六盘山华北豹的栖息地利用及保护建议

大型食肉动物对维持生态系统的结构和功能具有重要作用, 但大部分大型食肉动物处在持续的种群数量和分布面积下降之中, 面临着急迫的研究与保护需求。华北豹(Panthera pardus japonensis)是我国特有的豹亚种, 也是部分区域森林生态系统中仅存的大型食肉动物, 面临着生境破碎化等威胁。本研究使用红外相机调查了宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区华北豹的分布, 通过构建占域模型分析了华北豹的栖息地利用, 预测了华北豹的适宜栖息地, 并评估了其生境破碎化格局。研究发现, 华北豹在六盘山的平均占域率约为0.135。华北豹偏好植被发育成熟、地势崎岖、温度较低、远离农田和公路的栖息地, 对于农田边缘和居民点等人类活动区域未显示出显著回避。研究识别的六盘山华北豹适宜栖息地主要沿六盘山东西两侧山脉分布, 55%的适宜栖息地斑块位于六盘山国家级自然保护区内。栖息地斑块面积平均为16 km², 最大达214 km², 约77%的栖息地斑块面积在10 km²以下。研究表明六盘山国家级自然保护区有效地保护了华北豹现有的适宜栖息地, 但仍存在栖息地破碎化和人类活动干扰等关键限制因素。建议通过栖息地改造、人类活动管理等方式增强六盘山华北豹适宜栖息地斑块连通性; 并通过推动华北豹跨省保护工作等举措促进华北豹种群扩散恢复。     

2000-2020年华北地区植被固碳能力时空变化特征及其气象影响分析

净生态系统生产力(NEP)是估算植被生态系统碳源/汇的重要指标,开展区域NEP时空变化特征分析,对科学评估植被生态系统固碳能力及其气候变化应对措施具有重要意义。研究基于土壤呼吸模型和TEC模型,利用2000—2020年气象数据和遥感数据,采用线性趋势分析、Hurst指数和相关分析等统计方法,对华北地区固碳能力时空变化特征、影响因素及其未来变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：2000—2020年,华北地区年均NEP为228.8 gC/m²,在空间分布上呈现从西北向东南逐步递增的趋势,总体上表现为净固碳。从变化趋势来看,华北地区生态系统的固碳能力总体呈增加趋势,分布面积占比达到88.8%,达到显著增加趋势的面积比例为54.5%(P<0.05),其中河北北部、北京北部、山西西北部、山东西部等地NEP每年每平方米增加9.0 gC以上。华北大部地区NEP年际波动较小,有79.6%的区域多处于较高稳定、高稳定的等级。从变化趋势来看,华北地区有84.9%区域NEP具有强持续性,且NEP未来仍将持续增加的区域面积占比达到51.4%。华北地区NEP的空间分布和年际变化主要受降水的影响...     

不同栖息地破坏格局下具捕食偏爱似然竞争结局的模拟分析

使用元胞自动机模型,对具有捕食偏爱、不同栖息地破坏比例和不同空间破坏格局条件下的捕食-食饵系统中各物种的变化动态进行了模拟分析。在捕食者和两猎物物种共存时:栖息地破坏比例、栖息地破坏的聚集度对猎物物种间强弱关系产生相反的作用,若增加栖息地破坏比例不利于某一猎物生存,则提高聚集度对其有利;适当提高适宜栖息地的聚集度,对所有物种都有利,若聚集度过高,效果相当于减少了栖息地的破坏比例,可能对某些猎物物种不利,但对整体系统有利;被破坏栖息地的聚集度发生变化时,捕食者的反应更敏感;在一定条件下,增强弱势种群的捕食偏爱会有助于其生存。     

Demography of lions in relation to prey and habitat in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

We studied lion demography in the Maasai Mara National Reserve between September 1990 and April 1992, with a special emphasis on the spatial and seasonal variation in demographic characteristics. Lion density (0.2–0.4 lions km^?2) and pride size (range 8–48) were high because of a high resident prey biomass (10 335 kg km^?2) augmented by migrant prey to 26 092 kg km^?2 in the dry season. Overall, their sex ratio was almost at parity and varied neither spatially nor seasonally. Sex ratio was even among subadults but skewed toward males and females among cubs and adults, respectively. This implies an increasing differential mortality of males with age through subadulthood. The age ratio varied seasonally because of a birth peak in March–June and an influx of subadults into the reserve during July–August, coincident with increases in migrant prey. The birth peak was apparently preceded by another peak in mating activity falling between November and May. Further research should investigate the precise causes of the biased cub sex ratio, low lion density in the Mara Triangle and the higher ratio of subadults in Musiara than in the Mara Triangle or Sekenani.     

Seasonal patterns of habitat use by insectivorous bats in a subtropical African agro‐ecosystem dominated by macadamia orchards

We report on acoustic surveys of insectivorous bats conducted during seven months of the year using ANABAT recordings in two habitats (macadamia orchards and adjacent riparian bush) in a subtropical agro‐ecosystem in northern South Africa. We defined two functional foraging groups of bats based on their echolocation calls: (i) open‐air foragers (family Molossidae) having narrow‐band, low‐frequency, low duty cycle calls; and (ii) clutter‐edge foragers (families Miniopteridae and Vespertilionidae), having broad‐band, higher frequency, low duty cycle calls. Bat activity (number of bat passes) was not significantly influenced by habitat. Total bat activity and activity of both functional groups varied significantly between seasons, being highest in summer and autumn (coinciding with annual peaks in numbers of Twin spotted (Bathycoelia natalicola) and Green (Nezara spp) Stinkbugs, order Heteroptera, family Pentatomidae, and Macadamia Nut Borer moths, Cryptophlebia ombrodelta) and lower in winter and spring. No significant effect of moon phase was detected, either on total activity or activity of the two functional groups. We postulate that the significant pattern of seasonality of commuting and/or foraging activity of bats in macadamia orchards (which is more marked in open‐air foragers) may be driven by the seasonal abundance of pest insects such as stinkbugs and Macadamia Nut Borer moths.     

Match and mismatch: Integrating consumptive effects of predators,prey traits,and habitat selection in colonizing aquatic insects

Predators are a particularly critical component of habitat quality, as they affect survival, morphology, behavior, population size, and community structure through both consumptive and non‐consumptive effects. Non‐consumptive effects can often exceed consumptive effects, but their relative importance is undetermined in many systems. Our objective was to determine the consumptive and non‐consumptive effects of a predaceous aquatic insect, Notonecta irrorata, on colonizing aquatic beetles. We tested how N. irrorata affected survival and habitat selection of colonizing aquatic beetles, how beetle traits contributed to their vulnerability to predation by N. irrorata, and how combined consumptive and non‐consumptive effects affected populations and community structure. Predation vulnerabilities ranged from 0% to 95% mortality, with size, swimming, and exoskeleton traits generating species‐specific vulnerabilities. Habitat selection ranged from predator avoidance to preferentially colonizing predator patches. Attraction of Dytiscidae to N. irrorata may be a natural ecological trap given similar cues produced by these taxa. Hence, species‐specific habitat selection by prey can be either predator‐avoidance responses that reduce consumptive effects, or responses that magnify predator effects. Notonecta irrorata had both strong consumptive and non‐consumptive effects on populations and communities, while combined effects predicted even more distinct communities and populations across patches with or without predators. Our results illustrate that an aquatic invertebrate predator can have functionally unique consumptive effects on prey, attracting and repelling prey, while prey have functionally unique responses to predators. Determining species‐specific consumptive and non‐consumptive effects is important to understand patterns of species diversity across landscapes.     

Coral reef mesopredators switch prey,shortening food chains,in response to habitat degradation

Diet specificity is likely to be the key predictor of a predator's vulnerability to changing habitat and prey conditions. Understanding the degree to which predatory coral reef fishes adjust or maintain prey choice, in response to declines in coral cover and changes in prey availability, is critical for predicting how they may respond to reef habitat degradation. Here, we use stable isotope analyses to characterize the trophic structure of predator–prey interactions on coral reefs of the Keppel Island Group on the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. These reefs, previously typified by exceptionally high coral cover, have recently lost much of their coral cover due to coral bleaching and frequent inundation by sediment‐laden, freshwater flood plumes associated with increased rainfall patterns. Long‐term monitoring of these reefs demonstrates that, as coral cover declined, there has been a decrease in prey biomass, and a shift in dominant prey species from pelagic plankton‐feeding damselfishes to territorial benthic algal‐feeding damselfishes, resulting in differences in the principal carbon pathways in the food web. Using isotopes, we tested whether this changing prey availability could be detected in the diet of a mesopredator (coral grouper, Plectropomus maculatus). The δ¹³C signature in grouper tissue in the Keppel Islands shifted from a more pelagic to a more benthic signal, demonstrating a change in carbon sources aligning with the change in prey availability due to habitat degradation. Grouper with a more benthic carbon signature were also feeding at a lower trophic level, indicating a shortening in food chains. Further, we found a decline in the coral grouper population accompanying a decrease in total available prey biomass. Thus, while the ability to adapt diets could ameliorate the short‐term impacts of habitat degradation on mesopredators, long‐term effects may negatively impact mesopredator populations and alter the trophic structure of coral reef food webs.     

Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus foraging activity in relation to habitat and prey

Capsule In west Scotland, the birds foraged in accordance with the distribution of prey and vegetation associated with early-growth conifer forests.

Aims To investigate foraging Hen Harrier activity in relation to vegetation cover and structure and the abundance of potential prey.

Methods Forty 1 × 1-km sample observation areas were monitored at four sites in west Scotland.

Results Foraging time in the sample squares was dependent on the proximity of harrier nests. Harriers preferred areas with relatively high densities of Field Voles Microtus agrestis and Meadow Pipits Anthus pratensis, associated with tall ground vegetation and shrub layers. They also preferred areas planted with trees but preference declined with increasing tree foliage 2–5 m tall and bare ground.

Conclusion Conifer forests can provide favourable conditions for foraging harriers during the early growth stages. Further work is required to determine the value of other types of woodland.     

The feeding strategy of dab Limanda limanda in the southern North Sea: linking stomach contents to prey availability in the environment

The feeding strategy of dab Limanda limanda was investigated within a predefined research area in the southern North Sea for 2 years. The aims were: 1) to establish the relationship between prey availability and dab abundance, distribution, body condition and prey selection, and 2) to determine the underlying functional processes of prey choice in dab. Temporal and spatial trends of prey availability in relation to dab abundances, distribution, condition and prey selection were analysed. Temporal trends in dab condition, percentage of empty stomachs and numbers of ingested prey were apparent. In particular in the winter period 2000–2001 dab were in poor condition and prey items were only rarely found in stomachs. Similarly prey availability decreased in the environment while the abundance of dab increased. Thus, temporal changes in the nutritive state were partly thought to be attributed to density‐dependent effects. The stomach composition of dab during the two consecutive summers was mainly dominated by Pariambus typicus and Ophiura albida while in the winter period only O. albida made a significant contribution to the stomach content. Analysis of prey characteristics indicated that only prey densities in the environment significantly influenced prey choice in dab, while other characteristics such as the position of the prey in the habitat, its palatability or mobility did not have significant effects. The feeding strategy of dab thus was highly opportunistic, although trends were apparent that suggested that buried living fauna was less likely to be ingested, which was also observed in previous studies.     

Temporal and intrapopulation variation in prey choice of wintering geese determined by stable isotope analysis

1. Individual variability in prey preferences can have marked effects on many demographic parameters from individual survival and fecundity to the vital rates of entire populations. A population level response is ultimately determined by individual prey choices; however, the effect of individual dietary choice is often overlooked. 2. We determined prey choice by individual consumers, light-bellied Brent geese Branta bernicla, during the overwintering period. Two hundred and eighty-one individuals were sampled at distinct temporal points over two winters. Stable isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen for blood cells and blood plasma, from each sampled individual were measured. Isotopic ratios for potential prey items were also measured. 3. Delta15N and delta13C for blood samples were both significantly different between sample months. Generally we found a decrease in both isotopic ratios during the course of the winter. All potential prey items were also isotopically distinct. Multisource mixing models (isosource) were used to determine the range of possible contribution to the diet of individuals. 4. During early winter, diet consisted almost exclusively of sea grass Zostera spp. The level of Zostera spp. in the diet dropped until mid-winter, and was supplemented by the utilization of green algae Ulva lactuca, and Enteromorpha spp., and terrestrial grasses. Terrestrial grass comprised an increasing proportion of the diet in late winter, representing virtually the exclusive food source by April. 5. By examining intrapopulation variability in resource utilization we highlight a number of ecologically important factors not addressed by previous population level studies.     

马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)回声定位声波与生境类型和环境因子的关系

2007年在吉林省罗通山自然保护区,利用超声波探测仪（Avisoft-SASLAB PRO）录制并分析不同生境中马铁菊头蝠的回声定位声波。结果显示马铁菊头蝠在不同类型生境中活动;各生境中回声定位声波参数存在显著差异（one-way ANOVA,P〈0.05）。从环境因子中通过主成分分析筛选出与其回声定位声波相关的植被、气候和地形因子,探讨回声定位声波与这些因子的相关性。结果显示FM1和FM2带宽与乔木高（r=-0.948,-0.825;P〈0.05）、FM1起始频率和FM2终止频率与林冠面积（r=-0.967,-0.958;P〈0.05）、FM1起始频率、FM2终止频率和峰频与湿度（r=-0.776、-0.875和-0.794,P〈0.05）、脉冲持续时间和脉冲间隔与平均灌木高均呈显著负相关（r=-0.911,-0.990;P〈0.05）,峰频与植被株数（r=0.756,P〈0.05）、脉冲持续时间与冠下高呈显著正相关（r=0.870,P〈0.05）。表明各种环境因子（植被因子、气候因子和地形因子）都在一定程度上影响回声定位声波,回声定位声波具有表型可塑性和生境适应性,这些特性决定了马铁菊头蝠生境利用的程度和可利用的资源。     

Relationship between moonlight and nightly activity patterns of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and some of its prey species in Formosa,Northern Argentina

The moon can profoundly influence the activity patterns of animals. If predators are more successful under bright moonlight, prey species are likely to respond by shifting their own activity patterns (predator-avoidance hypothesis). However, the assumption that prey will necessarily avoid full-moon nights does not take into account that moonlight also allows prey to more easily detect predators, and to forage more efficiently. Thus, nightly activity patterns could depend on night vision capabilities (visual-acuity hypothesis). To consider the possible influences of moonlight and to distinguish between these hypotheses, we used camera-trapping records of a predator, the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), and several of its night-active prey to compare activity patterns under different moonlight conditions. The ocelots' activity patterns were not strongly related to moonlight, but showed a slight tendency for higher activity during brighter nights. Tapeti rabbits (Sylvilagus brasiliensis) and brocket deer (Mazama americana) showed a clear preference for brighter nights. White-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris) also showed a trend to be less active in new moon light. In contrast, smaller grey four-eyed opossums (Philander opossum) and the poor eye-sight nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) showed similar activity patterns across all moon phases. Since activity patterns of most prey species were not shifted away from the activity of the ocelot, the differences between species are probably linked to their night vision capabilities, and emphasise the need for more information on the visual system of these taxa. Their activity patterns seem to be less strongly linked to avoidance of predation than previously thought, suggesting that foraging and predator detection benefits may play a more important role than usually acknowledged.     

Echolocation calls of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in relation to habitat type and environmental factors

The present experiment was carried out in Luotong Mountain Natural Reserve in Jilin Province of China in 2007. We recorded and analyzed the echolocation calls of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in different habitats by using Avisoft Bioacoustics USG 116 and Avisoft-SASLAB PRO (Avisoft Bioacoustics, Berlin, Germany). Our results showed that R. ferrumequinum foraged in diverse habitats in the study area, and their echolocation calls were significantly variable in different habitats (One-Way ANOVA, P < 0.05). Vegetative, climatic and topographical factors were selected by using the principal component analysis and the correlations between the parameters of echolocation calls and these environmental factors were analyzed. The results indicated that although R. ferrumequinum always emitted FM/CF/FM echolocation calls in different habitats, the parameters of echolocation calls varied with variable environmental factors. Significant negative correlation existed between FM1 bandwidth and arbor height (r = ?0.948, P < 0.05), FM₂ bandwidth and arbor height (r = ?0.825; P < 0.05), FM1 starting frequency and canopy area (r = ?0.967, P < 0.05), FM₂ ending frequency and canopy area (r = ?0.958, P < 0.05), FM1 starting frequency and air relative humidity (r = ?0.776, P < 0.05), FM₂ ending frequency and air relative humidity (r = ?0.875, P < 0.05), peak frequency and air relative humidity (r = ?0.794, P < 0.05), pulse duration and average shrub height (r = ?0.911, P < 0.05), and inter-pulse interval and average shrub height (r = ?0.990, P < 0.05). Significant positive correlation existed between peak frequency and number of plants (r = 0.756, P < 0.05), and pulse duration and height below the canopy (r = 0.870, P < 0.05). Our results suggested that many kinds of ecological factors (such as vegetation factor, climatic factor and topographical factor) affected the structure of echolocation calls and made them diverse in different habitats, i.e., echolocation calls of bats had phenotypic flexibility and eco-adaptability. These characteristics determined the degree of available habitats and natural resources for R. ferrumequinum.     

Nonlinear features and complexity patterns of vegetation dynamics in the transition zone of North China

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been commonly used to estimate terrestrial vegetation distribution and productivity. In this study, we adopted recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) to investigate the spatial patterns of determinism of the vegetation dynamics ecological-geographical transition zones in North China, especially the differences between transition zone and the surrounding areas. The results indicated that there were obvious regional variances in spatial patterns of RQA indices—determinism, laminarity, entropy, and averaged diagonal line length. Remarkable differences of the determinism of NDVI time series also existed between transition zones and the surrounding areas. Moreover, the correlation analysis between the RQA indices and climatic factors suggested that the determinism of the NDVI time series was nonlinearly affected by hydrothermal conditions. Influenced by vegetation patterns, determinism reached the maximum when the annual precipitation is about 400 mm, which is the lower bound of cultivation and forest distribution, and along the 400 mm isohyet is the area where transition zones locate.     

中国县域碳汇时空格局及影响因素

以全国1300个县级行政单位作为研究对象,利用全国县域尺度土地利用数据和社会经济数据,核算了1990—2015年间中国县域碳汇总量,并结合标准差椭圆、空间自相关、冷热点分析和地理加权回归分析方法,探析中国县域碳汇的时空分异特征及影响因素,旨在为优化国土空间开发格局,实施差异化减排路径及推动生态文明建设提供参考。研究表明:(1)时空变化上,1990—2015年中国碳汇总量呈波动下降趋势,由13307.79×10⁴t下降至13198.27×10⁴t;林地为主要碳汇类型,其余碳汇类型比例结构基本不变;在空间分布上,中国县域碳汇呈现"西部>东北>南部>中部"的"西高东低"格局。(2)在空间分异和聚集上,碳汇空间分布中心向西南移动,分布范围呈收缩态势,西南地区对整体碳汇空间格局影响作用加强;1990—2015年中国县域碳汇总量的冷热点集聚程度呈现波动稳定特征,空间集聚程度呈现高值与低值聚集,高-低区域零星分布的特征。(3)从影响因素分析来看,2015年经济发展、产业结构、土地利用程度对碳汇产生影响并存在空间异质性。建议通过合理规划县域...     

华北地区土壤水分的时空变化特征

土壤水分是重要的水文参数,也是水循环、气候变化等研究的基本要素.本研究利用中国气象局新一代自动土壤水分观测网逐小时土壤水分观测数据,分析2013-2019年间华北地区土壤水分的时空分布和变化趋势及其与降水和温度的关系.结果 表明:研究期间,华北地区10～100 cm土层土壤水分整体呈波动下降趋势,尤以100 cm根区土...     

中国沙棘属种质资源及其生境类型的研究

沙棘属植物有7种11亚种,中国产7种7亚种,其中2种2亚种是近年发现的新分类群。因而,我国是沙棘属植物种质资源最丰富的地区,也是沙棘资源蕴藏量最大的地区。沙棘属植物广泛分布于我国西南、西北、华北等地的森林——草原(草甸)过渡地带;从垂直分布角度看,无皮组的种类主要分布于海拔3000m以下的中低海拔地区,有皮组的种类则集中分布于3000m以上的中高海拔地区。根据光照、温度、植被类型等因素其生境类型可分为温性乔木林型、温性灌丛型、寒温性灌丛型和高寒灌丛型4种类型。理塘沙棘、棱果沙棘和卧龙沙棘种群数量少,分布区域狭窄,资源十分有限,应加强驯化研究和迁地保护,并提出了合理开发利用沙棘属种质资源的几点建议。     

Post-stocking survival of 0+ year pike in ponds as a function of water transparency, habitat complexity, prey availability and size heterogeneity

Survival of 0+ year pike Esox lucius (20–31 mm L _T) was evaluated over the first week following stocking in ponds (16 m²) depending on water transparencies (low and high), habitat complexity (low and high) and food availability (zooplankton). A multiple regression analysis showed that survival, essentially as a result of cannibalism, decreased with increasing size heterogeneity of pike, and the decrease was steeper when no food was available. Survival was equal in clear water and water containing copper chlorophyllin (chlorophyll), and slightly higher in complex than in simple habitats, but only when alternative prey availability was low. Conversely, growth in water containing chlorophyll was slightly faster than in clear water. This suggests that initial size heterogeneity is the prevailing factor controlling mortality when stocking 0+ year pike almost irrespective of the stocking environment.     

东北虎豹国家公园东部的野猪生境利用和活动节律初步研究

野猪是世界上分布最广的大型哺乳动物之一,也是东北虎豹国家公园内主要的有蹄类动物,东北虎主要的猎物之一。本文采集了中国虎豹观测网络架设在东北虎豹国家公园东部区域的红外相机完整一年的拍摄数据（2015年5月至2016年4月）,通过占域模型和核密度分析,获得不同季节的野猪生境利用情况和日活动节律,探究人为因素、环境因素和生物因素对野猪生境利用的影响。结果显示,野猪偏好于针叶林和针阔混交林,在靠近居民点的区域活动增加。不同物种间的相互作用对野猪的生境利用产生不同影响,受捕食者压力野猪会倾向于躲避东北虎,但东北豹对野猪占域显示为正向影响。梅花鹿和狍对野猪的影响在不同季节呈现相反,梅花鹿对野猪的占域在冬季呈负向影响,而狍对野猪的占域则在夏季呈负向影响。本研究区域内的野猪夏季有2个活动高峰,冬季有1个活动高峰,在不同季节都倾向于白天和晨昏活动,在日落前达到活动最高峰。本研究揭示东北虎豹国家公园东部区域的野猪生境利用和活动节律是受到植被生境、大型食肉动物和人类因素等多种因素相互作用,长期相适应的结果。