沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏COX-2的表达与肝细胞凋亡的关系研究

目的：探讨沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏环氧化酶-2（COX-2）的表达与肝细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法：沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组各42头长白仔猪随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组7个时间组,实验各组在建立腹部肠管火器伤模型后,用免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝组织COX-2的表达,采用TUNEL法观察肝细胞凋亡情况,并检测血清ALT的变化。结果：沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组中各实验组COX-2表达水平及肝细胞凋亡率均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;在沙漠干热环境组,各实验组肝脏COX-2表达水平明显高于相对应的常温组（P〈0．01）,肝细胞凋亡率在1h、2h、4h、8h明显高于相对应的常温组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;肝脏COX-2的表达水平和肝细胞凋亡率在沙漠干热环境组和常温组中的第1个高峰值均出现在伤后2h组,沙漠干热环境组的第2个高峰值出现在伤后8h组,而常温环境组的第2个高峰出现在伤后12h组;血清ALT的变化趋势与COX-2的表达及细胞凋亡的趋势相似,肝脏COX-2表达水平和肝细胞凋亡率在沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组均具有相关性,相关系数分别为0．973和0．945,（P〈0．01）。结论：沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏COX-2的水平明显高于常温组,COX-2的表达与肝细胞凋亡的变化趋势一致,且密切相关,提示在沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后COX-2可能通过促进肝细胞凋亡在继发性肝脏损害过程中起重要作用。     

沙漠干热环境腹部肠管枪弹伤后血清内毒素与肝脏环氧化酶-2的表达研究

目的:探讨沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管枪弹伤后血清内毒素和肝脏环氧化酶-2(COX-2)表达之间的关系.方法:沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组健康长白仔猪各42头随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部枪弹伤肠管穿透模型后,用显色基质鲎试剂法检测各组血清内毒素水平,免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝组织COX-2的表达.结果:沙漠干热环境和常温环境下,伤后各实验组血清内毒素水平和肝脏COX-2表达水平均高于对照组(P＜0.01),两种环境下内毒素均在8h组达到高峰,分别为(0.971±0.04)EU/ml、(0.627±0.08)EU/ml,沙漠干热环境组内毒素峰值明显高于常温环境组(P＜0.01);除对照组和1h组外,其余各时间组的干热环境内毒素值明显高于常温环境(P＜0.01).在沙漠干热环境组,各实验组肝脏COX-2表达水平明显高于相对应的常温组(P＜0.01),肝脏COX-2的表达水平在沙漠干热环境组和常温纽中的第1个高峰值均出现在伤后2h组,沙漠干热环境组的第2个高峰值出现在伤后8h组,而常温环境组的第2个高峰出现在伤后12h组;血清内毒素水平和肝脏COX-2表达水平在沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组均具有相关性,相关系数分别为0.928和0.847,(P＜0.01).结论:沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管枪弹伤后血清内毒素和肝脏COX-2表达较常温组明显提高,且二者密切相关,提示在沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管枪弹伤后血清内毒素和COX-2在继发性肝损害过程中可能起重要作用.     

沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏功能和形态的变化

目的:观察沙漠干热环境下猪腹部火器伤肠管穿透后肝脏功能和形态的变化。方法:沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组各健康长白仔猪42头随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部火器伤肠管穿透模型后,分别测定各组动物血清中AST水平,并与对照组比较。在光镜下观察各组肝脏组织学变化,电镜下观察肝脏超微结构改变。结果:伤后各组血清AST水平均高于对照组,并于伤后2h出现第1个高峰,沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组分别于伤后8h和12h出现第2个高峰。沙漠干热组和常温组分别于伤后4h和8h开始出现肝细胞的坏死和超微结构的明显变化。结论:沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏结构和功能损伤的发生均较常温组提前,提示在沙漠干热环境下腹部火器伤更要及早对肝损伤采取相应的保护措施。     

沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后IL-6和TNF-α在血清中的变化研究

目的:探讨沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后血清白介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的动态变化规律.方法:沙漠干热组和常温组各42头长白仔猪随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组7个时间组,实验各组在建立腹部肠管火器伤模型后分别在相应的时间点采血,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定各组动物血清IL-6、TNF-α水平:结果:沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组中的各实验组动物血清IL-6、TNF-α水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05),沙漠干热环境组的IL-6、TNF-α均明显高于相对应的常温组(P<0.01或P<0.05),沙漠干热环境组血清IL-6在伤后8小时组最高,为(1369.49±31.56)pg/ml,而在常温组中以伤后12h组最高,为(1218.35±74.00)pg/ml.血清TNF-α的高峰值在沙漠干热环境和常温的高峰值均为伤后12h组,分别为(112.73±8.05)pg/ml和(94.36±10.18)pg/ml,且二者具有显著性差异(P<0.05).血清IL-6和TNF-α的水平在沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组均具有相关性,相关系数分别为0.989和0.972(P<0.01).结论:沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后血清IL-6、TNF-α的水平明显高于常温组,且两种因子的水平密切相关,IL-6、TNF-α可能在沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后的继发性机体损害过程中起重要作用.     

腹部肠管火器伤后脑组织COX-2的表达与细胞凋亡的研究

目的:探讨猪腹部肠管火器伤后脑组织环氧化酶-2(COX-2)的表达与细胞凋亡之间的关系.方法:健康长白仔猪42头随机分为对照组以及伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部火器伤肠管穿透模型后,用免疫组化图像分析法测定各组脑组织COX-2的表达,采用TUNEL法观察脑细胞凋亡情况.结果:腹部肠管火器伤后COX-2在脑组织中的表达随着时间延长而表达增强、细胞凋亡率也随之增加,24小时组COX-2表达最强、细胞凋亡率最高,各实验组COX-2的表达和凋亡率明显高于对照组(P<0.01),各实验组COX-2表达与凋亡率明显高于上一时间组,具有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),Pearson直线相关分析表明,COX-2的表达与细胞凋亡率均呈正相关,相关系数为0.857(P<0.01).结论:腹部肠管火器伤后脑组织中COX-2表达与脑细胞凋亡趋势一致,且二者密切相关,提示腹部肠管火器伤后COX-2可能通过调控各种凋亡因子来促进脑细胞凋亡,从而在继发性脑损害过程中起重要作用.     

NF-κB、TNF-α在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后肝损伤机制中的作用

目的:探讨核因子-καB、肿瘤坏死因子-α在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后肝损伤中的作用.方法:健康长白仔猪42头随机等分为对照组和伤后1 h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部火器伤肠管穿透模型后,用免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝内NF-κB、TNF-α表达,同时测定肝细胞凋亡和血清中ALT变化情况,在光镜下观察各组肝脏组织学变化.结果:伤后各组肝内NF-κ B表达、TNF-α表达、肝细胞凋亡指数和血清ALT水平明显高于对照组,NF-κB表达于伤后1h和8h出现2个高峰(P＜0.05);TNF-α表达、肝细胞凋亡指数和血清ALT水平于伤后2h和12h出现2个高峰(P＜0.05);且第2个高峰值均大于第1个高峰值(P＜0.05.伤后1h、2h、4h组出现逐渐加重的肝细胞水肿、变性,伤后8h、12h、24h组出现逐渐加重的肝细胞点状坏死、灶状坏死和炎细胞浸润,对照组光镜下未见明显的损伤性变化.结论:腹部火器伤肠管穿透后,NF-κB可能在促进肝细胞凋亡的同时使TNF-α表达增多来共同介导肝损伤.     

NF—κB、TNF-α仪在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后肝损伤机制中的作用

目的：探讨核因子-καB、肿瘤坏死因子-α在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后肝损伤中的作用。方法：健康长白仔猪42头随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部火器伤肠管穿透模型后,用免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝内NF-κB、TNF-α表达,同时测定肝细胞凋亡和血清中ALT变化情况,在光镜下观察各组肝脏组织学变化。结果：伤后各组肝内NF-κB表达、TNF-α表达、肝细胞凋亡指数和血清ALT水平明显高于对照组,NF-κB表达于伤后1h和8h出现2个高峰（P〈0、05）;TNF-α表达、肝细胞凋亡指数和血清ALT水平于伤后2h和12h出现2个高峰（P〈0．05）;且第2个高峰值均大于第1个高峰值（P〈0．05）。伤后1h,2h、4h组出现逐渐加重的肝细胞水肿、变性,伤后8h、12h、24h组出现逐渐加重的肝细胞点状坏死、灶状坏死和炎细胞浸润,对照组光镜下未见明显的损伤性变化。结论：腹部火器伤肠管穿透后,NF-κB可能在促进肝细胞凋亡的同时使TNF-α仪表达增多来共同介导肝损伤。     

沙漠干热环境猪肠管火器伤继发性肾损伤的病理学观察

目的:观察沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器穿透伤后肾脏损害的病理学变化.方法:健康长白仔猪84头随机分为常温组及沙漠干热环境组.每组分为对照组、伤后1 h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组.建立腹部肠管火器穿透伤模型后,分别于伤后各时间点检测各组体温、伤道局部细茼学定量、血液细菌性培养定性、血清中内毒素水平;同时,切取肾组织进行病理组织学及超微结构观察.结果:两组动物均形成肠管穿孔伤,伤后各时间点体温逐渐升高,在相同时间点,沙漠组体温明显高于常温组(P<0.01);伤道血细菌培养:沙漠组伤后4h达到感染临界值与常温组具有显著性差异(P<0.01):8h血浆内毒素水平:沙漠组为0.970±0.04EU/ml与常温组0.63+0.08 EU/ml具有显著性差异(P<0.01).肾病理变化:沙漠组较常温组病变提前且随时间的延长呈进行性加重,以12h组-24h组出现肾小球变质性炎、肾小管急性坏死等病变.结论:沙漠环境腹部肠管火器穿透伤可造成肾损害,进行性发展为急性肾小球变质性炎和急性肾小管坏死,可能导致急性肾功能不全;血液动力学障碍及肠源性内毒素血症可能是肾损害的重要因素.     

NF-κB在腹部肠管火器伤后肝组织中的表达及意义

目的:探讨NF-κB在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后肝组织中的变化及意义。方法:42头健康长白仔猪随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部肠管火器伤模型后,用免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝内NF-κB的表达,同时测定血清中ALT、AST水平,光镜下观察各组肝脏组织学变化。结果:实验组肝内NF-κB活性明显高于对照组,并于伤后1h和8h出现2个高峰(P<0.05)。实验组出现逐渐加重的肝细胞水肿、变性、坏死,血清ALT、AST水平在伤后明显升高,并于伤后2h和12h出现2个高峰(P<0.05)。结论:NF-κB的活化在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后继发性肝损伤中扮演着重要角色。     

NF-KB在腹部肠管火器伤后肝组织中的表达及意义

摘要目的：探讨NF-KB在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后肝组织中的变化及意义。方法：42头健康长白仔猪随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部肠管火器伤模型后,用免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝内NF．KB的表达,同时测定血清中ALT、AST水平,光镜下观察各组肝脏组织学变化。结果：实验组肝内NF-KB活性明显高于对照组,并于伤后1h和8h出现2个高峰（P〈0．05）。实验组出现逐渐加重的肝细胞水肿、变性、坏死,血清ALT、AST水平在伤后明显升高,并于伤后2h和12h出现2个高峰（P〈0．05）。结论：NF-KB的活化在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后继发性肝损伤中扮演着重要角色。     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

MPD and DNA Bending in Crystals and in Solution

Bending of 15 to 24° is observed within crystal structures ofB-DNA duplexes, is strongly sequence-dependent, and exhibits no correlation with the concentration of MPD (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol) in the crystallizing solution. Two types of bends are observed: facultative bends or flexible hinges at junctions between regions of G·C and A·T base-pairs, and a persistent and almost obligatory bend at the center of the sequence R-G-C-Y. Only A-tracts are characteristically straight and unbent in every crystal structure examined to date. A detailed examination of normal vector plots for individual strands of a double helix provides an explanation, in terms of the stacking properties of guanine and adenine bases. The effect of high MPD concentrations, in both solution and crystal, is to decrease local bending somewhat without removing it altogether. MPD gel retardation experiments provide no basis for choosing among the three models that seek to explain macroscopic curvature of DNA by means of microscopic bending: junction bending, bent A-tracts, or bent general- sequence DNA. Crystallographic data on the straightness of A-tracts, the bendability of non-A sequences, and the identity of inclination angles in A-tract and non-A-tractB-DNA support only the general-sequence bending model. The pre-melting transition observed in A-tract DNA probably represents a relaxation of stiff adenine stacks to a flexible conformation more typical of general-sequence DNA.     

Update in research and methods in proteomics and bioinformatics

The 3rd International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics (Proteomics 2013)

Philadelphia, PA, USA, 15–17 July 2013

The Third International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics (Proteomics 2013) was sponsored by the OMICS group and was organized in order to strengthen the future of proteomics science by bringing together professionals, researchers and scholars from leading universities across the globe. The main topics of this conference included the integration of novel platforms in data analysis, the use of a systems biology approach, different novel mass spectrometry platforms and biomarker discovery methods. The conference was divided into proteomic methods and research interests. Among these two categories, interactions between methods in proteomics and bioinformatics, as well as other research methodologies, were discussed. Exceptional topics from the keynote forum, oral presentations and the poster session have been highlighted. The topics range from new techniques for analyzing proteomics data, to new models designed to help better understand genetic variations to the differences in the salivary proteomes of HIV-infected patients.     

Parasitism and epibiosis in native and non-native gammarids in freshwater in Ireland

The introduced amphipod crustaceans Gammarus pulex and G. tigrinus are displacing the native G. ducheni celticus in a number of freshwater sites in Northern Ireland. We investigated parasite and epibiont infection in populations in the Rivet Lagan and Lough Neagh where both native and invading species occur. Prevalence of the four parasites and epibionts observed was higher in the native G. d. celticus than in the invading amphipods at both field sites. In Lough Neagh. G. d. celticus individuals suffered higher burdens of the rotifer Embata parasitica and the protozoan Epistylis in comparison with the invading species. These patterns may reflect host specificity by the parasites or may result from different susceptibilities of the native and invading host species. We consider the influence of parasitism on host invasions and resulting species distributions.