdown of DGCR5 suppressed laryngeal carcinoma via targeting miR-195. In conclusion, we indicated that DGCR5 could contribute to the radioresistance of human laryngeal carcinoma cells via sponging miR-195.     

A panel of noncoding RNAs in non–small-cell lung cancer

Non–small-lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death. Early detection of NSCLC could pave the way for effective therapies. Analysis of molecular genetic biomarkers in biological fluids has been proposed as a useful tool for cancer diagnosis. Here, we aimed to develop a panel of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in sputum for NSCLC early detection. Expression of 11 ncRNAs were analyzed by real–time polymerase chain reaction in sputum samples of 30 NSCLC patients and 30 sex- and age-matched cancer-free controls. Stability of endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs) in sputum was evaluated after 3 and 6 days at 4°C, 6 months, and 1 year at −80°C. Nine ncRNAs showed significant differences of their expression in sputum between NSCLC patients and controls. A logistic regression model with the best prediction was built based on miR-145, miR-126, and miR-7. The composite of the three miRNAs produced 90% sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing NSCLC patients from the controls. Results indicate that miRNAs could be useful biomarkers based on their stability under various storage conditions and maintain differential changes between cancer and control groups. Moreover, measurement of miRNAs in sputum could be a noninvasive approach for detection of lung cancer.