关于周口店第15地点石器类型和加工技术的研究

在周口店第 15地点经过加工的石器中 ,刮削器占近 93%。其它石器类型包括砍砸器、尖刃器、石锥、凹缺器、雕刻器和薄刃斧。石器由锤击加工。绝大多数标本向一面加工。石片石器多为正向加工。大多数石器个体很小 ,形态不规则 ,修疤呈鳞状 ,深浅、大小不一。少数标本的修疤浅平、规则而平行。统计分析显示在各类器型之间存在着明显的大小与加工上的区别。单边刃刮削器的各亚型之间在大小、加工长度和深度以及刃角和刃形诸方面不存在明显的差异 ,说明这些刮削器在刃口形态 (直、凸与凹 )方面的的变异主要取决于毛坯的原始形态 ,而非代表类型与功能的不同。变量相关分析揭示石器的大小与加工程度和原坯的大小与形态紧密相关。     

角页岩雕刻器的微痕实验研究

本文以丁村遗址角页岩为原料打制实验标本,设计展开雕刻器微痕实验,并对其中部分标本按照序贯试验原理进行分阶段实验。实验结果表明,角页岩雕刻器雕刻刃的使用微痕基本特征为:轻度到重度磨圆,片疤数量较少,多小中型片疤,终端形态多为羽状和阶梯状,以分散分布为主,大片疤常单独出现。分阶段实验结果表明,磨圆是以从快到慢速度生成的,片疤在不同阶段发生改变。本文旨在通过对角页岩雕刻器使用微痕的研究,为探讨考古标本功能提供可参照的数据与图像。     

冀蒙交界裕民文化锛状器的制作技术

锛状器是旧石器时代晚期开始出现的一类特殊的打制石器类型，进入新石器时代以后，在北方森林草原交错带延续并有技术改进。十多年来，在裕民文化多个考古遗址的调查和发掘中发现了大量的锛状器，是该文化代表性的石器。本研究通过形态观察与特征测量、加工痕迹与制作技术分析、操作链重建与复制实验等手段，对裕民文化出土的锛状器进行技术观察和实验分析，还原了裕民文化锛状器的生产工艺，并结合文化背景阐释了这类石器工具在裕民文化中的技术适应意义。锛状器可分为以平直刃为特征的单面加工类型和以弧凸刃为特征的两面加工类型，这种类型划分同时具有形态和技术上的意义。结合裕民文化的石器组合来看，锛状器在形态上具有一定规范性，操作链上具有高度灵活性，与其他工具一起反映了裕民文化人群对北方森林-草原交错地带风险环境的弹性技术适应。     

水洞沟地区白云岩细石叶的微痕实验研究

水洞沟遗址是中国北方旧石器时代晚期的著名遗址,石制品原料以就地取材的白云岩为主。本文利用水洞沟地区的白云岩生产细石叶和石片,进行了29组复制使用实验。对使用痕迹的观察表明:不同加工对象和使用方式导致细石叶上出现不同的微痕特征,细石叶适于装柄使用,以刮、切、削等利用侧刃缘的运动方式效率为高,尖部用于加工硬度较低的动植物效果较好。对比燧石、黑曜岩等不同石料的微痕实验数据可知,不同石料的产品,其使用痕迹存在一定差异。本文对白云岩细石叶的微痕实验,探讨了其适宜的使用方式和加工对象的范围,为分析水洞沟地区出土的白云岩细石叶功能提供了可资参考、对比的实验数据。     

马鞍山遗址出土碎骨表面痕迹的分析

本文对马鞍山遗址 (1990年度) 出土的一千余件碎骨,借鉴中外学者的研究方法,就其表面痕迹作了尝试性的分析。结果发现,尽管痕迹特征标示出有风化、腐蚀、重力等自然营力的作用,以及动物啃咬等后期侵扰,但主要的特征——破碎状况尤其是管状骨骼的破碎程度和人工痕迹的特征——显示出,这些碎骨的产生主要是由于遗址占有者的活动——敲骨吸髓和制作骨制品造成的。由此,进而对遗址占有者的某些行为和遗址形成过程作了探讨。通过碎骨表面痕迹的分析,为该遗址的进一步综合研究提供了有助的资料和证据。     

东山陆桥动物化石上的人工痕迹

去年１１月 ,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的祁国琴先生、中国社会科学院考古研究所的韩康信先生以及台湾自然科学博物馆的何传坤先生 ,应邀到福建东山岛考察。他们在东山县博物馆一批来自东山海域的哺乳动物化石中 ,发现数件标本上带有人类加工或使用的痕迹 ,这无疑对了解东山陆桥史前文化 ,是一个重要的线索。随后 ,笔者对东山县博物馆所有馆藏的来自东山海域的动物化石进行了比较全面和细致地观察 ,又在一些标本上发现了同样的痕迹 ,笔者尝试着对这些痕迹进行解释 ,并力图对“东山陆桥”的史前文化有个初步印象。一标本的来源东山…     

河南灵井许昌人遗址动物骨骼表面人工改造痕迹

河南灵井许昌人遗址发掘出土了距今约10—8万年前的古人类头骨化石, 与头骨化石同层发现的还有大量哺乳动物化石及石制品等文化遗物。本文是对该遗址2005—2006年出土动物化石骨骼表面人工改造痕迹的观察分析结果。灵井遗址中13%的动物骨骼表面有人工切割痕的产生, 其中切割痕位于长骨骨干部位的约占此类标本总数的98.45%; 同时,在具切割痕的长骨类化石材料中,属于食草动物上部和中部肢骨的分别为34%和41%, 属于下部肢骨的则仅为25%。此外, 灵井动物群中具敲击痕、火烧痕迹、人工使用痕迹的骨骼标本分别占全部观察例数的4.2%、1%、1.32%。总之, 通过对动物骨骼表面保留的上述人工改造痕迹的观察与统计分析, 并与埋藏学实验及其他考古遗址相关属性的对比, 表明古人类是这一遗址中大量脊椎动物肉食资源的初级获取者和利用者, 他们是导致这一动物群聚集形成的主要埋藏学因素。同时, 许昌人遗址中大量破碎动物骨骼的出现可能也与古人类敲骨取髓的取食行为有着非常紧密的联系。     

百色盆地舌形刃重型工具的三维有限元应力分析

石器的使用是一个力学作用过程,其功能部位(有效刃缘)在使用过程中,常常会出现不同程度的磨蚀或者崩损,这是由于石器刃缘处受到加工对象的反作用力而形成的.本文针对百色旧石器中手斧、手镐等大型工具类型出现较多的具有显著功能特点的舌形刃缘,尝试了用有限元方法做应力分析.通过对百色盆地13个地点(或遗址)的44件石器的舌形刃缘所进行的3D力学模型分析表明,这类工具受力是不均匀的,舌形刃缘部位是高应力部位,当外力加载到一定阈限时,舌形刃缘会发生崩损,而器身不发生破坏,这与实际标本观察结果相吻合.结果还表明在模拟纵向受力(代表劈裂和砍砸)和横向受力(代表挖掘)两种工况下,纵向受力的应力值远小于横向受力,说明这类工具可能更适于劈裂和砍砸.本文为有限元方法在石器力学研究方面的应用作了有益的尝试.     

斜胸叶蝉属一新种（同翅目：叶蝉总科：耳叶蝉科）

本文记述耳叶蝉科斜胸叶蝉属一新种:黄缘斜胸叶蝉Epiclinata flavomarinata sp.nov.。标本采自我国西藏。文中描述了新种的外部形态及雄性外生殖器构造特征,并与近似种进行比较,附有主要特征图。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

泥河湾盆地板井子遗址锯齿刃器实验研究

锯齿刃器是中国旧石器时代存在的一种重要器物类型,然而,其模糊的类型学鉴定标准使得该器物的研究在国内学术界没有得到足够的重视。板井子遗址是河北泥河湾盆地晚更新世早期的一处重要旧石器遗址,出土较多锯齿刃器。本文通过实验研究,证明板井子遗址的锯齿刃器齿凹的大小与石锤修理部位面积大小呈正相关关系,且遗址中有一部分锯齿刃器是用修理部位面积较小的带尖石锤打制而成,并在遗址标本中找出尖端有散漫坑疤的带尖石锤。本文复原了锯齿刃器的制作工艺流程,证明锯齿刃器是一个稳定的加工过程,需要特殊的石锤来加工,并对其功能进行讨论。     

Variabilité de l’industrie lithique entre les structures de l’habitation no 1 de Mezhyrich,site du Paléolithique supérieur d’Ukraine

The investigation of the lithic assemblages from three archaeological structures of the Upper Palaeolithic Mezhyrich site, mammoth bone dwelling no. 1, nearby located pit no. 7 and workshop with a portion of cultural layer situated on the border of the pit, exhibits a sufficient diversity of the main indexes of flint assemblages. According to the latter, the main flint resources, cores and large pieces of flint, as well as blades and several tools (scrapers), were kept just in the dwelling. At the same time, the remains of “debitage” and the modification products of several tools (burin spalls) are more numerous in the pit and the workshop. The higher percentages of backed microliths, included the forms with diagnostic projectile impact fracture, and burins with several working edges are also observed in the assemblages of the last two archaeological structures.     

A new method of three-dimensional morphometry for analyzing the functional potentialities of bifaces. Contribution to the study of artefacts from AU P3 from the “Caune de l’Arago” (France)

The analysis of the functional potential of bifaces, which are artefacts extending beyond our technical memory, is based on direct (micro-wear) or indirect approaches (experimentation, relationship between form/function, comparative ethnography). Indirect approaches are fundamental when artefacts are not well enough preserved for micro-wear analysis, which is frequent for the middle Pleistocene. This article proposes a new method based on the three-dimensional acquisition of artefact images, enabling us to measure cutting edge angles and depth of cut. This process allows us to distinguish, in particular, between cutting edges created for longitudinal or transverse cutting. The application of this analysis to bifaces from UA P3 of the “Caune de l’Arago” brings to light tools with a high functional potential for longitudinal cutting, some of which were used for incising, others for deep cutting. These results corroborate those obtained by most micro-wear analyses and present new ways of interpreting the functional potential of bifaces.     

黑龙江海林小龙头山旧石器遗址发掘简报

小龙头山遗址位于黑龙江省海林市海浪河岸边,地理坐标44°25’36.2"N,129°10’43.1"E。该遗址发现于2012年,2014年发掘10 m²,获得石制品82件。原料以玄武岩为主,还有黑曜岩、凝灰岩、安山岩和英安岩等。剥片技术以石叶、细石叶技术为特点,石器类型有雕刻器、尖状器、两面器和大型的斧形器。个别石制品可以拼合,说明属于原地埋藏,在文化层中的炭粒测得的¹⁴C数据为距今13185±40年,为末次盛冰期后的转暖阶段。     

Le site du Gravettien récent,Kostenki 21 (Gmélinskaia) : les résultats préliminaires des travaux archéologiques de sauvetage des années 2013–2016

This paper presents the preliminary results of the archeological rescue works, carried out on the Kostenki 21 (Gmelinskaya) site in 2013–2016, directed by the Kostenki archaeological expedition, organized by the Institute of History of the Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Saint-Petersburg). During visual observation of the river bank, three areas of cultural remains of the main cultural layer (III) were discovered and studied. Each of them differs in its structure and composition of inds, which makes it possible to interpret them as functionally different areas: 1) remains of a “dwelling complex” (?); 2) area devoted to the production and re-shaping of burins (including detachment of burin spalls); peripheral (intermediate) part of the site. Despite the fact that the areas in question vary in both the composition of stone inventory and the assortment of raw materials, the available evidence remains insufficient to decide whether the III cultural layer should be subdivided into two independent complexes.     

Emergent properties of patch shapes affect edge permeability to animals

Animal travel between habitat patches affects populations, communities and ecosystems. There are three levels of organization of edge properties, and each of these can affect animals. At the lowest level are the different habitats on each side of an edge, then there is the edge itself, and finally, at the highest level of organization, is the geometry or structure of the edge. This study used computer simulations to (1) find out whether effects of edge shapes on animal behavior can arise as emergent properties solely due to reactions to edges in general, without the animals reacting to the shapes of the edges, and to (2) generate predictions to allow field and experimental studies to test mechanisms of edge shape response. Individual animals were modeled traveling inside a habitat patch that had different kinds of edge shapes (convex, concave and straight). When animals responded edges of patches, this created an emergent property of responding to the shape of the edge. The response was mostly to absolute width of the shapes, and not the narrowness of them. When animals were attracted to edges, then they tended to collect in convexities and disperse from concavities, and the opposite happened when animals avoided edges. Most of the responses occurred within a distance of 40% of the perceptual range from the tip of the shapes. Predictions were produced for directionality at various locations and combinations of treatments, to be used for testing edge behavior mechanisms. These results suggest that edge shapes tend to either concentrate or disperse animals, simply because the animals are either attracted to or avoid edges, with an effect as great as 3 times the normal density. Thus edge shape could affect processes like pollination, seed predation and dispersal and predator abundance.     

Bird nest predation in a southern Tunisian oasis habitat: No evidence of “edge effect”

Numerous ornithological studies conducted in patchy habitats have linked high intensity of nest predation with habitat edges. This “edge effect” hypothesis was primarily investigated in temperate, boreal and tropical fragmented forests, and there is a need for investigations from different habitat systems. Here we provide the results of one study on bird nest predation in relation to edge context in one oasis in southern Tunisia. Our aim was to assess the importance of nest predation as a source of nest failure in the studied oasis and to test if the edge effect hypothesis applies in this habitat system. We found that although predation represents an important source of nest failure in all studied species, the edge effect hypothesis does not seem to apply in the studied oasis. Indeed, daily nest predation rate did not vary with edge context for all studied species, which could be explained by the fact that nest predator guild is mainly composed of small species that use oasis interior and edges in similar ways. The effects of predators coming from the surrounding areas do not seem to significantly increase nest predation rates in oasis edges compared to oasis interior. We also found that nest predation rates were similar for all bird species, suggesting that among-species differences in nest concealment and nesting behaviour did not seem to account for nest survival in the studied oasis. However, further more detailed species-level studies are needed to test this hypothesis and to identify more accurately the determinants of nest predation in the oasis habitat.     

王府井东方广场遗址骨制品研究

王府井东方广场遗址不仅出土了丰富的石制品,而且也含有较为丰富的骨制品。骨制品可分为骨核、人工骨块、骨片、骨屑和骨器五大类;骨片约占骨制品总数一半;骨器包括刮削器、尖头器、雕刻器和骨铲四类。观察发现：79件骨制品和骨骼可以拼合成33组,45件上有古人类砍砸、切割或刻划的痕迹。丰富的骨制品进一步反映了王府井古人类文化的进步性;同华北地区类似制品比较,它们之间存在着密切的渊源关系。遗物分布特征表明,东方广场遗址是一处古人类的临时居住地。出土的石器、骨器遗物以及大量的动物骨骼化石表明,王府井古人类不仅能够制作石器与骨器用来宰杀与支解猎物,而且具有用火、控火进行烹饪的能力。     

Effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 and testosterone on the proliferation of antlerogenic cells in vitro.

Androgen hormones and growth factors are implicated in pedicle formation and antler transformation in deer. The potential to form a pedicle and an antler is only found in the antlerogenic periosteum (AP) overlying the presumptive antler growth region. Histological studies (Li and Suttie, '94) showed that AP consists of an inner cellular layer and an outer fibrous layer. Pedicle and antler are mainly derived from the cellular layer cells of the AP. Ossification takes place in four stages: intramembranous (IMO), transitional (OPC), pedicle endochondral (pECO) and antler endochondral (aECO). However, the precise mechanism whereby androgen hormones and growth factors control pedicle and antler formation is unknown. The aim of this study was to use cell culture techniques to investigate how testosterone and IGF1 affects the proliferation of antlerogenic cells from the four ossification stages of pedicle/antler in vitro. The results showed that in serum-free medium IGF1 stimulated the proliferation of antlerogenic cells from all four ossification stages in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, testosterone alone did not show any mitogenic effects on these antlerogenic cells. However, in the presence of IGF1, testosterone increased proliferation of the antlerogenic cells from the IMO and the OPC stages (pedicle tissue), and reduced proliferation of the antlerogenic cells from transformation point (TP) and aECO stages (antler tissue). Therefore, the results from the present in vitro study support the in vivo findings that androgen hormones stimulate pedicle formation but inhibit antler growth. The change in the mitogenic effects of testosterone on antlerogenic cells from positive to negative occurs approximately at the change in ossification type from OPC to pECO. Therefore, these results reinforce the hypothesis that the transformation from a pedicle to an antler takes place at the time when the ossification type changes from OPC to pECO rather than at the time when the pedicle grows to its full species-specific height.