华癸根瘤菌外膜孔蛋白编码基因MCHK_1326突变株的构建与共生固氮表型分析

[目的]Mesorh izob ium huakuii 7653R的MCHK _1326基因编码一种外膜孔蛋白,可能参与根瘤菌侵染宿主植物以及结瘤固氮过程,本研究旨在探索该基因在共生固氮中的功能.[方法]生物信息学分析MCHK _1326蛋白的结构特征及生物学功能,启动子原位表达技术检测MCHK_1326共生时空表达特...     

华癸中慢生根瘤菌7653R MCHK-3535基因在自生和与紫云英共生中的功能

【目的】探究Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R MCHK-3535基因在共生固氮中的功能。【方法】构建MCHK-3535插入失活突变体、超表达和互补菌株,对其进行共生表型鉴定;并测定各菌株的生长曲线、运动性及生物膜形成;利用qRT-PCR方法和组织表达定位分析MCHK-3535在共生过程中的时空表达特征。【结果】与野生型7653R相比,突变体Δ3535达到稳定期的生物量增加,运动性下降,生物膜形成增加。此外,MCHK-3535基因的失活会显著提高紫云英固氮能力和植物地上部分鲜重,但不影响根瘤数量及重量;且互补菌株C3535能部分回补到野生型性状,超表达菌株OV3535均无显著性差异;qRT-PCR和启动子组织表达定位发现,MCHK-3535基因主要在根瘤的侵染区、过渡区及固氮区表达,并且表达持续整个固氮期。【结论】MCHK-3535基因在自生及与紫云英共生过程中发挥重要功能,参与根瘤的正常发育并负向调控固氮酶活性。     

华癸根瘤菌7653R中一个RND型药物外排泵的功能表型及调控鉴定

【目的】研究华癸根瘤菌7653R中MCHK_0866和MCHK_0867编码的RND家族外排泵的功能表型。【方法】对外排泵编码基因及候选调控基因在基因组上的结构进行分析。采用测定OD_(600)观察菌株生长曲线的变化。通过测定最低抑菌浓度检测菌株的药物敏感性,RT-PCR检测目的基因经特定物质处理后表达量的变化。通过细菌单杂交系统初步检测外排泵的转录调控。【结果】MCHK_0866和MCHK_0867所编码蛋白共同组成一个RND家族射流泵。缺失该外排泵后,细菌生长曲线在稳定期OD_(600)数值降低,对萘啶酸、四环素和SDS的敏感性发生变化,萘啶酸处理细菌后2个基因的表达量增加。同时,下游属于Tet R转录因子家族的基因MCHK_0869表达产物作用于MCHK_0867的启动子区域。【结论】该外排泵与萘啶酸的运输有关,缺失后自身生长受到影响,表达受到下游转录因子的调控。     

华癸根瘤菌urtB基因突变株的构建与共生固氮表型分析

【目的】尿素ABC转运体透性酶亚基编码基因urtB可能参与尿素代谢及支链氨基酸转运;本文旨在获得实验证据阐明urtB基因对华癸根瘤菌结瘤和固氮的影响,为深入研究其功能机制提供一定的科学依据。【方法】利用生物信息学分析urtB基因的结构特征及生物学功能,通过荧光定量检测urtB基因在自生和共生条件下的时空表达特征和启动子原位表达技术检测urtB基因组织表达特征,采用插入突变构建urtB突变株,通过植物盆栽并结合添加氮素处理,检测与分析突变体的共生固氮表型变化。【结果】分析表明urtB基因对于氮素转运非常重要,在共生条件下的表达水平比自生培养条件下显著上调表达;在成熟根瘤的固氮区中大量表达;正确构建和筛选获得了根瘤菌urtB突变株;接种urtB突变株与野生型菌株7653R相比较,突变体根瘤发育异常;植株地上部分生物量和根瘤固氮酶活性显著降低;添加氮素可恢复其共生缺陷表型。【结论】华癸中慢生根瘤菌urtB基因可能通过影响根瘤中氮转运或同化,进而在根瘤发育与共生固氮中发挥重要作用。     

华癸中慢生根瘤菌7653R 3个脂质转运蛋白基因的克隆、突变及共生表型北大核心CSCD

【目的】脂类转移家族蛋白基因编码一类参与脂类转运及代谢的蛋白。本研究旨在构建华癸中慢生根瘤菌3个脂质转运家族蛋白基因的突变株,检测及分析突变体与紫云英共生条件下的表型及功能。【方法】利用生物信息学分析与预测转脂蛋白的结构特征及功能,采用荧光定量技术检测目标基因在自生和共生条件下的表达特性,通过插入突变技术构建目标基因突变株,并进行植物盆栽实验考察其共生表型。【结果】MCHK-5577、MCHK-2172和MCHK-2779基因编码蛋白属于START/RHO alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/Cox G/Cal C(SRPBCC)超家族,包含脂类转移结构域,参与脂类转运或代谢,与百脉根等中慢生根瘤菌相应基因的序列相似性达95%以上。这3个基因在共生条件下的表达水平都增高。分别构建了MCHK-5577、MCHK-2172和MCHK-2779基因突变菌株,与野生型菌株7653R相比,接种突变株MCHK-2172mut、MCHK-2779mut和MCHK-5577mut后的植株地上部分生物量和根瘤固氮酶活性显著降低。【结论】华癸中慢生根瘤菌脂质转移家族蛋白基因在共生互作过程中发挥重要作用,突变后明显影响共生固氮表型。本文的实验结果为深入研究脂类转移蛋白在共生固氮作用中的功能机制奠定了基础。     

豌豆根瘤菌共生基因pJB5JI与华癸中生根瘤菌7653R共生质粒的相互关系

华癸中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium huakuii)7653R是分离自我国南方水稻田的一株根瘤菌,含有2个内源质粒:p7653Ra和p7653Rb,其中7653Rb是共生质粒.通过Tn5-sacB的插入方法来消除质粒,获得7653Rb消除的突变株7653RD.将豌豆根瘤菌T83K3的共生质粒pJB5JI导入7653R和7653RD中,盆栽结果表明含有pJB5JI的转移接合子7653R-197的竞争结瘤能力和共生固氮能力均高于7653R.pJB5JI不能恢复7653RD在紫云英上的结瘤能力.含有pJB5JI的7653RD可以在豌豆上结无效瘤,表明pJB5JI可以在7653R的染色体背景下表达其功能.对转移接合子中的质粒稳定性进行检测,结果表明pJB5JI在人工传代的情况下可以稳定存在,但经过共生之后发生了遗传分离,对转移接合子和出发菌株及分离菌株进行kan基因的PCR扩增,除了受体菌外其他菌株都可得到PCR产物,由此推测,pJB5JI可能部分或全部整合到了受体菌的染色体基因组中.     

华癸中生根瘤菌质粒复制基因repC的克隆与鉴定

摘要：【目的】repC为质粒复制必需的起始蛋白基因。本研究旨在对华癸中生根瘤菌菌株HN3015及其质粒消除突变株进行repC基因的克隆和鉴定。【方法】采用通用引物RC1和RC3进行repC基因的PCR扩增,扩增产物克隆到载体pMD-18T,然后测序。利用Southern 杂交对repC基因定位。利用在线软件分析基因的序列特征,BLAST 工具进行同源性搜索;ExPASy推断其氨基酸的序列;ClustalW进行同源核苷酸和氨基酸序列的多重比较分析;PredictProtein 进行蛋白二级结构分析。【结果】     

单核细胞增生李斯特菌hfq基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性

【目的】单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes,Lm)为革兰氏阳性的短杆菌,营腐生和寄生生活,是重要的食源性人兽共患病原菌,对低温、酸碱和高渗透压等环境具有较强的抵抗力。Lm在各种环境中适应、生存并表现致病力,是与调控因子的网络调控密切相关,本文初步研究了细菌调控因子hfq的生物学特性。【方法】利用同源重组技术对血清型为1/2 a的EGDe菌株进行hfq基因的敲除,对获得的突变株EGDe△hfq进行生化鉴定及生物学特性研究。【结果】实验结果表明:在4℃低温环境下,缺失株生长显著减慢(P<0.05);在含7%Na Cl高渗BHI培养基及含4.5%乙醇的BHI培养基中生长受到抑制;缺失株形成生物被膜的能力显著下降(P<0.05);对Caco-2细胞系的侵袭能力下降;与野生型菌株相比,EGDe△hfq对BALB/c小鼠的感染能力减弱、半数致死剂量提高。【结论】由此表明,Hfq蛋白对细菌抗胁迫、生物被膜形成及细菌毒力具有重要的调控作用。此缺失株的构建为进一步研究Hfq的功能提供了材料,为研究其在Lm胁迫环境生存及疾病预防控制奠定了基础。     

紫云英AD-cDNA文库构建及与豆血红蛋白Lb相互作用靶蛋白的筛选

【目的】本文旨在构建紫云英酵母双杂交AD-cDNA文库和互作靶蛋白筛选平台,为深入研究共生固氮作用的分子机理奠定工作基础。【方法】以接种华癸中慢生根瘤菌7653R的豆科植物紫云英不同时期根部组织为材料,抽提和纯化RNA,构建了一个酵母AD-cDNA文库。库容量达到1.02×106/3μg pGADT7-RecDNA,插入片段大小1-1.5 kb左右。以紫云英豆血红蛋白基因AsB2510构建诱饵载体pGBKT7-AsB2510,利用酵母双杂交技术,筛选与诱饵蛋白相互作用的靶蛋白。【结果】在含有X-gal的SD四缺培养基上筛选得到26个克隆,经过质粒抽提、PCR鉴定、回转酵母验证获得10个阳性克隆。【结论】对阳性克隆的外源片段进行了测序和同源性分析,发现一个值得深入研究的含有tify domain和Divergent CCT motif的转录调控因子。     

华癸中生根瘤茵7653R共生质粒pMH7653Rb的不相容性行为

摘要华癸中生根瘤菌菌株7653R含有2个内源质粒（pMH7653Ra,pMH7653Rb）．用三亲本杂交法将7653R的共生质粒pMH7653Rb分别导入HN308SR（Sm^r,Rif^r;含pMHHN308a,pMHHN308b和pMHHN308c）和HN3015SR（Sm^r,Rif^r;含pMHHN3015a,pMHHN3015b和pMHHN3015c）．发现受体菌HN308SR的两个稳定内源质粒pMHHN308b和pMHHN308c随着pMH7653Rb的导入而同时被消除．该接合子命名为HN308SRN14．这一结果表明pMH7653Rb与pMHHN308b和pMHHN308c不相容,可以归于同一不相容群．另一转移接合子HN3015SRN14的质粒图谱显示其第二大质粒pMHHN3015b由于pMH7653Rb的导入而被消除．该结果表明,pMH7653Rb与pMHHN3015b不相容．植物结瘤实验结果表明,pMH7653Rb的导入能恢复HN308SRN14的结瘤能力,其结瘤数目超过HN308SR,但不能替代pMHHN308b和pMHHN308c的固氮作用,HN308SRN14失去了固氮能力．质粒消除突变株HN308SRNl4D只含有pMHHN308a,能形成少量无效根瘤,确认pMHHN308a与HN308的结瘤能力有关．HN3015SRN14（含pMH7653Rb,pMHHN3015a和pMHHN3015c）只能形成无效根瘤,而质粒消除突变株HN3015SRN14D（仅含pMHHN3015a和pMHHN3015c）则完全失去结瘤能力．通过PCR反应从7653R,HN308,HN3015,HN308SRN14,HN3015SRN14中均检测到质粒复制基因repC．供试菌株的repC基因序列相似性达到99％．     

Whole-genome sequencing of Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R provides molecular insights into host specificity and symbiosis island dynamics

Background

Evidence based on genomic sequences is urgently needed to confirm the phylogenetic relationship between Mesorhizobium strain MAFF303099 and M. huakuii. To define underlying causes for the rather striking difference in host specificity between M. huakuii strain 7653R and MAFF303099, several probable determinants also require comparison at the genomic level. An improved understanding of mobile genetic elements that can be integrated into the main chromosomes of Mesorhizobium to form genomic islands would enrich our knowledge of how genome dynamics may contribute to Mesorhizobium evolution in general.

Results

In this study, we sequenced the complete genome of 7653R and compared it with five other Mesorhizobium genomes. Genomes of 7653R and MAFF303099 were found to share a large set of orthologs and, most importantly, a conserved chromosomal backbone and even larger perfectly conserved synteny blocks. We also identified candidate molecular differences responsible for the different host specificities of these two strains. Finally, we reconstructed an ancestral Mesorhizobium genomic island that has evolved into diverse forms in different Mesorhizobium species.

Conclusions

Our ortholog and synteny analyses firmly establish MAFF303099 as a strain of M. huakuii. Differences in nodulation factors and secretion systems T3SS, T4SS, and T6SS may be responsible for the unique host specificities of 7653R and MAFF303099 strains. The plasmids of 7653R may have arisen by excision of the original genomic island from the 7653R chromosome.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-440) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Cloning and identification of opa22, a new gene involved in nodule formation by Mesorhizobium huakuii

Using Tn5-sacB insertion mutagenesis, 3000 mutants were obtained from Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R. Eight nodulation-defective mutants were screened by plant nodulation experiments. The DNA sequences of the contiguous region from the Tn5 insertion site were determined by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. A new gene was cloned and designated opa22, as judged from its structural and functional homology. Sequence analysis indicated that opa22 was composed of 774 nucleotides and encoded a protein of 257 amino acids. RPS-BLAST analysis of the Opa22 protein showed a sequence similarity (88.9%) to the opacity protein and related to surface antigens of the bacterial outer membrane, which can mediate various pathogen-host cell interactions and promote invasion. Our results from root hair curling experiments suggested that expression of the opa22 gene might occur at the stage of infection thread formation and nodule development. The complement stain HK24 was able to restore the nodule forming ability of the mutant.     

华癸中生根瘤菌HN3015非共生质粒pMhHN3015a的不相容性行为

采用三亲本杂交将Tn5-mob-sacB标记华癸中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium huakuii)HN3015的非共生质粒pMhHN3015a分别导入HN308SR和7653R-1SR, 获得2个转移接合子HN308SRN29和7653R-1SRN29。HN308SRN29的质粒图谱显示HN308SR的pMhHN308b被消除, 该结果暗示pMhHN3015a和pMhHN308b不相容。然而, HN308SRN29的质粒消除实验未获得标记质粒消除突变株。pMhHN3015a和pMhHN308a的大小     

Incompatibility behavior of a symbiotic plasmid pMH7653Rb in <Emphasis Type=Italic>Mesorhizobium huakuii</Emphasis> 7653R

Mesorhizobium huakuii strain 7653R harbored two indigenous plasmids named pMH7653Ra and pMH7653Rb. The larger plasmid pMH7653Rb (symbiotic plasmid) was transferred to M. huakuii HN308SR harboring three plasmids: pMHHN308a, pMHHN308b and pMHHN308c, and HN3015SR harboring three plasmids: pMHHN3015a, pMHHN3015b and pMHHN3015c by tri-parent mating. Two stable indigenous plasmids, pMHHN308b and pMHHN308c of HN308SR, were co-eliminated due to the introduction of pMH7653Rb, and the transconjugant was named HN308SRN14. The results implied that pMH7653Rb and pMHHN308b, pMHHN308c were incompatible and might have been ascribed to the same incompatible group. The plasmid profiles of transconjugant HN3015SRN14 showed that the second largest plasmid pMHHN3015b of HN3015SR was cured due to the introduction of pMH7653Rb. The results also implied that pMH7653Rb and pMHHN3015b were incompatible. Results from plant nodulation tests showed that pMH7653Rb could only maintain the nodulation ability in transconjugant HN308SRN14 and its nodule number was more than that of wild strain HN308SR, but could not replace the nitrogen fixation effect of pMHHN308b and pMHHN308c. The plasmid cured mutant HN308SRN14D harboring only pMHHN308a formed null nodules that demonstrated pMHHN308a was relevant to nodulation ability. HN3015SRN14 harboring pMH7653Rb, pMHHN3015a and pMHHN3015c formed null nodules while HN3015SRN14D containing pMHHN3015a and pMHHN3015c lost the nodulation ability. The plasmid replication repC-like gene sequences were detected by a polymerase chain reaction from 7653R, HN308, HN3015, HN308SRN14 and HN3015SRN14. The repC gene sequence similarities of the strains tested attained 99%.