Long-term nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of cattle manures applied to cut grassland

Manures supply nitrogen (N) to crops beyond the year of application. This N must be taken into account for agronomic and environmental reasons. From 2002 to 2006 we conducted a field experiment on a sandy soil in The Netherlands (52°03″N, 6°18″E) to better quantify this residual N effect. Treatments comprised different time series of mineral fertilizer N or cattle manures of different compositions, all applied at a rate of 300 kg total N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, whilst compensating for differences in available potassium and phosphorus. Dry matter and N yields of cut grassland responded positively (P < 0.05) to both current manure applications and applications in previous years, whereas mineral fertilizer N affected yields in the year of application only. N yields could be reasonably well predicted with a simple N model, adopting an annual relative decomposition rate of the organic N in manure of 0.10–0.33 year⁻¹ during the year of application and 0.10 year⁻¹ in the following years. Subsequent model calculations indicated that the N fertilizer value (NFRV) of injected undigested cattle slurry rises from an observed 51–53% when slurry is applied for the first time, to approximately 70% after 7–10 yearly applications, whereas it took two to four decades of yearly applications to raise the NFRV of surface applied farm yard manure to a similar level from an initial value of 31%. Manures with a relatively high first year NFRV (e.g. anaerobically digested slurry) had a relatively small residual N effect, whereas manures with a low first year NFRV (e.g. farm yard manure) partly compensated for this by showing larger residual effects. Given the long manuring history of most agricultural systems, rethinking the fertilizer value of manure seems justified. The results also imply that the long term consequences of reduced N application rates may be underestimated if manuring histories are insufficiently taken into account.     

氮肥形态和用量对藏东南地区烤烟产量和质量的影响

在藏东南地区进行了氮肥用量和形态对烟产量与质量影响的田间试验。结果表明,在施N量0－150kg·hm^-2范围内,施N量与烘烤后烟叶产量、产值、氧化钾及总N含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与上中等烟比例、还原糖含量则呈显著负相关,糖／碳比显著下降,氮肥用量75kg·hm^-2时,产量、质量最佳。无机氮肥对烟产量与质量的效应极显著优于有机氮肥。铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵态氮肥处理间除上中等烟比例,其它各项指标仅略有差异,但均极显著优于酰胺态氮肥。铵态氮对烤烟产量与质量的影响略优于硝态氮,主要在于烟株吸收和同化过程的差异。     

Fertilizer placement experiments

Summary The results are given of an investigation in the Netherlands, made over a number of years, on placement of fertilizers. This new method of application has been tested in field trials, in which placement has been compared with the usual method of broadcasting at certain increasing levels of fertilizer. The experiments relate to nitrogen, phosphate and potash on different kinds of crops and soils.Generally speaking, it would appear that placement is better than broadcasting. The difference between the two methods of application can be represented by a factor indicating the ratio between the amounts of fertilizer giving the same yield for both. Nitrogen applied in bands is about 1.20 times as effective as broadcasting for cereals, potatoes and beets; phosphate for pulse crops 7.50, for maize 2.90, for cereals 2.45, for potatoes 1.90 and for beets 1.20; potash on river clay for cereals 3.65, for potatoes 1.00 at low pH and 1.60 at high pH and for beets 1.00. There are indications that the prevention of fixation and a better early growth as a result of the localisation of the fertilizer near the seed at an adequate depth are reasons why placement is successful.The conclusions of de Wit with regard to the effect of placement are not corroborated. It appears that placement gives higher yields at light dressings, and at heavy dressings yields as high as broadcasting, whereas, according to de Wit, a favourable effect would be attained, as a rule, with light dressings and an unfavourable effect with heavy dressings.     

Effect of incorporated green manure crops on subsequent oat production in an acid,infertile silt loam

A field-size experiment was initiated in 1982 on an acid, low fertility Springhill silt loam to determine the effect of five unfertilized green manure crops (alsike clover, sweet clover, single- and double-cut red clover, and buckwheat) on subsequent oat production and soil fertility. The field was limed in 1982 and green manures were seeded (without fertilizer) in spring, 1983 in 1400 m² strips randomly assigned within three treatment blocks. Plant tissue samples were taken from different locations in each plot in the fall of 1983 and all crops were incorporated. In 1984 the field was separated into an upper and lower section and each section received three rates of NPK fertilizer (0; 30-36-36; 60-72-72 kg ha^-1) spread across the previous strips. Gary oats were seeded and at harvest were divided into grain and straw. The results indicated significant effects of field sample location, green manure type and fertilizer level on oat yields. Buckwheat significantly reduced oat production compared to the four clovers, while the highest fertilizer rate improved oat yields compared with the other levels of fertilizers. Elemental analysis of the green manure crops and soil fertility was compared with data of the same crops grown in more fertile, neutral soils.     

Improved recycling of livestock slurries on maize by means of a modular tanker and spreader

Slurry spreading represents a critical component of the waste management strategy since it influences the nutrients' availability for the crops. The Italian Regulation in force sets severe limits to the slurry application to land. These limits--and the necessity to optimise the slurry fertilising value--require to operate with the correct application rate and with a sufficient spreading uniformity. An innovative slurry spreader able to optimise the reuse of this by-product as an agronomic resource whilst respecting the national regulation has been tested under practical conditions. The agronomic trials showed that the controlled recycling--performed with the innovative slurry spreader--gave no statistically different grain yields from those obtained with the chemical fertilisation. The ammonia emissions recorded after the slurry injection were the 16% of those recorded after the band application.     

氨基酸肥效作用的研究

本研究证明氨基酸分子可以直接被作物吸收,并有促进作物增产的肥效作用,如与等氮量的无机氮肥相比(如NH_4Cl),混合氨基酸的肥效更高,我们用胱氨酸废液中的游离氨基酸为主要成分制成氨基酸肥料,盆栽和田间试验证明,该肥料具有明显增产作用,这就为毛发水解行业治理环境污染与开辟新的肥料来源结合起来,一举两得。     

Investigations into nitrogen sources and supply in reclaimed colliery spoil

Summary Two trials were established to investigate the supply of nitrogen from ammonium and nitrate fertilizers, slow release nitrogen fertilizers, an organic nitrogen fertilizer and a legume, at two phosphate levels, to eight grass cultivars on colliery spoil. Spoil nitrogen supply and chemical characteristics and herbage dry matter and nitrogen yields were monitored for up to seven years. pH and conductivity fell at both sites. pH trends appeared to be independent of nitrogen treatment. Nitrogen in the ammonium form gave better yields than in the nitrate form when 125 kg N ha^–1 was supplied in a season but there was no difference when 62.5 kg N ha^–1 was applied. Slow release forms of nitrogen gave better yields more evenly distributed over the season than one application of ammonium sulphate per season. Once established white clover (Trifolium repens) plots had a more consistent nitrogen supply, more evenly distributed yield and better quality herbage than nitrogen fertilizer plots.Lolium perenne yielded poorly at low fertility.Festuca rubra andAgrostis castellana, although establishing slowly, yielded well under high and low fertility.     

Slow-release effect of N-functionalized kraft lignin tested with Sorghum over two growth periods

Biomass production of fodder sorghum (Sorghum sp.) has been tested in a field trial over two harvesting periods under natural meteorological conditions using ammoxidized kraft lignin (AKL) as a slow-release fertilizer and urea as conventional reference. In the course of the first growth cycle, plants treated with urea gave higher biomass yields because of the better solubility of urea in the initial phase. However, during the second cycle AKL treated plants performed better than urea treated sorghum, indicating that nitrogen from AKL became readily available.     

Ecology and Control of Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera avenae) in Southern Australia

The ecology and control of cereal cyst nematode in southern Australia is reviewed. The wide distribution of Heterodera avenae in Victoria and South Australia is due largely to movement of cysts by wind during dust storms. The fungus Rhizoctonia solani frequently is associated with the nematode in a disease complex in wheat, and disease symptoms are most severe on lighter or well structured soils. Crop rotations which include periods of fallow, or of nonhost crop reduce population levels of H. avenae and improve yields. Early-sown crops (April-May) are less severely damaged than late-sown crops (June-July). The resowing of damaged wheat crops or the application of nitrogenous fertilizers rarely improve grain yields. ''Katyil,'' the world''s first wheat cultivar bred specifically with resistance to H. avenae, has been released in Victoria. Chemical control of the nematode in cereals is now commercially feasible, and five nematicides are registered for use by growers.     

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米生产灰水足迹及其县域尺度变化特征

华北平原是种植冬小麦和夏玉米的主要区域,农民为达高产而过量使用化肥对该区造成了严重的面源污染。"有河皆干,有水皆污"已经成为华北平原水资源与水环境现状的概语。灰水足迹理论与方法的提出为定量评价农业生产对水环境的影响提供了一条新的思路。因此,基于精细的县域尺度农业基础数据,运用灰水足迹评价方法,分析了华北平原1986—2010年的冬小麦-夏玉米灰水足迹及其时空变异特征。结果表明:华北平原冬小麦和夏玉米产品灰水足迹分别为0.55—2.97m3/kg和0.50—2.02m3/kg,均为美国、德国等地区的2—10倍;河北衡水、保定等地区灰水足迹较低,渤海湾等地区灰水足迹较高;冬小麦和夏玉米25a总灰水体积为2.67×1010—5.84×1010m3,平均值为3.90×1010m3,总体表现为随时间变化呈波动上升趋势。建议在华北平原要注意严格控制施肥量、提高肥效,积极推广测土配方施肥、缓释肥等养分资源管理技术,积极发展利用沼液、有机肥等化肥替代技术;要控制肥料地表流失和地下淋失,大力发展冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下的机械化喷灌、滴灌、微喷带等灌溉系统条件下的水肥一体化技术,全面实施秸秆、地膜等覆盖技术减少农田土壤流失以及深松等耕作技术实现土壤水库的增容扩蓄。     

沼液的定价方法及其应用效果研究

为了探索沼液的商品化,采用养分含量定价和应用效果定价2种方法确定了沼液的价格,并分析了沼液施用后对土壤基本理化性状的影响作用。结果发现:采用养分含量定价法得到的沼液价格为78.12元/m³,采用沼液应用效果定价法得到的沼液的价格为111.4元/ m³;沼液的实际应用价值要明显高于其养分含量的市场价;沼液施用后可降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,增加土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤有效磷及有效钾含量,有利于土壤肥力的保持。     

Genotypic variation in nitrogen utilization efficiency in oilseed rape is related to the coordination of leaf senescence and root N uptake during reproductive stage

Plant and Soil - Due to their low nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) oilseed rape (OSR) crops require large quantities of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to achieve acceptable economic yields. To...     

配比施肥对5年生巨桉人工林生长的影响

以四川省宜宾市高县巨桉试验林为研究对象,采用4因素5水平二次通用旋转组合设计方法,建立了密度、氮、磷、钾施肥与5年生巨桉人工林单株木地上部分生物量之间的效应模型,经检验,二次回归模型拟合较好.通过对模型的交互效应分析发现:氮肥与磷肥之间存在明显的协同效应,氮肥与钾肥和磷肥与钾肥之间协同效应不明显.对回归模型进行频数分析,密度、氮、磷、钾4因素取95%的置信区间的高产栽培措施组合为:密度1860-1935株/hm~2,氮肥56-64 g/株,磷肥47-56g/株,钾肥37-46g/株.     

Markedly different gene expression in wheat grown with organic or inorganic fertilizer

Nitrogen is the major determinant of crop yield and quality and the precise management of nitrogen fertilizer is an important issue for farmers and environmentalists. Despite this, little is known at the level of gene expression about the response of field crops to different amounts and forms of nitrogen fertilizer. Here we use expressed sequence tag (EST)-based wheat microarrays in combination with the oldest continuously running agricultural experiment in the world to show that gene expression is significantly influenced by the amount and form of nitrogenous fertilizer. In the Broadbalk winter wheat experiment at Rothamsted in the United Kingdom and at three other diverse test sites, we show that specific genes have surprisingly different expression levels in the grain endosperm when nitrogen is supplied either in an organic or an inorganic form. Many of the genes showing differential expression are known to participate in nitrogen metabolism and storage protein synthesis. However, others are of unknown function and therefore represent new leads for future investigation. Our observations show that specific gene expression is diagnostic for use of organic sources of nitrogen fertilizer and may therefore have useful applications in defining the differences between organically and conventionally grown wheat. [The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. AL 208216-AL 831324).]     

Elevated methane emissions from a paddy field in southeast China occur after applying anaerobic digestion slurry

One hundred million tons of farm stalk waste and livestock and poultry excrement are used every year in China for the production of clean energy (biogas) by anaerobic digestion. Consequently, a large amount of fermented liquid is produced, and if disposed of improperly, it will result in secondary pollution. Agricultural application of this anaerobic slurry as a liquid fertilizer would reduce possible eutrophication of water sources from random slurry discharge and supply a superior organic fertilizer for farming. This study investigated the effect of applying anaerobic digestion slurry as a liquid fertilizer on the methane emitted from a paddy field. A two‐year (2008–2009) field experiment replacing chemical fertilizer with liquid fertilizer from anaerobically digested pig manure slurry was conducted in a paddy field in Yixing, Jiangsu, China. A static closed chamber method was used to measure methane fluxes over the period from June 2008 to October 2009. All fertilizer treatments increased methane emissions relative to untreated controls, with increases in methane ranging from 40–70% in 2008 to 48–84% in 2009. Paddy fields treated with anaerobically digested pig manure slurry had greater methane emissions (8–84% in 2008 and 3–26% in 2009) than those treated with chemical fertilizer. This suggests that the anaerobic digestion slurry would increase methane emission and so is unsuitable as a liquid fertilizer in paddy fields without development of cultivation practices to limit these emissions.     

沼液部分替代化肥在日光温室秋番茄上的应用效果

为探索沼液和化肥协同促生的效果,以3种常见禽畜粪便(鸭粪、猪粪、牛粪)作为发酵原料的沼液为母液,以氮磷钾镁肥作为化学肥料辅助,平衡不同稀释比例之间的养分差异,研究沼液配施对番茄生长发育的影响. 结果表明: 沼液部分替代化肥可以显著改善土壤速效氮、磷、钾的肥力状况,依发酵原料和稀释比例不同,沼液对土壤水溶性钙、镁和有效铁、锰、铜、锌有不同程度的活化作用. 与完全施用化肥相比,沼液配施化肥可显著促进番茄生长,且随生育期的延长,沼液的促生作用愈发凸显,最终增产幅度达55.9%～232.8%,化肥用量减少18.2%～85.0%;番茄果实品质显著改善,番茄红素、Vc、总糖含量均显著提高,果实酸度显著降低,NO₂^-降幅达35.6%～90.3%,而口感得分比化肥处理高出7.0%～20.3%.相关分析发现,番茄产量和品质呈非线性关系,口感与糖酸比呈显著正相关,番茄果实口感受肥料种类的影响亦显著. 总之,沼液配施化肥用于番茄生产可以实现高产、优质、环保、培肥和资源高效利用的目的.     

氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响

连续2年在西南冬麦区的重庆、仁寿、广汉、西昌4个地点,开展3种施氮水平(每公顷纯氮0、120、180 kg,简写为N₀、N₁₂₀、N₁₈₀)和3种氮肥分配模式(N_A:底肥100%;N_B:底肥70%+苗肥30%;N_C:底肥60%+拔节肥40%)的田间试验,监测小麦花后冠层叶片SPAD值、群体光合速率(CAP)、光能利用等生理参数和籽粒产量,计算氮素利用效率、光能利用率等.结果表明: 随施氮水平增加,小麦上三叶SPAD值、CAP、光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率和产量均呈增加趋势,而氮肥农学利用效率、生产效率、吸收效率和利用效率呈降低趋势.氮肥后移的增效作用因施氮水平而异,SPAD于N₁₈₀增效明显,而CAP于N₁₂₀增效明显,不同氮肥管理模式的光能利用率因地点而异.氮肥后移能明显提高小麦氮肥农学效率、生产效率、吸收效率和氮素表观回收率,但氮肥利用效率则略有减少.氮肥后移效果N_C总体优于N_B处理.不同地点比较,广汉的SPAD值、CAP、PAR截获率、氮肥利用参数较高,其产量也相应最高;西昌的产量、SPAD值及氮素利用效率较高,但其光能利用率和CAP较低;重庆和仁寿的SPAD值、光能利用率及氮素利用效率均较低,其产量也最低.小麦生物产量与各地点的籽粒产量、CAP、SPAD值和PAR累积截获量均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系.表明不同生态区域增施氮肥都能促进小麦增产,氮肥后移可进一步优化产量结构、改善氮肥和光能利用效率,但存在年份和地点差异,各地需要制定有针对性的氮肥管理模式.     

Effects of Nitrogenous Fertilizers on the Chemical Composition of CTC Black Tea

High rates of nitrogenous fertilizers increased the caffeine content, as well as those compounds imparting inferior and superior flavor contents. However, the flavor index, the ratio of compounds imparting superior flavor to those contributing to inferior flavor characteristics, decreased with increasing rates of nitrogenous fertilizers. Although theaflavins generally increased while thearu- bigins decreased with nitrogenous fertilizer rates, the relationships were quadratic. On the average, the minimum value of theaflavins was produced at about 235 kg N/ha/year.     

Crop uptake and leaching of 15N applied in ruminant slurry with selectively labelled faeces and urine fractions

Two animal slurries either labelled with ¹⁵N in the urine or in the faeces fraction, were produced by feeding a sheep with unlabelled and ¹⁵N-labelled hay and collecting faeces and urine separately. The slurries were applied (12 g total N ^-2) to a coarse sand and a sandy loam soil confined in lysimeters and growing spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Reference lysimeters without slurry were supplied with¹⁵ NH₄ ¹⁵NO³ corresponding to the inorganic N applied with the slurries (6 g N m^-2). In the second year, all lysimeters received unlabelled mineral fertilizer (6 g N m^-2) and grew spring barley. N harvested in the two crops (grain + straw) and the loss of nitrate by leaching were determined. ¹⁵N in the urine fraction was less available for crop uptake than mineral fertilizer ¹⁵N. The first barley crop on the sandy loam removed 49% of the ¹⁵N applied in mineral fertilizer and 36% of that applied with urine. The availability of fertilizer ¹⁵N (36%) and urine¹⁵ N (32%) differed less on the coarse sand. Of the¹⁵ N added with the faeces fraction, 12–14% was taken up by the barley crop on the two soils. N mineralized from faeces compensated for the reduced availability of urine N providing a similar or higher crop N uptake in manured lysimeters compared with mineral fertilized ones.About half of the total N uptake in the first crop originated from the N applied either as slurry or mineral fertilizer. The remaining N was derived from the soil N pool. Substantially smaller but similar proportions of¹⁵ N from faeces, urine and fertilizer were found in the second crop. The similar recoveries indicated a slow mineralization rate of the residual faeces N since more faeces was left in the soil after the first crop.More N was lost by leaching from manured lysimeters but as a percentage of N applied, losses were similar to those from mineral fertilizer. During the first and second winter, 3–5% and 1–3%, respectively, of the ¹⁵N in slurry and mineral fertilizer was leached as nitrate. Thus slurry N applied in spring just before sowing did not appear to be more prone to loss by nitrate leaching than N given in mineral fertilizer. Slurry N accounted for a higher proportion of the N leached, however, because more N was added in this treatment.