面源污染最佳管理措施多目标协同优化配置研究进展

随着点源污染逐渐得到有效控制,面源污染逐渐成为我国多数地区影响水环境质量安全的主要因素。推广实施最佳管理措施(Best Management Practices, BMPs)被认为是控制面源污染的有效途径。受到区域种植制度、耕作方式、政策以及经济成本等因素的影响,导致流域尺度配置BMPs存在一定的困难,特别是随着流域空间尺度的变化,会进一步加大BMPs配置难度,使得BMPs的配置工作变为了一项多目标决策优化问题,即如何在有限的成本投入下,实现水环境质量改善的目标。需要在不同空间尺度下对流域BMPs进行多目标协同优化配置。从面源污染关键源区识别、BMPs削减效率评估以及BMPs多目标协同优化模拟3个方面对面源污染BMPs多目标协同优化配置研究进行了综述。结果表明:1)包含地块尺度和流域尺度的多尺度模型耦合系统的构建,将是实现关键源区精准识别的有效途径;2)BMPs削减效率对水质改善响应的滞后性、不确定性、时空异质性、污染物形态转换风险等均是今后BMPs削减效率评估中需要重点解决的关键问题;3)建立流域污染物负荷削减量与水质改善之间的非线性响应关系,并以此为基础将BMPs组合数据库、成本数据库以及基于进化算法的的优化配置方案进行耦合,进而构建多目标决策支持系统,以获取BMPs空间优化配置方案以及多目标成本-效益最优曲线。     

基于模型的农业非点源污染最佳管理措施效率评估研究进展

随着点源污染的逐步控制,农业非点源污染已成为世界范围内关注的热点,由于其特有的时空异质性特点导致对其进行有效控制较为困难,最佳管理措施(BMPs,Best Management Practices)是实现流域农业非点源污染控制的有效手段,对拟实施的BMPs效率进行评估是实施流域非点源污染BMPs配置的前提。通过模型模拟的方法可对拟采用的不同措施的削减效率及经济成本进行评估以获取最具成本-效益的BMPs空间配置方案,为措施有效选择提供依据。通过对多种模型在工程型和管理型BMPs评估方面的研究进行论述表明,通常概念化模型多用于对污染源控制类措施进行评估,而机制类模型则可用于对不同时空尺度下的过程控制类BMPs进行评估;措施效率发挥的时间滞后性及模型模拟不确定性是模型模拟过程中需要重点考虑的问题,可通过增加野外监测点数量、监测频率、优化监测点位置并选择合适的评估指标以降低模型评估BMPs过程中滞后效应的影响;此外BMPs实施时间与空间位置的不匹配、时空尺度异质性、污染物形态及生态系统服务功能转换风险均需在BMPs评估过程中加以考虑。模型模拟是BMPs效率评估(包括非点源污染关键源区的时空识别)、污染物迁移转化以及成本效益分析的有效工具,同时对于流域非点源污染管理控制及BMPs实施利益相关者有效参与问题的分析也具有重要意义。     

面源污染物输出系数模型的研究进展

面源污染的量化研究对水质管理具有重要意义。经典的输出系数模型法以其结构简单、应用方便、输入数据容易获取等特点在农业面源污染研究中得到了广泛的应用和发展。本研究介绍了输出系数模型法的发展历程及其在农业面源污染负荷估算中的应用,概括了输出系数的获取途径及其在不同条件下的取值,并指出尺度效应问题、输出系数模型与水文模型的耦合将是输出系数模型今后的主要研究方向。     

最佳管理措施评估方法研究进展

针对流域非点源污染的关键源区,进行最佳管理措施(BMPs)的配置,是非点源污染控制的有效途径.污染削减效率的准确识别对于BMPs在目标流域内的有效实施具有非常重要的意义.通过综合对比和分析实地监测、养分平衡、风险评估以及模型模拟等四类最佳管理措施评估方法的有效性、特点、适用条件及其局限性,得出以下结论:养分平衡法较为简便且易于使用,相较于其他方法,所需时间短且又可以消除评估效果的滞后效应,但对污染物削减的时间效应和传输过程影响考虑较少.风险评估和模型模拟方法可以更好地应对不同时空尺度下削减措施效率的评估,但需要大量实测数据的支持,同时模型模拟中普遍存在的时空不确定性影响很难消除.由于各种评估方法都有一定的适用条件,单一方法难以有效地完成评估目标,需要综合应用各类方法,才能最大程度地发挥这些方法的潜在功能和有效性,进而实现BMPs措施使用的成本-效益目标.     

中国农业面源污染最佳管理措施研究进展

最佳管理措施(BMPs)对控制农业面源污染具有重要意义.本文从两方面归纳中国BMPs的研究现状:基于污染物关键源区的位置,分为不同类型的BMPs(源头控制、迁移途径阻截、末端治理);根据措施实施的环境背景,分为不同空间单元(流域、行政区域)上的BMPs组合.对现有的措施分析其控污机理和净化效果,指出当前研究存在着理论研究薄弱、缺乏成本-效益分析、措施优化组合不够、环境效果评价不足等问题.着重指出今后应从以下5个方面加强研究:BMPs管理体系建设,措施研发与技术集成,模型模拟研究,尺度转换模式,BMPs效益评价.本文旨在为提高中国BMPs构建与研究水平,同时为中国农业面源污染防控和水环境改善提供理论借鉴和科学依据.     

减少农业对水体污染的对策与措施

水体富营养化是一个全球关注的问题。逐渐增加的化肥施用量和畜禽养殖业产生的粪便进一步引起营养流失,进而产生了N、P营养物质的不平衡。因此农业面源污染已被视为水体富营养化的主要污染源。本文简要地概述了农业面源污染对造成水体富营养化的危害,同时介绍了国内外防治农业面源污染的主要措施,包括面源控制措施和转移转化措施。指出了建立稳定、和谐与良性循环的农业生态系统是治理农业面源污染的长久之计。     

山东省南四湖流域农业面源污染评价及分类控制

为明确山东省南四湖流域农业面源污染状况,有针对性地采取合理的污染控制对策,采用排污系数法核算了山东省南四湖流域农业面源COD、TN和TP的污染负荷。运用等标污染负荷法、聚类分析、GIS技术对其污染物排放量、排放强度、敏感性和空间特征以及污染物分类进行分析。结果表明:2012年山东省南四湖流域农业面源COD、TN和TP的排放量分别为254574.06、116976.87和15554.42 t,排放强度分别为88.18、40.52和5.39kg·hm-2;流域最主要的污染源为畜禽养殖,最主要的污染物为TN。COD、TN和TP排放强度最高的地区分别为兖州市、梁山县和鱼台县,而排放强度最低的地区均为山亭区;兖州市、汶上县、梁山县、定陶县和滕州市为整个流域农业面源污染的高度敏感区和优先控制区,畜禽养殖是流域优先控制区的重点污染源。农村生活污染型和综合污染型分别是流域污染贡献率最高和治理难度大的污染类型。     

城镇化流域“源-汇”景观格局对河流氮磷空间分异的影响——以天津于桥水库流域为例

随着流域城镇化的加速,流域城镇化景观格局对流域水质的影响逐渐加剧。以城镇化趋势明显的于桥水库流域为例,基于流域"源-汇"景观特征指数,并结合于桥水库流域2013、2014和2015年33个子流域的水质数据,采用空间分析、相关分析和冗余分析等方法,探讨了在城镇化影响下,于桥水库流域景观特征指数和水质指标的定量关系。结果表明:整个流域从上游到下游呈现"汇"景观面积减小,"源"景观面积增大的趋势,居民建设用地面积比在中下游子流域达34.6%,"汇"型景观中林地面积为33.5%;景观空间负荷对比指数(LWLI)全局Moran′s I的值为0.637,P0.01,在空间上存在趋于集群的现象,LWLI高-高聚集区与城镇化集中区域具有一致性。LWLI与流域氮、磷空间分布存在极显著的相关性,平水期TN与LWLI的复相关系数R_2为0.811,丰水期LWLI与TP的复相关系数R_2为0.741;子流域所有水质参数NH_4~+-N、TN、NO_3~--N、TP及LWLI均集中在同一象限,与其它景观特征指数相比,LWLI对河流中氮、磷的影响最大。城镇居民用地与水质指标存在极显著的相关性,是流域水质污染重要的贡献源。流域城镇化发展中,建议提高村镇的景观连通性,便于污染物集中处理,同时增加林地、草地面积,改善流域的生态水文功能。     

江苏省太湖流域产业结构的水环境污染效应

通过研究太湖流域(江苏部分)的产业结构污染负荷和水环境的空间分布特点,得出了产业结构污染负荷的水环境空间响应状况.根据小流域划分技术,得出该区域水环境质量空间分布特点:劣于Ⅴ类水质的区域占32％,Ⅴ类水质的占30％,仅有27％的区域水质低于Ⅳ类.另一方面,对应水环境质量空间分布研究,构建了综合反映产业结构水环境污染负荷的经济社会指标体系,分析了流域农田污染因子和工业污染因子的空间分布特点.通过主成分分析,提取了水环境污染因素的四个主成分,分别为土地利用强度、三次产业结构、农业面源和工业点源.基于主成分载荷,解析了四个水环境污染因素的贡献率.在产业结构方面,研究得出工业化仍是区域水环境污染最大影响因素,但区域水环境恶化是各种因素共同交织的结果.又对工业点源污染和农业面源污染等级进行分区,对各区的空间分布特点做了详细的分析.研究了流域水环境综合污染的空间分布和市县区域分解特点,发现县级市比市区在产业发展上对水环境影响更大,主要是由于县级市工业发展相对较为粗放,水环境监管的区域差异性.为控制流域产业结构的水环境污染,综合提出了在流域内整合产业结构调整和产业优化布局,调整重污染工业结构和控制农业面源污染的对策,及相应的产业结构污染负荷区域差别化削减的建议.     

广东省水质现状及驱动因素

水质现状评估及其驱动因素分析是实现水生态保护、水资源利用和水污染治理的关键,对于水生态系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。以广东省七大流域为研究区,基于2019-2020年间的溶解氧（DO）、透明度（SDD）、悬浮物（SPM）、叶绿素a （Chla）、氨氮（NH₃N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）7个指标的水质监测数据,综合运用单因子指数法（SI）和综合水质指数（WQI）评价方法,分丰水期（N=66）和枯水期（N=54）评估研究区的水质现状,并探讨水质参数与地形、气象、社会经济和土地覆被类型等驱动因素之间的相关关系。SI评估结果显示广东七大流域主要以工业污水、农业面源等造成的Chla和TN浓度超标、部分水体富营养化严重为主,同时伴有溶解氧浓度偏低的问题;WQI评估结果显示研究区有57%以上的采样点属于中等以下水质。Chla、SPM、NH₃N和TP浓度具有显著的季节和驱动因素差异：丰水期的Chla和TP浓度低于枯水期,但SPM和NH₃N浓度高于枯水期。枯水期DO、TN和WQI的显著性影响因子为丰水期的1/3左右;这种季节差异可能是流域内降雨、营养盐负荷和土地覆被类型导致的复杂地表径流及面源污染所致。珠江三角洲河网区、粤西诸河、韩江下游以及粤东诸河练江流域的水质问题突出。未来水生态系统的可持续发展研究可以借助长时间序列、多频次、高分辨率的遥感监测手段和多种数值模拟方法以及常规水质评估模型,探讨气候变化、河岸带产业结构和流域土地利用方式对面源污染的影响,以进一步厘清降雨强度、三产结构和土地利用方式转变对区域水质变化的影响。     

Spatially-Distributed Cost–Effectiveness Analysis Framework to Control Phosphorus from Agricultural Diffuse Pollution

Best management practices (BMPs) for agricultural diffuse pollution control are implemented at the field or small-watershed scale. However, the benefits of BMP implementation on receiving water quality at multiple spatial is an ongoing challenge. In this paper, we introduce an integrated approach that combines risk assessment (i.e., Phosphorus (P) index), model simulation techniques (Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN), and a BMP placement tool at various scales to identify the optimal location for implementing multiple BMPs and estimate BMP effectiveness after implementation. A statistically significant decrease in nutrient discharge from watersheds is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs, strategically targeted within watersheds. Specifically, we estimate two types of cost-effectiveness curves (total pollution reduction and proportion of watersheds improved) for four allocation approaches. Selection of a ‘‘best approach” depends on the relative importance of the two types of effectiveness, which involves a value judgment based on the random/aggregated degree of BMP distribution among and within sub-watersheds. A statistical optimization framework is developed and evaluated in Chaohe River Watershed located in the northern mountain area of Beijing. Results show that BMP implementation significantly (p >0.001) decrease P loss from the watershed. Remedial strategies where BMPs were targeted to areas of high risk of P loss, deceased P loads compared with strategies where BMPs were randomly located across watersheds. Sensitivity analysis indicated that aggregated BMP placement in particular watershed is the most cost-effective scenario to decrease P loss. The optimization approach outlined in this paper is a spatially hierarchical method for targeting nonpoint source controls across a range of scales from field to farm, to watersheds, to regions. Further, model estimates showed targeting at multiple scales is necessary to optimize program efficiency. The integrated model approach described that selects and places BMPs at varying levels of implementation, provides a new theoretical basis and technical guidance for diffuse pollution management in agricultural watersheds.     

Catchment Legacies and Time Lags: A Parsimonious Watershed Model to Predict the Effects of Legacy Storage on Nitrogen Export

Nutrient legacies in anthropogenic landscapes, accumulated over decades of fertilizer application, lead to time lags between implementation of conservation measures and improvements in water quality. Quantification of such time lags has remained difficult, however, due to an incomplete understanding of controls on nutrient depletion trajectories after changes in land-use or management practices. In this study, we have developed a parsimonious watershed model for quantifying catchment-scale time lags based on both soil nutrient accumulations (biogeochemical legacy) and groundwater travel time distributions (hydrologic legacy). The model accurately predicted the time lags observed in an Iowa watershed that had undergone a 41% conversion of area from row crop to native prairie. We explored the time scales of change for stream nutrient concentrations as a function of both natural and anthropogenic controls, from topography to spatial patterns of land-use change. Our results demonstrate that the existence of biogeochemical nutrient legacies increases time lags beyond those due to hydrologic legacy alone. In addition, we show that the maximum concentration reduction benefits vary according to the spatial pattern of intervention, with preferential conversion of land parcels having the shortest catchment-scale travel times providing proportionally greater concentration reductions as well as faster response times. In contrast, a random pattern of conversion results in a 1:1 relationship between percent land conversion and percent concentration reduction, irrespective of denitrification rates within the landscape. Our modeling framework allows for the quantification of tradeoffs between costs associated with implementation of conservation measures and the time needed to see the desired concentration reductions, making it of great value to decision makers regarding optimal implementation of watershed conservation measures.     

Investigating the effects of point source and nonpoint source pollution on the water quality of the East River (Dongjiang) in South China

Understanding the physical processes of point source (PS) and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is critical to evaluate river water quality and identify major pollutant sources in a watershed. In this study, we used the physically-based hydrological/water quality model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool, to investigate the influence of PS and NPS pollution on the water quality of the East River (Dongjiang in Chinese) in southern China. Our results indicate that NPS pollution was the dominant contribution (>94%) to nutrient loads except for mineral phosphorus (50%). A comprehensive Water Quality Index (WQI) computed using eight key water quality variables demonstrates that water quality is better upstream than downstream despite the higher level of ammonium nitrogen found in upstream waters. Also, the temporal (seasonal) and spatial distributions of nutrient loads clearly indicate the critical time period (from late dry season to early wet season) and pollution source areas within the basin (middle and downstream agricultural lands), which resource managers can use to accomplish substantial reduction of NPS pollutant loadings. Overall, this study helps our understanding of the relationship between human activities and pollutant loads and further contributes to decision support for local watershed managers to protect water quality in this region. In particular, the methods presented such as integrating WQI with watershed modeling and identifying the critical time period and pollutions source areas can be valuable for other researchers worldwide.     

Nitrogen Loss Estimation Worksheet (NLEW): an agricultural nitrogen loading reduction tracking tool

The Neuse River Basin in North Carolina was regulated in 1998, requiring that all pollution sources (point and nonpoint) reduce nitrogen (N) loading into the Neuse Estuary by 30%. Point source N reductions have already been reduced by approximately 35%. The diffuse nature of nonpoint source pollution, and its spatial and temporal variability, makes it a more difficult problem to treat. Agriculture is believed to contribute over 50% of the total N load to the river. In order to reduce these N inputs, best management practices (BMPs) are necessary to control the delivery of N from agricultural activities to water resources and to prevent impacts to the physical and biological integrity of surface and ground water. To provide greater flexibility to the agricultural community beyond standard BMPs (nutrient management, riparian buffers, and water-control structures), an agricultural N accounting tool, called Nitrogen Loss Estimation Worksheet (NLEW), was developed to track N reductions due to BMP implementation. NLEW uses a modified N-balance equation that accounts for some N inputs as well as N reductions from nutrient management and other BMPs. It works at both the field- and county-level scales. The tool has been used by counties to determine different N reduction strategies to achieve the 30% targeted reduction.     

Effectiveness of best management practices in improving stream ecosystem quality

Implementation of best management practices (BMPs), such as improved manure storage, buffer strips, and grassed waterways, through government funded conservation programs is a common approach for mitigation of the impacts agricultural activities have on the surrounding environment. In this study, we tested the ability of these practices to meet the environmental goal of improved stream quality at a “micro-basin” scale in the Upper Thames River Watershed, southern Ontario, Canada. Micro-basins were first and second order basins, averaging 400 ha in area, representing gradients of land cover, geomorphology, and participation in conservation programs. At the outflow of each micro-basin the benthic macro-invertebrate community was sampled, water chemistry measurements completed, and habitat quality assessed. Results showed micro-basins with relatively high levels of BMP implementation consistently demonstrated improved stream ecosystem quality over the majority of micro-basins with low or no implementation. Streams in the Upper Thames River basin appeared to exhibit a threshold effect, where with several BMPs in the same basin an improvement in stream ecosystem quality is visible. In addition to the BMPs implemented through government funded conservation programs, the observed ecosystem improvements are probably due to increased environmental awareness and improved management by farmers. Handling editor: K. Martens     

基于非点源污染控制的景观格局优化方法与原则

对目前国内外较为常用的基于非点源污染控制的景观格局优化方法及其设计原则进行了系统的评述 ,以促进其推广应用并提高其污染控制效果。还通过分析这些方法在我国的应用前景 ,强调了探索适合我国国情的景观格局优化方法对于控制非点源污染的重要意义。     

A potential integrated water quality strategy for the Mississippi River Basin and the Gulf of Mexico

Nutrient pollution, now the leading cause of water quality impairment in the U.S., has had significant impact on the nation"s waterways. Excessive nutrient pollution has been linked to habitat loss, fish kills, blooms of toxic algae, and hypoxia (oxygen-depleted water). The hypoxic "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico is one of the most striking illustrations of what can happen when too many nutrients from inland watersheds reach coastal areas. Despite programs to improve municipal wastewater treatment facilities, more stringent industrial wastewater requirements, and agricultural programs designed to reduce sediment loads in waterways, water quality and nutrient pollution continues to be a problem, and in many cases has worsened. We undertook a policy analysis to assess how the agricultural community could better reduce its contribution to the dead zone and also to evaluate the synergistic impacts of these policies on other environmental concerns such as climate change. Using a sectorial model of U.S. agriculture, we compared policies including untargeted conservation subsidies, nutrient trading, Conservation Reserve Program extension, agricultural sales of carbon and greenhouse gas credits, and fertilizer reduction. This economic and environmental analysis is watershed-based, primarily focusing on nitrogen in the Mississippi River basin, which allowed us to assess the distribution of nitrogen reduction in streams, environmental co-benefits, and impact on agricultural cash flows within the Mississippi River basin from various options. The model incorporates a number of environmental factors, making it possible to get a more a complete picture of the costs and co-benefits of nutrient reduction. These elements also help to identify the policy options that minimize the costs to farmers and maximize benefits to society.     

Dynamic modeling of nitrogen losses in river networks unravels the coupled effects of hydrological and biogeochemical processes

The importance of lotic systems as sinks for nitrogen inputs is well recognized. A fraction of nitrogen in streamflow is removed to the atmosphere via denitrification with the remainder exported in streamflow as nitrogen loads. At the watershed scale, there is a keen interest in understanding the factors that control the fate of nitrogen throughout the stream channel network, with particular attention to the processes that deliver large nitrogen loads to sensitive coastal ecosystems. We use a dynamic stream transport model to assess biogeochemical (nitrate loadings, concentration, temperature) and hydrological (discharge, depth, velocity) effects on reach-scale denitrification and nitrate removal in the river networks of two watersheds having widely differing levels of nitrate enrichment but nearly identical discharges. Stream denitrification is estimated by regression as a nonlinear function of nitrate concentration, streamflow, and temperature, using more than 300 published measurements from a variety of US streams. These relations are used in the stream transport model to characterize nitrate dynamics related to denitrification at a monthly time scale in the stream reaches of the two watersheds. Results indicate that the nitrate removal efficiency of streams, as measured by the percentage of the stream nitrate flux removed via denitrification per unit length of channel, is appreciably reduced during months with high discharge and nitrate flux and increases during months of low-discharge and flux. Biogeochemical factors, including land use, nitrate inputs, and stream concentrations, are a major control on reach-scale denitrification, evidenced by the disproportionately lower nitrate removal efficiency in streams of the highly nitrate-enriched watershed as compared with that in similarly sized streams in the less nitrate-enriched watershed. Sensitivity analyses reveal that these important biogeochemical factors and physical hydrological factors contribute nearly equally to seasonal and stream-size related variations in the percentage of the stream nitrate flux removed in each watershed.