农杆菌介导法与基因枪轰击法结合在植物遗传转化上的应用

根癌农杆菌介导法(Agrohacterium mediated transformation)和基因枪轰击法( particle bombardment transformation)是植物遗传转化的主要方法。两种方法各有优缺点．农杆菌介导法是一种天然的植物遗传转化系统,外源基因在转基因植物中的拷贝数低,遗传稳定性好;基因枪转化法不受材料基因型的限制。通过结合两种方法的优点,发展了3种农杆菌介导和基因枪轰击法相结合的遗传转化方法,分别为农杆枪法、基因枪轰击／农杆菌感染法、金粉或钨粉包裹菌体细胞作为微弹轰击法。对3种结合转化方法的技术途径、原理、转化受体及研究进展等方面进行了综述。     

基因枪在水稻遗传转化中的应用及其转化技术的优化

1983年Zambryski等人用根瘤农杆菌介导法进行烟草基因转移,获得了世界上首例转基因植株.随后,应用DNA直接导入技术如电击法(electroporation)和PEG介导法(PEG—mediated)成功地获得了转基因水稻植株.近年来,随着基因枪技术的建立和发展,水稻遗传转化成功的报道逐年增多.目前基因枪技术在植物遗传转化中的应用超过了根瘤农杆菌介导和其它转化方法的应用.这是因为基因枪转化技术不受植物种类的限制,不需要以原生质体作为转化的受体,可以将外源基因直接导入细胞、组织或器官,因而克服了根瘤农杆菌     

农杆菌介导的玉米遗传转化研究进展

农杆菌介导的转基因法是目前玉米遗传转化的主流方法之一。目前,模式玉米种质幼胚的转化体系已程式化,且开发了新筛选基因和获得不含筛选基因转基因玉米的方法,但是大多数育种骨干自交系转化频率低和转化受体基本上是幼胚。从农杆菌、受体及培养条件多方面各种因素对问题进行分析,多数研究认为针对特定基因型和受体材料建立好的受体再生系统,结合高效率农杆菌转化体系,获得多目的基因聚合(无其它外源片段)的转基因玉米将是农杆菌介导玉米转化体系研究的最终目标。本文主要从农杆菌介导(转基因)法应用于玉米遗传转化的历史、现状、问题等方面进行综述,为同领域的研究者提供一定的参考。     

根癌农杆菌介导的黄瓜转基因研究进展

黄瓜Cucumis sativus是世界性的重要蔬菜作物。农杆菌介导的转基因技术是研究植物基因功能及品种改良的重要手段。为进一步加快黄瓜的转基因研究和育种进程,文中针对农杆菌介导的黄瓜遗传转化方法,从黄瓜再生能力的影响因素、遗传转化条件和过程中各类添加物质等方面,阐述了根癌农杆菌介导的黄瓜转基因研究进展及存在的问题,并对提高黄瓜遗传转化效率和安全筛选标记的应用等前景进行了展望,以期为黄瓜抗逆育种和果实品质改良等研究提供参考。     

农杆菌属介导的植物细胞遗传转化研究现状

自20实际70年代末提出农杆菌属介导产生转基因植物以来,已相继有很多农作物和园艺植物被农杆菌成功转化。在一些发达国家已有大量种植的转基因经济作物如玉米、大豆、棉花、马铃薯、番茄等。但越来越多的经济作物以及园林树木和园艺植物对粒子轰击等转化方法无效或效果不佳,因而农杆菌因其介导的遗传转化率较高就越来越受到重视。但是,农杆菌介导的转基因在表达稳定性和可预见性方面仍然存在诸多问题。本文介绍了有关农杆菌分子生物学的基础研究及提高农杆菌介导的遗传转化效率的研究进展。     

农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化研究进展

农杆菌介导的转基因方法是目前植物遗传转化的重要方法之一。本文从农杆菌转化原理、菌株比较及载体发展入手,系统讨论了植物转化受体对转化效率的影响,同时分别综述了农杆菌介导转化技术在双子叶和单子叶植物转化应用中的最新进展。     

农杆菌介导的单子叶植物转基因研究进展

农杆菌介导法是目前应用最为广泛的植物转基因方法。简单介绍了农杆菌遗传转化的原理,并从农杆菌携带外源基因进入植物的角度对农杆菌转化单子叶植物的关键和相关影响因素进行了论述,同时对近年来利用农杆菌介导法转化的单子叶植物的成功范例做了总结。     

百脉根基因工程研究进展

牧草基因工程是近年来国内外研究的热点之一.针对农杆菌介导百脉根遗传转化原理、影响农杆菌介导百脉根遗传转化的重要因素、转基因技术在百脉根的生物固氮、抗逆性和品质改良以及生产可食性疫苗等方面的研究进行了全面综述,并就百脉根基因工程研究今后的主要发展方向进行了展望.     

植物DNA断裂修复基因对农杆菌T-DNA整合的作用

转基因植物在作物新品种培育和生物制药中已发挥了巨大作用。农杆菌介导的遗传转化是广泛用于基因组分析的强大工具,也是获得转基因植物的主导技术。农杆菌介导的基因转移是极其复杂的生物学过程,需要许多农杆菌和植物的遗传因子协同参与完成。经过20多年的研究,人们对T-DNA产生和转运的分子机制以及农杆菌与寄主植物的互作已有所了解。T-DNA整合是农杆菌介导转化过程中最为关键的一步,但对于其整合机制所知仍有限。越来越多的证据表明,寄主植物细胞的DNA断裂修复基因对农杆菌T-DNA整合具有重要作用。该文首先介绍T-DNA转移的大致过程,重点讨论DNA断裂损伤修复相关基因对T-DNA整合的作用,为通过DNA损伤修复基因的遗传操纵来提高农杆菌介导植物遗传转化的效率提供参考。     

农杆菌介导的斑玉蕈遗传转化

【目的】将农杆菌介导的转化应用于重要的工厂化栽培食用菌斑玉蕈中,建立稳定的农杆菌介导的斑玉蕈遗传转化技术。【方法】将构建的双元载体pYN6982转入农杆菌LBA4404菌株中,以斑玉蕈SIEF3133菌株打碎的双核菌丝为受体材料,利用根癌农杆菌介导的转化方法进行斑玉蕈转化试验。【结果】经潮霉素抗性筛选、PCR鉴定以及有丝分裂稳定性试验验证,表明潮霉素磷酸转移酶基因(hph)已经整合到斑玉蕈的基因组中;转基因斑玉蕈菌丝在荧光显微镜下可以观测到绿色荧光,表明增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因(egfp)已经在转基因斑玉蕈菌株中获得了表达;通过PCR检测,随机挑选的8个转基因斑玉蕈菌株中有2个可以扩增出载体转移DNA(T-DNA)边界重复序列外的卡那霉素基因(kan)序列。【结论】获得了稳定遗传和表达的斑玉蕈转基因菌株,建立了农杆菌介导的斑玉蕈遗传转化方法。农杆菌介导的斑玉蕈遗传转化中,存在载体T-DNA边界重复序列之外的DNA序列转移到转基因斑玉蕈中的现象,有待进一步研究。     

农杆菌介导的植物基因转化研究进展

农杆菌介导的植物基因转佛当今植物基因转化的主要方法之一,因而深受关注,本文从农力介导的基因转化机理,植物对农杆菌侵染的反应,转基因植物的遗传表达,以及农杆菌对单子叶植物的转化等方面论述了该领域的最新研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的方向。     

Female reproductive tissues are the primary target of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation by the Arabidopsis floral-dip method

The floral-dip method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis allows efficient plant transformation without need for tissue culture. To facilitate use with other plant species, we investigated the mechanisms that underlie this method. In manual outcrossing experiments, application of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to pollen donor plants did not produce any transformed progeny, whereas application of Agrobacterium to pollen recipient plants yielded transformants at a rate of 0.48%. Agrobacterium strains with T-DNA carrying gusA (encoding beta-glucuronidase [GUS]) under the control of 35S, LAT52, or ACT11 promoters revealed delivery of GUS activity to developing ovules, whereas no GUS staining of pollen or pollen tubes was observed. Transformants derived from the same seed pod contained independent T-DNA integration events. In Arabidopsis flowers, the gynoecium develops as an open, vase-like structure that fuses to form closed locules roughly 3 d prior to anthesis. In correlation with this fact, we found that the timing of Agrobacterium infection was critical. Transformants were obtained and GUS staining of ovules and embryo sacs was observed only if the Agrobacterium were applied 5 d or more prior to anthesis. A 6-fold higher rate of transformation was obtained with a CRABS-CLAW mutant that maintains an open gynoecium. Our results suggest that ovules are the site of productive transformation in the floral-dip method, and further suggest that Agrobacterium must be delivered to the interior of the developing gynoecium prior to locule closure if efficient transformation is to be achieved.     

水稻悬浮细胞再生及根癌农杆菌介导转化的影响因素

已经成功报道的农杆菌介导的水稻遗传转化多以活力较高的胚性愈伤为材料,很少以水稻悬浮细胞作为受体．另外,利用农杆菌转化多数都是通过浸泡的方式进行侵染．本实验利用滴加浸染法进行农杆菌介导转化水稻悬浮细胞,探讨影响 DNA 转化效率的因素．研究显示,在转化前,将水稻悬浮细胞在愈伤诱导培养基上培养1～2周,诱导产生直径为2～3 mm的微小愈伤组织对转化非常重要.微小愈伤组织大小不应小于 2 mm;对悬浮细胞短时间培养不但会缩短植株再生时间,而且会提高转化效率．此外,侵染农杆菌的浓度、侵染时间和不同侵染方法也影响 T-DNA 插入基因组的效率．用 1 ml Ａ600值为 0.5 浓度的农杆菌悬液滴加在水稻悬浮细胞诱导的愈伤,培养3 d或直到可见农杆菌菌落,此方法可以得到较高转化效率．将再生的潮霉素抗性的转化植株在含有 50 mg/L 潮霉素的分化和生根培养基中筛选得到,并对转化植株 gus 基因的表达进行 PCR 检测.结果显示,用 Ａ600值为 0.5 浓度的农杆菌浸泡侵染 20 min和滴加浸染法,分别得到PCR阳性植株率为 70% 和92%.     

不同大豆基因型对农杆菌敏感性研究及优异种质筛选

大豆遗传转化一直是植物基因工程领域的难点之一,受体品种对农杆菌的敏感程度以及不同农杆菌菌株对靶组织的侵染能力是影响转化效率的主要因素。本研究利用GUS组织瞬时表达技术,比较了4个农杆菌菌株对靶组织子叶节的侵染能力差异,同时利用筛选到的侵染能力最强的菌株评估了33个不同受体基因型对农杆菌的敏感性。结果表明,超毒农杆菌菌株Ag10对靶组织的侵染能力最强,优于其他3个菌株;地方与野生大豆种质在农杆菌侵染后GUS的平均瞬时表达效率显著高于选育品种。此外,通过鉴定筛选出6个对农杆菌敏感性较高的受体材料,其对农杆菌的敏感性优于前人报道的敏感材料Peking,为大豆高效遗传转化体系的建立和新型转化受体的开发提供了参考。     

A transformation procedure for recalcitrant tomato by addressing transgenic plant-recovery limiting factors

Agrobacterium tumefaciens technology is the battle horse for tomato genetic transformation. However, tomato varieties with low regeneration capacity are very difficult to transform. In the past, tomato transformation through Agrobacterium infection was focused on varieties capable of high regeneration yield, while successful transformation of low regenerable cultivars has not been reported. The genotype response to tissue culture conditions is believed to drive the frequency of regeneration of transgenic plant, whereas the capacity for cell proliferation could determine the transformation efficiency through this technology. The Campbell-28 cultivar is an example of constraints arising from a high morphogenetic potential with low conversion compared to normal plants. In the present work the roles that contribute to improved transgenic plant recovery from this recalcitrant variety were explored for factors like Agrobacterium concentration and antibiotics for bacterial removal and transformant selection. Analysis of the efficiency from independent transformation experiments revealed a more than twofold increase of transformant regeneration after selection on ammonium glufosinate compared to kanamycin selection, showing a transformation efficiency of 21.5%.     

马铃薯遗传转化体系的优化建立及其主要影响因素

植物基因转化的成功依赖于一个良好的转化系统,能有效地将外源基因导入受体细胞,并得以表达。通过农杆菌介导的马铃薯遗传转化体系主要受基因型、预培养、菌液浓度及侵染时间、共培养等因素的影响,由于转化受体的异质性,有必要根据实际情况进行验证和改进,以获得最适转化条件。本研究以马铃薯无菌苗的叶片、茎段为外植体,通过农杆菌介导法,将抗马铃薯X病毒和Y病毒的RNA干扰型基因结构转入马铃薯。通过研究外植体预培养、菌液浓度及侵染时间、共培养等不同转化条件及影响因素对马铃薯遗传转化的影响,建立一种高效的马铃薯遗传转化体系,试验得出最佳转化条件为外植体预培养2 d,然后用OD600=0.5的农杆菌液侵染10 min,共培养2 d。本研究为下一步的对PVX和PVY双抗的马铃薯无标记转基因研究提供技术参考。     

Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana

The Agrobacterium vacuum infiltration method has made it possible to transform Arabidopsis thaliana without plant tissue culture or regeneration. In the present study, this method was evaluated and a substantially modified transformation method was developed. The labor-intensive vacuum infiltration process was eliminated in favor of simple dipping of developing floral tissues into a solution containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 5% sucrose and 500 microliters per litre of surfactant Silwet L-77. Sucrose and surfactant were critical to the success of the floral dip method. Plants inoculated when numerous immature floral buds and few siliques were present produced transformed progeny at the highest rate. Plant tissue culture media, the hormone benzylamino purine and pH adjustment were unnecessary, and Agrobacterium could be applied to plants at a range of cell densities. Repeated application of Agrobacterium improved transformation rates and overall yield of transformants approximately twofold. Covering plants for 1 day to retain humidity after inoculation also raised transformation rates twofold. Multiple ecotypes were transformable by this method. The modified method should facilitate high-throughput transformation of Arabidopsis for efforts such as T-DNA gene tagging, positional cloning, or attempts at targeted gene replacement.     

根癌农杆菌介导丝状真菌遗传转化因素的研究进展

根癌农杆菌介导的丝状真菌遗传转化体系,是当前研究真菌基因组学的有力工具,广泛运用于真菌随机插入突变体库的构建和基因打靶。概述了根癌农杆菌介导的丝菌转化的大致过程,转化效率的影响因素。     

Factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of uidA in wheat inflorescence tissue.

A critical step in the development of Agrobacterium tumifaciens-mediated transformation is the establishment of optimal conditions for T-DNA delivery into tissue from which whole plants can be regenerated. The efficient transformation of inflorescence tissue from 'Baldus', a commercial wheat variety, using the Agrobacterium strain AGLI harbouring the binary vector pAL156 is reported here. The effects of various factors on delivery and the transient expression of the uidA gene were studied including the duration of preculture, vacuum infiltration, the effect of sonication treatments, and Agrobacterium cell density. Optimal T-DNA delivery (as measured by uidA activity) was obtained from inflorescence tissues precultured for 21 d and sonicated. Increasing Agrobacterium cell density, the duration of inoculation/co-cultivation, and vacuum pressure, up to a threshold, increased uidA expression. The investigation of factors that influence T-DNA delivery is an important first step in the utilization of Agrobacterium in the transformation of immature wheat inflorescence tissue.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cereals: a promising approach crossing barriers

Cereal crops have been the primary targets for improvement by genetic transformation because of their worldwide importance for human consumption. For a long time, many of these important cereals were difficult to genetically engineer, mainly as a result of their inherent limitations associated with the resistance to Agrobacterium infection and their recalcitrance to in vitro regeneration. The delivery of foreign genes to rice plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens has now become a routine technique. However, there are still serious handicaps with Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of other major cereals. In this paper, we review the pioneering efforts, existing problems and future prospects of Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation of major cereal crops, such as rice, maize, wheat, barley, sorghum and sugarcane.