一种简易SNP检测方法的建立

目的：建立一种快速、简单的SNP（Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms）检测方法。方法：设计带生物素标记的扩增引物对检测用具有单碱基差异的野生型和突变型靶序列分别进行扩增,然后通过紫外交联的方式将相应检测靶序列的探针固定在硝酸纤维素膜上,借助Taq酶完成膜上单引物延伸,从而对探针捕获的靶序列进行延伸固定在膜上,最后使用生物素．亲和素酶联显色（ABs-ELISA）反应肉眼观察结果。结果：阳性和阴性对照探针显示正常。野生型探针和突变型探针能够分别特异性结合靶序列,并通过生物素和亲和索显色系统放大为一种肉眼可判断结果的检测形式。结论：建立了一种基于硝酸纤维素膜载体上进行核酸扩增的SNP检测方法。     

10种常见细菌基因检测膜条的研制

以16S rRNA基因为检测靶基因,设计10种常见细菌的DNA探针,将探针固定于硝酸纤维素膜条;PCR扩增细菌的16S rRNA基因片段并标记生物素后与膜条杂交;采用碱性磷酸酶标记的链亲和素检测生物素标记,以NBT/BCIP显色。该膜条不仅能单独检测10种细菌中的任何一种,也能同时检测5种细菌。该方法具备高通量、低成本、快速、准确等特点,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

应用纳米金探针检测HSV-2的目视化基因芯片

本实验建立了一种应用金标链霉亲和素探针的目视化高灵敏度检测单纯疱疹病毒2型(Herpes Simplex Virus-2, HSV-2)的基因芯片.该芯片以HSV-2 DNA 聚合酶的高保守区为靶序列,设计HSV-2特异性引物和探针,通过PCR反应使扩增产物标记上生物素;氨基修饰的探针固定在活化的玻片上,与生物素标记的扩增产物杂交;利用生物素与链酶亲和素高亲合力的特性,加入纳米金标记的链酶亲和素后形成生物素-链酶亲和素-纳米金生物反应放大系统;银染反应后,达到目视化检测HSV-2效果.该HSV-2检测基因芯片能目视化检测出100fmol/L的HSV-2扩增产物,具有灵敏度高,低成本的特点,通过临床标本验证表明该芯片具有较高的准确性.     

应用纳米金探针检测HSV-2的目视化基因芯片

本实验建立了一种应用金标链霉亲和素探针的目视化高灵敏度检测单纯疱疹病毒2型(HerpesSimplexVirus-2,HSV-2)的基因芯片。该芯片以HSV-2DNA聚合酶的高保守区为靶序列,设计HSV-2特异性引物和探针,通过PCR反应使扩增产物标记上生物素;氨基修饰的探针固定在活化的玻片上,与生物素标记的扩增产物杂交;利用生物素与链酶亲和素高亲合力的特性,加入纳米金标记的链酶亲和素后形成生物素-链酶亲和素-纳米金生物反应放大系统;银染反应后,达到目视化检测HSV-2效果。该HSV-2检测基因芯片能目视化检测出100fmol/L的HSV-2扩增产物,具有灵敏度高,低成本的特点,通过临床标本验证表明该芯片具有较高的准确性。     

基于纳米金复合探针的基因芯片膜转印检测法

建立了一种基于纳米金复合探针的基因芯片膜转印核酸检测新方法。首先,用纳米金颗粒同时标记检测探针P2和两种长短不同且生物素化的信号探针 (T10,T40),其中检测探针与靶DNA 5￠端互补,两种信号探针起信号放大作用。当靶DNA分子存在时,芯片表面捕捉探针P1 (与靶DNA分子3￠端互补) 通过碱基互补配对原则结合靶DNA分子,将其固定于芯片上,同时检测探针通过与靶DNA 5￠端互补配对将纳米金复合探针结合于芯片表面,结果在芯片表面形成“三明治”结构,后通过链霉亲和素-生物素反应,使芯片表面对应有靶DNA分子的部位结合上碱性磷酸酶,最后利用BCIP/NBT显色系统使芯片表面信号结果镜面转印至尼龙膜表面。当检测探针和信号探针摩尔比为1∶10,T10和T40摩尔比为9:1时可以检测1 pmol/L合成靶DNA分子或0.23 pmol/L结核分枝杆菌16S rDNA PCR扩增产物,检测结果通过普通的光学扫描仪读取或肉眼直接判读信号有无。本芯片检测系统灵敏度高,操作方法简单、快速,不需要特殊仪器设备,在生物分子的检测方面具有较高的应用价值。     

用PCR-LiPA技术研究HLA-DR4基因与类风湿性关节炎的相关性

研究了HLA－DR4基因及亚型与湖南地区类风湿性关节炎的相关性。实验应用第12届国际HLA协作科研（12thIHWC）提供的生物素化的PCR引物,特异性地扩增HLA－DR4基因的第2外显子。扩增产物变性后,与已固定在膜上的一套序列特异性富核着酸（SXi）探针作线性杂交,再利用碱性磷酸酶标记的链酶亲和素与生物素结合,加入底物澳氯丐队磷酸／四晔氮蓝（BCIP／NET）,使杂交带显色,由反应格局判定IllH一DR亚型,即PCR－LCh技术。使用此技术可检测DRBI．04组特异性22个等位基因（DRBI．0401～0422）。研究表明所调查的湖南地区正常…     

荧光原位杂交技术在染色体结构研究中的应用

1969年 Gall和 Pardue首先用同位素标记的 RNA探针定位特定的靶 DNA序列 ,开创了原位杂交技术 ,但同位素探针的高背景限制了它对靶序列的精确定位 ,随后发展了一系列非同位素方法 ,最初有生物素探针 ,用荧光素标记亲合素 ,酶联反应或胶体金检测 ,其他包括乙酰氨基荧光素 ( AAF) ,汞 ,地高辛 ( DIG)和 2 -三硝基酚等。荧光原位杂交 ( fluorescence in situ hybridiza-tion FISH)技术就是指将 DNA探针用特殊修饰的核苷酸分子标记 ,通过原位杂交与靶染色体或 DNA上特定的序列结合的方法学 ,靶染色体通常固定在载玻片上 ,杂交结果用荧…     

高灵敏度电化学发光PCR方法检测基因点突变研究

近年来发展了一种用于定量检测基因点突变的电化学发光PCR方法。该法采用三联吡啶钌标记的上游引物和生物素标记的下游引物对待测基因进行PCR扩增;随后,采用特定的限制性内切酶对扩增产物进行酶切,由于野生型样品和突变型样品间存在酶切位点的变化,其中只有一种基因型样品能被切断;通过生物素与链霉亲和素包被的磁珠连接,将生物素标记的DNA片段收集到样品池中;进行电化学发光检测,通过所得信号的有无可以判断其基因型。我们分别将该法用于Presenilin-1基因和H-ras癌基因的点突变检测,结果均可明显区分突变型样品和野生型样品。该法具有灵敏、快速、简便、安全等优点,是一种实用的基因点突变检测方法。     

Biotin-Avidin免疫转移技术

Biotin-Avidin-Immunoblot是将生物素和亲和素引入酶标免疫检测中,用于经电泳分离并转移到硝酸纤维素膜上的蛋白质的分析。该方法特异性好,具有很好的重复性,检测敏感度可达1.5×10^-11mg,与放射免疫检测方法相似。     

诺如病毒RT-PCR-反向斑点杂交检测方法的建立

旨在建立诺如病毒RT-PCR-反向斑点杂交检测方法。选取诺如病毒较为保守的RdRp基因作为扩增对象,经RT-PCR扩增后将目的片段克隆到pGEM-T载体中。以重组质粒为模版,选择合成寡核苷酸探针及生物素标记引物。生物素标记引物的扩增产物经热变性后与固定在硝酸纤维素膜上的探针进行杂交反应,经显色后判定结果。出现明显的蓝紫色斑点为诺如病毒阳性,如无斑点则为阴性。对5份临床样品进行检测,并以RT-PCR对比验证。结果显示,利用反向斑点杂交法对重组质粒的检测限为100拷贝/μL,在5例实际样品检测中有1例为阳性,与RT-PCR判定结果一致。建立了诺如病毒的RT-PCR-反向斑点杂交检测方法,该方法特异性好,灵敏度高,操作简便,具有重要的应用价值。     

Oligonucleotide ligation assay-based DNA chip for multiplex detection of single nucleotide polymorphism

An oligonucleotide ligation assay-based DNA chip has been developed to detect single nucleotide polymorphism. Synthesized nonamers, complementary to the flanking sequences of the mutation sites in target DNA, were immobilized onto glass slides through disulfide bonds on their 5' terminus. Allele-specific pentamers annealed adjacent to the nonamers on the complementary target DNA, containing 5'-phosphate groups and biotin labeled 3'-ends, were mixed with the target DNA in tube. Ligation reactions between nonamers and pentamers were carried out on chips in the presence of T4 DNA ligase. Ligation products were directly visualized on chips through enzyme-linked assay. The effect of G:T mismatch at different positions of pentamers on the ligation were evaluated. The results showed that any mismatch between pentamer and the target DNA could lead to the decrease of ligation, which can be detected easily. The established approach was further used for multiplex detection of mutations in rpoB gene of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates.     

Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene using a single bacterial magnetic particle

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping for aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (ALDH2) has been developed by using a nano-sized magnetic particle, which was synthesized intracellularly by magnetic bacteria. Streptavidin-immobilized on bacterial magnetic particles (BMPs) were prepared using biotin labeled cross-linkers reacting with the amine group on BMPs. ALDH2 fragments from genomic DNA were amplified using a TRITC labeled primer and biotin labeled primer pair, and conjugated onto BMP surface by biotin-streptavidin interaction. PCR product-BMP complex was observed at a single particle level by fluorescence microscopy. These complexes were treated with restriction enzyme, specifically digesting the wild-type sequence of ALDH2 (normal allele of ALDH2). The homozygous (ALDH2*1/*1), heterozygous (ALDH2*1/*2), and mutant (ALDH2*2/*2) genotypes were discriminated by three fluorescence patterns of each particle. SNP genotyping of ALDH2 has been successfully achieved at a single particle level using BMP.     

Novel biosensor system model based on fluorescence quenching by a fluorescent streptavidin and carbazole‐labeled biotin

In the present study, a novel molecular biosensor system model was designed by using a couple of the fluorescent unnatural mutant streptavidin and the carbazole‐labeled biotin. BODIPY‐FL‐aminophenylalanine (BFLAF), a fluorescent unnatural amino acid was position‐specifically incorporated into Trp120 position of streptavidin by four‐base codon method. On the other hand, carbazole‐labeled biotin was synthesized as a quencher for the fluorescent Trp120BFLAF mutant streptavidin. The fluorescence of fluorescent Trp120BFLAF mutant streptavidin was decreased as we expected when carbazole‐labeled biotin was added into the mutant streptavidin solution. Furthermore, the fluorescence decrease of Trp120BFLAF mutant streptavidin with carbazole‐labeled biotin (100 nM) was recovered by the competitive addition of natural biotin. This result demonstrated that by measuring the fluorescence quenching and recovery, a couple of the fluorescent Trp120BFLAF mutant streptavidin and the carbazole‐labeled biotin were successfully applicable for quantification of free biotin as a molecular biosensor system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DNA glycosylase activity assay based on streptavidin paramagnetic bead substrate capture.

A method to detect DNA glycosylase activity is described. The substrate used was an oligodeoxyribonucleotide with a unique hypoxanthine base, but has general application to any DNA glycosylase or endonuclease. The oligodeoxyribonucleotide was labeled at the 5' end with 32P and at the 3' end with a biotin linkage and annealed to a complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The hypoxanthine base was excised in solution using the MPG protein, a human DNA glycosylase. Following cleavage of the phosphodiester linkage by NaOH, the oligodeoxyribonucleotide was attached to streptavidin-coated, paramagnetic beads. Binding of the labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotide to the beads was indicative of the kinetics of the reaction. As a control, half of the reaction products were loaded on to a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Comparable values for steady-state kinetic constants were obtained using both methods. This nonelectrophoretic technique is a rapid assay of DNA glycosylase activity for both purified proteins and crude extracts. This method can be directly adapted for high-throughput techniques.     

Imidazole-imidazole pair as a minor groove recognition motif for T:G mismatched base pairs.

The T:G mismatched base pair is associated with many genetic mutations. Understanding its biological consequences may be aided by studying the structural perturbation of DNA caused by a T:G base pair and by specific probing of the mismatch using small molecular ligands. We have shown previously that AR-1-144, a tri-imidazole (Im-Im-Im) minor groove binder, recognizes the sequence CCGG. NMR structural analysis of the symmetric 2:1 complex of AR-1-144 and GAACCGGTTC revealed that each AR-1-144 binds to four base pairs with the guanine N2 amino group forming a bifurcated hydrogen bond to a side-by-side Im/Im pair. We predicted that the free G-N2 amino group in a T:G wobble base pair can form two individual hydrogen bonds to a side-by-side Im/Im pair. Thus an Im/Im pair may be a good recognition motif for a T:G base pair in DNA. Cooperative and tight binding of an AR-1-144 homodimer to GAACTGGTTC permits a detailed structural analysis by 2D NOE NMR refinement and the refined structure confirms our prediction. Surprisingly, AR-1-144 does not bind to GAATCGGTTC. We further show that both the Im-Im-Im/Im-Py-Im heterodimer and the Im-Im-Im/Im-Im-Im homodimer bind strongly to the CACGGGTC + GACTCGTG duplex. These results together suggest that an Im/Im pair can specifically recognize a single T:G mismatch. Our results may be useful in future design of molecules (e.g. linked dimers) that can recognize a single T:G mismatch with specificity.     

Directly fishing out subtle mutations in genomic DNA with histidine-tagged Thermus thermophilus MutS

Tth MutS, a mismatch repair protein from Thermus thermophilus, was reported to effectively recognize all eight possible types of base pair mismatches and insertions or deletions up to three base pairs at a wide temperature range up to 60 degrees C. Here a procedure for directly fishing out subtle unknown mutations in bacterial genome with Tth MutS was described. Wild type genomic DNA and mutant one were mixed, digested with restriction enzymes, denatured and re-annealed. Hetero-duplex DNA carrying mispaired bases were bound to Tth MutS and recovered through Ni-NTA His-Bind((R)) Resin. The recovered DNA was cloned into plasmids, producing a mini-library with inserts of the mutated regions. Further DNA sequencing and genetic complementation demonstrated that the method was extremely efficient in fishing out the mutations from total genomic DNA. Using this method, the mutations existed in a Psedomonas aeruginosa mutant strain were screened, indicating that A/G transitions at nt 181 and nt 314 in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (catB7) gene conferred this strain with a high chloramphenicol dosage resistant. Compared with those reported previously, this protocol can screen the mixed mutations more easily.     

Extension of the range of DNA sequences available for triple helix formation: stabilization of mismatched triplexes by acridine-containing oligonucleotides.

Triple helix formation usually requires an oligopyrimidine*oligopurine sequence in the target DNA. A triple helix is destabilized when the oligopyrimidine*oligopurine target contains one (or two) purine*pyrimidine base pair inversion(s). Such an imperfect target sequence can be recognized by a third strand oligonucleotide containing an internally incorporated acridine intercalator facing the inverted purine*pyrimidine base pair(s). The loss of triplex stability due to the mismatch is partially overcome. The stability of triplexes formed at perfect and imperfect target sequences was investigated by UV thermal denaturation experiments. The stabilization provided by an internally incorporated acridine third strand oligonucleotide depends on the sequences flanking the inverted base pair. For triplexes containing a single mismatch the highest stabilization is observed for an acridine or a propanediol tethered to an acridine on its 3'-side facing an inverted A*T base pair and for a cytosine with an acridine incorporated to its 3'-side or a guanine with an acridine at its 5'-side facing an inverted G*C base pair. Fluorescence studies provided evidence that the acridine was intercalated into the triplex. The target sequences containing a double base pair inversion which form very unstable triplexes can still be recognized by oligonucleotides provided they contain an appropriately incorporated acridine facing the double mismatch sites. Selectivity for an A*T base pair inversion was observed with an oligonucleotide containing an acridine incorporated at the mismatched site when this site is flanked by two T*A*T base triplets. These results show that the range of DNA base sequences available for triplex formation can be extended by using oligonucleotide intercalator conjugates.     

Sequence specificity in triple-helix formation: experimental and theoretical studies of the effect of mismatches on triplex stability

The specificity of a homopyrimidine oligonucleotide binding to a homopurine-homopyrimidine sequence on double-stranded DNA was investigated by both molecular modeling and thermal dissociation experiments. The presence of a single mismatched triplet at the center of the triplex was shown to destabilize the triple helix, leading to a lower melting temperature and a less favorable energy of interaction. A terminal mismatch was less destabilizing than a central mismatch. The extent of destabilization was shown to be dependent on the nature of the mismatch. Both single base-pair substitution and deletion in the duplex DNA target were investigated. When a homopurine stretch was interrupted by one thymine, guanine was the least destabilizing base on the third strand. However, G in the third strand did not discriminate between a C.G and an A.T base pair. If the stretch of purines was interrupted by a cytosine, the presence of pyrimidines (C or T) in the third strand yielded a less destabilizing effect than purines. This study shows that oligonucleotides forming triple helices can discriminate between duplex DNA sequences that differ by one base pair. It provides a basis for the choice of antigene oligonucleotide sequences targeted to selected sequences on duplex DNA.