草型富营养化湖泊生态恢复工程技术的研究--内蒙古乌梁素海生态恢复工程试验研究

在典型草型富营养化湖泊-内蒙古乌梁素海设立试验研究基地,进行较大规模生态恢复工程试验,研究表明,实施沉水植物收割工程与芦苇园田化生态管理工程是草型富营养化湖泊生态恢复的两项重要技术措施。以机械化方式收割沉水植物能够削减湖泊内源性营养物负荷的积累和释放,减少二次污染,抑制生物填平作用,改善水体环境;采用机械化技术控制芦苇蔓延、打开芦苇区通风道和通水道,可以重建湖泊绿色自然景观,提高全湖水流循环速度。有计划、合理地运用生态恢复工程不仅可以减轻草型湖泊所面临的巨大生态压力,延缓沼泽化演化进程。而且可以在实施生态工程的同时开发利用水生植物资源,使湖泊环境与湿地综合利用得到持续发展。     

Essential role of seaweed cultivation in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture farms for global expansion of mariculture: an analysis

Ecologically friendly aquaculture crops, such as seaweeds, herbivores, omnivores, and detritivores can be cultured using relatively less of our limited natural resources and produce relatively less pollution. They also top FAO’s estimates of aquaculture crops for the 21st century. These crops already comprise nearly 90% of global aquaculture tonnage, >90% of all aquaculture production in China and >60% of production even in North America. Consumers prefer them, most likely due to their low prices. Production costs of organisms low on the food chain are low due to the ability of these organisms to efficiently utilize low-cost, mostly plant-based diets and to recycle their own waste. Thus, ecologically friendly aquaculture is not a dream but a dominant global reality. The less ecologically-friendly aquaculture of salmon, sea bream, fed shrimp, among others, has attracted public opposition to aquaculture, but these crops totaled approximately only 10% of global production in 2004. The profitability of industrialized monocultures of these crops is threatened further by rising costs of energy and feed, environmental regulation compliance, disease, and public opposition. Current monoculture practices and perceptions intrinsic to the aquaculture industry can be turned around into a vision of sustained profitable expansion of carnivores production with trophically lower organisms in ecologically-balanced aquaculture farms. This category of aquaculture, which is the modern intensive form of polyculture practiced in Asia, feeds the waste of carnivore culture to lower trophic level organisms, primarily algae and mollusks. Species are selected based on their ecological functions in addition to their economic potential. Ecologically-balanced farms turn the costly treatment of carnivore waste outside the farm to a revenue-generating process of biofiltration, conversion, and resource recovery into plant and mollusk crops inside the farm. In doing so, they solve several of the major problems faced by modern aquaculture. The aquaculture industry can protect its own interests – and reap major benefits – by understanding the importance of ecological balance, the potential of seaweeds as components in feeds, and the importance of the culture and R&D of low trophic level organisms. The industry should also accept the relevance of environmental, social, and image aspects of aquaculture to its success. Governments have the tools to reward multi-trophic farms with seaweeds by means of tax credits and nutrient credits and to penalize unbalanced monoculture approaches by means of ‘polluter pays’ fines, thereby providing the multi-trophic farms with a significant economic advantage. Such measures have been discussed, but their implementation has been slow.     

Microalgae for use in tropical aquaculture I: Gross chemical and fatty acid composition of twelve species of microalgae from the Northern Territory,Australia

Twelve species of microalgae, isolated from north Australian marine, freshwater and hypersaline environments, were grown under controlled conditions of temperature, pH, photon flux density and salinity, and analysed for ash, total protein, water soluble carbohydrates, chlorophylla, total lipids, total fatty acids and fatty acid composition. Highest levels of the polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3)] were found in the marine diatoms.Nitzschia (frustulum) andN. closterium (23.1% and 15.2% of total fatty acids, respectively). None of the species studied had levels of docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] greater than 1.1 % of total fatty acids. None of the chlorophyte species contained significant levels of either 20:5(n-3) or 22:6(n-3). The highest total fatty acid concentration of all species in the study was found in the freshwater chlorophyte speciesScenedesmus dimorphus (105 mg g^–1 dry wt). The hypersaline speciesDunaliella salina had the highest total lipid content (28.1% dry wt), followed byN. closterium, N. (frustulum) andNavicula sp. (24.2–27.8% dry wt).Chlamydomonas sp. had the highest protein content (66.9% dry wt).N. (frustulum) was highlighted as a possible useful source of lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in mixed microalgal diets for mariculture organisms used in tropical aquaculture.Author for correspondence     

雨水回收利用生态工程及其应用——以中国科学院研究生院怀柔新校区为例

为了节约北京市的水资源,减少雨水中所携带的污染物排放对环境造成的污染,结合中国科学院研究生院怀柔新校区即将建设的实际工程,对怀柔区的自然环境特征进行了调查,并根据现有校园规划设计方案,对园区内水量平衡进行计算,在最大化收集雨水和剩余中水的基础上,得出为保持园区内水量平衡,每月所需补充或外排的水量。同时,基于水量平衡表所得出的园区内水量较为丰富的结果,采用了自然回收净化、部分间接利用的雨水回收利用生态工程,并提出雨水回收利用流程的方案:针对校园内不同汇水面上的雨水质量不同的特点,分别对它们设计了不同的回收方法,使之最终汇入园区内的景观水系。景观水体中的水通过景观水处理装置进行循环处理,保证水的质量。灌溉绿化及清洗道路可直接抽取景观水使用。应用雨水回收生态工程取得了很好的生态效益与社会效益,既节约了水资源,又可以补充地下水源,防洪减排,还能减少雨水所携带的污染物对环境的破坏。     

Microalgae for use in tropical aquaculture II: Effect of salinity on growth,gross chemical composition and fatty acid composition of three species of marine microalgae

The influence of salinity on the growth, gross chemical composition and fatty acid composition of three species of marine microalgae,Isochrysis sp.,Nannochloropsis oculata andNitzschia (frustulum), was investigated. There was no significant change in growth rate ofIsochrysis sp. andN. (frustulum) over the experimental range of salinity (10–35 ppt), whileN. oculata had a significantly slower growth rate only at 35 ppt. The ash content of all three species increased with increasing salinity. Two species,Isochrysis sp. andN. oculata, showed significant linear increases in total lipid content with increasing salinity over the range 10 to 35 ppt.N. (frustulum) showed significant linear decrease in total lipids, with the highest percentage at low salinity within the range 10–15 ppt. Variation in salinity had only a slight effect on the total protein, the soluble carbohydrate and chlorophylla content of all species. All species responded to change in salinity by modifying their cellular fatty acid compositions. Significant positive correlations were observed between increase in salinity and increase in the percentage ofcis-9-hexadecenoic acid [16:1 (n-7)] over the entire experimental range inN. (frustulum) and between 25–35 ppt inN. oculata. There were curved relationships between salinity and percentage of hexadecanoic acid [16:0] inN. oculata andN. (frustulum), with maxima within the range 25–30 ppt for both species. A curved relationship was found between salinity and percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid [20–5(n-3)], forN. (frustulum), with lowest percentages of the fatty acid within the range 25–30 ppt. There was no consistent pattern in the percentages of other major fatty acids as functions of salinity. The Northern Territory isolateN. (frustulum) was unusual in having a substantial increase in total fatty acids with decreasing salinity (85 mg g^–1 dry wt at 10 ppt compared with 33 mg g^–1 at 35 ppt). The optimum salinities for the production of maximum amount of lipids and the essential fatty acids 20:5(n-3) and/or 22:6(n-3) were as follows:25 ppt forIsochrysis sp. [22:6(n-3)]; 20–30 ppt forN. oculata [20:5(n-3)]; 10–15 ppt forN. (frustulum) [20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3)].Author for correspondence     

优化湖泊流域水环境的对策与关键技术——从物质循环及平衡观点看

经济发展和生活水平提高对水量水质提出了更高要求,而用水越多、污水也越多,使安全水资源匮乏日益成为制约我国高速经济发展与生态保护的瓶颈.大力减少污染源排放无疑是极重要的,但目前湖泊流域内的第一、第二、第三产业都难于做到无污染排放,致使水系退化为纳污渠/库.因此目前同样极为重要的是要改善水质、修复水生态系统:从物质循环及平衡观点看,必须发展物理(电、磁、声、光、动力、微气泡等)、化学(慎用)、微生物、植物(水生、陆生+浮岛)、水生动物等综合高新技术,将水中污染物质加以资源化利用,实现以改善水质、优化水环境为主要目标的"环保资源化产业";它在政策支持下启动,不仅有重大社会生态效益,而且可逐步获取越来越多的经济效益.多年来为解决局部水质净化发展起来的物理生态工程(physic-ecological engineering, PEEN)丰富了水循环的含义,将水分循环从水量循环扩大为包括水质循环,使污染水恢复清洁,修复健康水生态系统,主要依靠太阳能因地制宜从局部到大范围,将大量营养盐(包括可能存在其中的毒物)转化为水生植物并取出予以分别利用,是有较高性价比、可操作的对策.采用物理生物削浪、水面植物-沉水植物斑马线式镶嵌、植物群落镶嵌、固定化氮循环细菌等技术,逐步扩大修复健康水生态系统的范围、降低营养盐水平、遏制藻类水华,同时低能耗地将含水量极高的水生植物进行收集、加工、储存、干燥和分别利用,发展可称为"生物环保产业(bio-environmental enterprise, BEE)"的"环保资源化产业".通过此途径,可以加速水质循环过程,在入湖污染负荷未能到达控制富营养化阈值前实现控制湖泊富营养化和遏制藻类水华的目标.文中介绍了实现此目标的途径和关键技术.可以规模化、较廉价地提供饲料肥料和生产活性炭原料.将水草加工成便于运输的"水草袋","水草干"可供在北方干旱半干旱地区和沿海荒滩地种植速生林木、高杆先锋草本植物阵之用.利用水草袋或水草干添加当地污水,使先锋性(例如香根草等速生、适应性强的)植物在当年生长成能固沙、挡风、拦截降雪的阵.逐步修复荒漠化区良性生态.这样,可以用较小代价并较快地联合解决我国面临的控制富营养化与控制荒漠化的生态环境问题.     

农田氮素非点源污染控制的生态补偿标准——以江苏省宜兴市为例

农田氮素流失引起的非点源污染已成为国内外农田生态环境资源可持续利用及农业可持续发展的瓶颈,对其进行有效控制愈显迫切.对非点源污染的控制不能简单地照搬点源污染的方法,须针对非点源污染本身具有的强烈外部性及复杂、广泛、不易监测等特征,探究与非点源污染特征规律相对应的对策.生态补偿作为应对全球生态危机和环境污染的一种公共政策工具,对于内化外部效应具有良好的效果.以农户减少一定程度的氮肥施用量获得政府补偿为切入点,论证了农户减少氮肥用量到最佳生态经济施氮量是获得补偿的依据;以宜兴市为实证对象,运用意愿调查评估法和成本-收益法相结合的方式测算了农户参与农田氮素非点源污染控制的生态补偿标准.研究表明:(1)宜兴市主要粮食生产的最佳生态经济施氮量为375.6 kg/hm2,农户参与农田氮素非点源污染控制的补偿额度理论值为620.0-7098.0元/hm2;(2)68.3％的受访农户愿意接受补偿而减少氮肥用量,受偿意愿与种田经验、受教育程度等因素正相关;(3)愿意接受补偿的农民中50.7％选择氮肥量减少到最佳生态经济施氮量,农田氮素非点源污染控制的补偿标准为620.0元/hm2.