豆天蛾幼虫肠道细菌的初步研究

目的从微生态学角度探索豆天蛾的营养生理活动,了解其肠道菌群构成,找出具有利用价值的菌类,为豆天蛾的资源化开发和生物防治提供一定理论依据和技术基础。方法按照传统的培养分离方法从豆天蛾幼虫肠道消化道内分离纯化获得23个不同菌株,分别对其培养性状、菌体形态、染色反应和生理生化性状进行了系统研究。结果得到以葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、地衣芽胞杆菌（B．lichenifomis）、丙酸杆菌属（Propionibacterium）为主的细菌23种,并记录了各种细菌的存在情况及数量。结论豆天蛾的菌群种类与其生活习性有关,为进一步研究适合豆天蛾幼虫生长和繁殖的人工饲料提供数据参考。     

豆天蛾越冬幼虫滞育解除后生物学特性的研究

[目的]豆天蛾Clanis bilineata tsingtauica以老熟幼虫进入滞育越冬,为探明豆天蛾滞育解除的机制.[方法]本研究设置4个不同温度梯度,在恒湿条件下,研究不同温度处理下豆天蛾滞育持续时间、化蛹及羽化的差异.[结果]温度对豆天蛾滞育解除存在一定影响.随着温度升高,豆天蛾滞育持续时间和蛹期逐渐缩短,在35℃条件下滞育持续时间和蛹期最短,分别为(34.4±0.3)d和(6.7±1.2)d;而化蛹率、蛹重随温度的升高呈先升高后降低,在25 ℃时,化蛹率最高为(80.60±0.26)％,在30 ℃时,蛹重最大为(4.21±0.07)g/头.豆天蛾成虫羽化率随温度升高而显著降低;25℃条件下,单雌产卵量最大,达到(204±9)粒.本室内条件下,豆天蛾滞育解除的有效积温为111¨日·度.[结论]在温度为25 ℃的条件下最有利于豆天蛾滞育解除后的生长发育.     

豆天蛾幼虫肠道优势菌株的鉴定研究

豆天蛾是一种传统食用资源昆虫,具有巨大的开发利用价值。以往对豆天蛾的研究多集中于温度、湿度、光照和密度等环境因素对豆天蛾的影响,本文则从微生态学角度研究豆天蛾营养生理情况及微生物对其寄主的影响,发掘豆天蛾肠道优势菌株,为探索一套适用于豆天蛾工厂化生产的人工繁育技术提供理论依据。本研究从1～5龄及越冬幼虫中共分离得到不同细菌23株,确定出其中2株细菌为豆天蛾幼虫肠道优势细菌。经系统分类鉴定法及16SDNA法鉴定,得出2株细菌分别属于葡萄球菌和芽胞杆菌。     

我国人工养麝研究进展及养麝效益问题

我国人工养麝已历经半个世纪,人工养麝研究取得了重要进展,但从整体上看,疾病控制、产香量及养麝的整体效益仍是有待深入研究的课题.为进一步推进我国人工养麝研究和养麝业的发展,现就一些主要的研究进展进行了综述,提出了麝场的经济效益公式,认为在现有的管理体制下,养麝规模越大,经济效益反而越低.鉴于我国养麝业的特殊性及其存在的具体问题,国家应该将养麝业作为一项公益性的事业予以特殊的政策和资金方面的扶持.同时,鼓励医药企业积极投身于养麝研究与麝场建设,以共同推进养麝业的持续健康发展,从而使人工养麝能够为我国麝资源的保护和传统中药的传承做出应有的贡献.     

大豆品种(系)和种植密度对豆天蛾幼虫存活及生长发育的影响

豆天蛾Clanis bilineata tsingtauica Mell幼虫,是一种食用昆虫,富含蛋白质、维生素和矿质元素,具有很高的营养、药用和经济价值。了解适宜豆天蛾幼虫生长发育的大豆品种（品系）和种植密度,可为豆天蛾幼虫规模化饲养提供理论基础。研究通过设置两因素裂区实验,在10个品种（品系）大豆和2个种植密度水平下,测定豆天蛾幼虫生物学参数,明确适宜豆天蛾幼虫养殖的大豆品种（品系）和种植密度。结果表明,不同大豆品种（系）和种植密度对豆天蛾幼虫存活及生长发育均有显著影响;其中使用连151、淮豆9号、东辛3号和H0573大豆饲养的豆天蛾幼虫产量和存活率较高,虫体长度较长,发育历期较短;大青豆饲养的豆天蛾幼虫产量较低,幼虫发育整齐度较差,发育历期长。当种植密度为40 cm×30 cm时,豆天蛾幼虫存活和发育历期整齐度均显著高于种植密度40 cm×15 cm。综上所述,较适宜豆天蛾幼虫养殖的大豆品种（品系）为连151、淮豆9号、东辛3号和H0573,种植密度为40 cm×30 cm。     

水土保持林土壤改良效益评价研究

森林效益评价是目前林业研究的热点,也是难点问题,通过评价水土保持林土壤改良效益,对效益评价的方法和思路进行了探索。指出水土保持林土壤改良效益指标体系的总目标层为效益评价综合指数,准则层包括土壤肥力、抗蚀性能和抗冲性能３个方面,指标层由水稳性团聚体含量、有机质含量、土壤酶活性、ｐＨ值、平均重量直径、团聚度、分散率、土壤硬度和渗透系数构成。在计算效益评价综合指数时,首先要对各项指标的实测数据进行处理,     

安庆市第三代二化螟田间为害状况及水稻损失率的研究

本文阐述了３代二化螟在双季晚稻上发生危害症状和出现的新特点,明确了各种受害症状均有产量损失,损失率为１２．８５％￣５９．６３％;建立了田间友观受害状与产量损失之间的关系,为产量损失调查提供了参考依据。导致减产的主要原因是结实率和千粒重显著降低。药剂防治试验、示范表明,在本代卵孵盛期或初见红叶期选用杀虫双或三唑磷防治１次,防治效果可达７２％以上。于以上两个时期防治２次,防治效果可达９１％以上,同时可     

提高饲养雉鸡综合效益的几点建议

雉鸡又称山鸡、野鸡、环颈雉。由于具有较高的营养、药用、观赏、狩猎价值 ,深受国内外消费者的青睐。发展养雉业既保护了野生雉鸡种群 ,又丰富了人们的生活需求 ,是值得大力提倡的。但是 ,近年来养雉业出现了影响发展的两个问题 ,即 :一是春夏季节 ( 2 -5月 )肉用雉鸡十分缺乏 ,供不应求 ;二是秋冬季节雉鸡大量过剩 ,造成无效饲养。我们经过对养雉户的调查 ,结合本中心试验与实践 ,对于提高饲养雉鸡的综合效益提出以下建议供同行参考。1　应用反季节生产技术在自然条件下 ,雉鸡繁殖产蛋期在每年 3 -8月 ,9月底至翌年 2月底为休产期 ,停止产…     

食虫植物研究的现状和趋势

综述了食虫植物的研究概况 ,包括研究历史、食虫植物的捕虫与消化机制 ,食虫的效果以及食虫植物与环境的生态关系 ,旨在促进我国关于食虫植物的研究     

云南西双版纳蝙蝠咬合力及生态位分化

咬合力与动物咀嚼系统的形态特征以及食物硬度有关,是评价动物取食行为的重要指标之一。本文于2012年4月在云南西双版纳对食果、食蜜和食虫3种食性的12种蝙蝠咬合力进行研究,使用咬合力探测仪测量蝙蝠手持状态下的咬合力,分析不同食性蝙蝠咬合力的差异,并与其体型（体重、前臂长、头长）进行相关分析。结果表明,3种食性蝙蝠的咬合力存在显著差异,食果蝙蝠咬合力最大,其次为食蜜蝙蝠,食虫蝙蝠咬合力最小;但是去除体重因素的影响之后,不同食性蝙蝠的咬合力则差异不显著。蝙蝠咬合力与体重、前臂长、头长均呈显著正相关。本文研究结果表明,体重是影响蝙蝠咬合力的主要因素,食性在一定程度上也对咬合力产生影响,食蜜蝙蝠吻部延长,头长上的特化导致其咬合力的减弱。     

豆天蛾生产与综合利用的研究进展

豆天蛾是一种危害豆类作物的农业害虫,但同时又是重要的资源昆虫。本文针对豆天蛾的资源利用,对其资源发掘潜力及开发利用现状进行了综述,并讨论了豆天蛾工厂化生产繁育中亟需解决的若干问题。     

豆天蛾胚胎发育特征及药剂对卵的杀伤作用

根据卵色变和胚胎的解剖学特征,豆天蛾的胚胎发育过程中可分为４个阶段,４种药剂（功夫菊酯,灭多威,久效磷,甲基对硫磷）的杀卵效果随胚胎发育的进展逐渐提高。     

饲养密度对黄粉虫幼虫生长发育的影响

黄粉虫原是一种仓库害虫 ,由于其幼虫、蛹、成虫都含有丰富的蛋白质和多种氨基酸 ,已被作为饲用资源昆虫来开发利用。作为一种群集性的昆虫 ,黄粉虫幼虫的生长受密度影响可分为 2个阶段 ,一是幼虫孵化后 1个月这段时间内 ,高密度处理的幼虫平均体重大于低密度处理的幼虫平均体重 ;二是孵化 1个月后直到化蛹 ,这段时间低密度的幼虫生长要比高密度的幼虫快得多。密度越大 ,历期越长。但密度对化蛹率没有影响。在幼虫生长过程中 ,各处理组中只有 3 2 0头虫密度处理组的幼虫在生长 1个月后显出拥挤效应。     

县域土地利用变化下生态系统服务价值损益预测——以重庆市巴南区为例

土地利用/覆被变化是全球变化的研究热点,评估县域土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值损益的影响对促进生态环境保护和推动城乡区域协调发展具有重要意义。基于重庆市巴南区2000年以来连续5期遥感影像及CLUE-S模型,量化土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响并预测2020-2030年服务价值损益的时空动态。结果表明2000-2020年巴南区土地利用变化主要表现为耕地持续转化为其他用地类型和林地面积的大幅增长,该趋势将在未来10年内延续。2000-2030年耕地占巴南区面积的比例下降了39.58%,而林地占比将增长28.86%并在2025年后取代耕地成为最主要的地类;建设用地、水域和未利用地面积占比分别增长8.29%、2.25%和0.18%。土地利用类型变化下巴南区生态系统服务价值在2000-2020年由11.69亿元增长到27.64亿元,并将持续增长至2030年的30.19亿元。耕地和林地转化为建设用地、耕地转化为林地（尤其是转化为针叶林和针阔混交林）分别是服务价值损失及增益的主要方式。2000-2030年巴南区生态系统服务价值总损失0.58亿元、总增益19.09亿元,净增益18.50亿元。土地利用结构变化和生态系统服务当量因子价值升高分别贡献了净增益的70.96%和29.04%。巴南区生态系统服务价值损益与地形密切相关。2000-2030年间巴南区生态系统服务价值由匀质分布逐渐形成北低南高的发展格局;价值损益在全局和局域尺度上均呈现出显著的正向空间自相关特性。巴南区现有的土地利用模式能够兼顾经济发展及生态环境保护两方面的需求。未来需要继续实行生态保护工程、合理规划城市用地边界、严守耕地红线以推动城乡区域协调发展。     

Larval development of Diploptera punctata reared alone and in groups

Larvae of the cockroach Diploptera punctata were reared in isolation, in pairs, or in groups of 8–10. Duration of larval development, age at each ecdysis, weights at birth and ecdyses, and adult head-capsule width were measured. Duration of larval development was longer and adult size was larger in isolated animals than in animals reared in pairs and groups. The effect of isolation on development was more pronounced in males. All females had 4 larval instars, whereas males had 3 or 4 instars. The proportion of males with 4 larval instars was higher among animals reared in isolation. There was no difference in the duration of larval development or adult size between pair- and group-reared animals. The sex of animals in the group did not affect adult size or the duration of larval development. Males which underwent 3 or 4 larval instars had different schedules of moulting. Rates of growth of males of both instar types reared in isolation and pairs were similar. Greater adult weight of isolated animals and 4-instar-type males was a result of their longer duration of larval development. Both a higher rate of growth and longer duration of larval development contribute to the larger adult size of females than males.     

基于自然-经济综合视角的碳排放强度与生态盈亏多情景模拟研究——以淮海经济区为例

生态盈亏与碳排放强度是衡量生态环境质量与经济发展水平的重要指标,分析两者时空关联并预测未来演进方向对提升区域生态环境质量健康水平具有指导作用。以淮海经济区为研究对象,以2000年、2010年和2020年3期土地利用数据为基础,运用PLUS模型、双变量自相关、耦合协调度及面板计量回归模型等方法,预测并分析淮海经济区2000—2036年3种情景下碳排放强度、生态盈亏的演化特征及时空关联。结果表明：(1)常规发展情景下,淮海经济区生态性呈下降趋势,强耕地保护情景下生态性微有下降,强生态保护情景下,生态性有所上升,自然要素是主导。(2)常规发展情景下,淮海经济区碳排放量逐渐加大,强耕地保护及强生态保护情景下,则呈下降趋势;三种状态下,碳排放强度均呈下降趋势,时间轴2010—2020年降幅较大,空间序河流水系地区碳排放强度降幅较大。(3)淮海经济区碳排放强度与生态盈亏呈负相关关系,低低和低高聚类主要分布在城镇建设用地周边,高低和高高聚类分布在人类干扰较少的自然区域;高高聚类主要位于河流水系交汇区,表明水域有效降低碳排放强度的功能。(4)淮海经济区的碳排放强度与生态盈亏之间的耦合协调度呈东西高、中...     

Balancing food availability and hydrodynamic constraint: phenotypic plasticity and growth in Simulium noelleri blackfly larvae

Organisms through phenotypic plasticity can cope with multiple changed environmental conditions. Theory predicts that animals in streams and rivers should be able to balance demands of the needs to obtain food efficiently and to adjust response to hydrodynamic variability. This study examined effects of variations in food availability and current velocity on the feeding structure and growth rate of Simulium noelleri blackfly larvae. The larvae developed larger labral fans and more rays under slow current and low food regimes than in fast current and high food conditions. In both fast and slow current regimes, growth rates were higher and development periods to the final-instar stage were shorter in high food treatments. The estimated flux rates of food particles through labral fans under high food treatments for both fast and slow current regimes were higher than those under low food treatments. Although both food and current velocity appeared to have selected for flexibility of feeding structure and growth rate, food availability was a more important factor for phenotypic and developmental plasticity than current velocity. The results indicate a strong link between environmental changes in food availability and current velocity, phenotypic plasticity, and growth rate of S. noelleri. This study suggests that plasticity of ecomorphs with macroevolutionary significance may play a role in the early evolutionary stages of blackfly larvae.     

Canopy photosynthetic production in a Japanese larch stand. I. Seasonal and vertical changes of leaf characteristics along the light gradient in a canopy

In an 18 year old Japanese larch stand, leaf characteristics such as area, weight, gross photosynthetic rate and respiration rate were studied in order to obtain basic information on estimating canopy photosynthesis and respiration. The leaf growth courses in area and weight from bud opening were approximated by simple logistic curves. The growth coefficient for the area growth curve was 0.155–0.175 day⁻¹, while that for the weight growth was 0.112–0.117 day⁻¹. The larger growth coefficient in area growth caused the seasonal change in specific leaf area (SLA) that increased after bud opening to its peak early in May at almost 300 cm² g⁻¹ and then decreased until it leveled off at about 140 cm²g⁻¹. The change inSLA indicates the possibility that leaf area growth precedes leaf thickness growth. The relationship between the coefficientsa andb of the gross photosynthetic rate (p)-light flux density (1) curve (p=bI/(1+aI)) and the mean relative light flux density (I′/I ₀) at each canopy height were approximated by hyperbolic formulae:a=A/(I′/I ₀)+B andb=C/(I′/I ₀)+D. Leaf respiration rate was also increased with increasingI′/I ₀. Seasonal change of gross photosynthetic rate and leaf respiration rate were related to mean air temperature through linear regression on semilogarithmic co-ordinates.     

Plasticity in relative growth rate and its components following a change in irradiance

A total of 244 plants from two species, Lythrum salicaria and Epilobium glandulosum, were grown individually in hydroponic sand culture from seed for 36 d. Until day 27 all plants experienced an irradiance of 550 μmol m^?2 s^?1 PFD and on day 27 half of the plants were subjected to a neutral shade treatment in which irradiance was reduced to 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 photon fluy density (PFD). Measures of relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, specific leaf area, biomass partitioning to leaves, roots, structural tissues (i.e. stems, petioles and inflorescences) and tissue density were obtained from intensive harvests three or four times per day. The shade treatment caused an immediate decrease in relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. Within hours the specific leaf area of the shaded plants increased and leaf tissue density decreased, thus partially offsetting the decrease in relative growth rate. Biomass partitioning was not affected.