东北二代粘虫大发生机制:1978年个例分析

【目的】迁入我国东北地区的粘虫繁殖一代后,新羽化的成虫将外迁他地,但某些年份因某种特殊的天气过程而滞留当地,形成当地的2代种群并造成严重危害,如1978年。阐明种群滞留的关键因子和大发生种群的形成机制,是实现东北2代粘虫准确预测和及时防治的前提。【方法】根据东北三省的虫情资料,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和WRF模式输出的大气背景场,对1978年东北地区粘虫蛾盛期的种群动态和迁飞过程进行逐日分析。【结果】(1)因副热带高压稳定偏北导致发蛾峰期东北地区盛行西南风,东北2代粘虫蛾无法向南回迁至关内华北地区,而是向北迁飞;(2)当年黑龙江2代粘虫大发生,其虫源是由当地1代羽化后在当地的存留或迁出成虫蛾又折返黑龙江以及辽宁与吉林两省2代成虫的迁入造成;(3)蛾峰期黑龙江上空气旋的频繁活动、强对流天气的持续出现以及丰富的降水是造成当地虫源滞留和迁入虫源降落与滞留的原因。【结论】东北1代粘虫蛾迁出期的西南大风和大范围强降水使大量迁出种群和过境种群集中滞留在三江平原而形成大发生种群,造成东北2代粘虫1978年在黑龙江的暴发。     

三代粘虫成虫迁飞的雷达观测与分析

【目的】明确2015年吉林省3代粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)成虫的迁飞动态,揭示3代粘虫成虫自东北向南迁出的动向及成功迁出的概率,为粘虫的预测预报及综合治理提供科学依据。【方法】基于扫描昆虫雷达观测,采用田间饲育、诱蛾器监测、轨迹模拟及天气背景学分析等研究方法,分析3代粘虫成虫迁飞动态及迁出概率。【结果】(1)3代粘虫蛾可交尾及产卵,卵亦可孵化,但幼虫发育迟缓。(2)3代粘虫蛾数量相比于一代增长了10.3倍,成虫卵巢发育级别集中于1级,大多未交尾,处于从本地迁出的状态。(3)迁出期的风向以南风、西南风、东南风为主,不利于粘虫回迁至南方的越冬区域。(4)共有3 d的调查日观测到了粘虫聚集成层的迁飞现象。轨迹分析显示,极大比率的粘虫种群最终去向集中于观测点公主岭以北的区域或者朝鲜境内。【结论】3代粘虫受制于秋季风场无法成功回迁,成为了Pied-piper效应的牺牲者,无法为2016年春季粘虫的发生提供有效虫源。     

东北迁飞场对粘虫的Pied piper效应

【目的】我国2代粘虫的回迁过程和3代粘虫的种群构成还少有研究,东北与华北3代粘虫的虫源问题也不清楚。为此,需厘清2代粘虫发生区的风场动态和迁出种群的去向,明确东北粘虫夏季迁出种群与华北3代粘虫的虫源关系。【方法】根据国家气象信息中心的高空气象记录,统计东北和华北地区夏季各方位风向的频次和平均出现频率,利用HYSPLIT平台模拟东北粘虫夏季迁出种群的迁飞轨迹和落点分布。【结果】东北和华北地区7、8月的风向均以西南、南风为主且因气旋频繁过境而风向多变,不利于东北粘虫夏季种群回迁进入华北农作区;而对其迁出种群的轨迹模拟结果也表明,东北粘虫夏季种群能够进入华北的可能性极低:它们或迁入更北的无法生存的山区,或未能成功跨海而死亡,抑或迁入朝鲜半岛成为当地的虫源(同样无法越冬),还有一部分滞留东北地区继续为害一代后因气候原因死亡,而只有在极少数风向风速条件适宜的情况下才有可能进入河北。【结论】东北地区的夏季风场不利于东北粘虫的回迁,华北3代粘虫的种群构成与东北夏季种群几无关系,东北迁飞场表现出显著的Pied piper效应。     

湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究

为了明确粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)在湖北省钟祥市的发生规律,对小麦玉米轮作田粘虫成虫和幼虫种群的发生动态、粘虫雌蛾卵巢发育进度以及粘虫越冬虫量作了调查,分析了粘虫种群虫源性质。结果表明,钟祥市为1代粘虫多发区,其虫源为外地迁入的越冬代成虫,1代粘虫危害高峰期在4月中下旬,羽化盛期在5月中下旬,羽化后以迁出为主。第2代粘虫发生量很小,羽化后基本全部迁出;在田间未调查到第3代粘虫幼虫,本区发现的第3代成虫可能为由北方南迁的过境种群;第4代粘虫发生量也很小,羽化后全部迁出,不在本区繁殖危害。在田间未调查到准备越冬的粘虫。     

辽宁地区迁飞黏虫种群动态与发生规律研究

为揭示沈阳和岫岩地区迁飞黏虫种群动态规律,本研究利用高空探照灯对迁入和迁出黏虫种群进行了监测,基于气象数据对2017-2018年沈阳和岫岩地区黏虫蛾发生时间、峰期和虫源性质进行了分析,旨在为黏虫灾害预防和异地测报提供参考。结果表明,辽宁地区黏虫蛾发生主要有2个峰期,一代蛾均为外地迁入种群,二代蛾羽化后随气流迁出。沈阳和岫岩两地均位于我国黏虫蛾南北往返迁飞路径之上。沈阳地区监测到黏虫蛾首发日期为5月11日,迁入期为5月中旬至6月上旬,峰期出现在5月底至6月上旬末;二代蛾迁出时期从7月上旬持续至8月上旬结束;三代蛾发生期不规整,8月中旬至9月中旬均有黏虫蛾上灯活动。岫岩地区监测的一代蛾发生期为5月底至6月上旬,迁出时期从7月中旬至8月中旬。降雨等气象活动是导致辽宁地区三代黏虫高发的重要原因,黏虫高发风险是东北北部地区种群南迁过境辽宁时相继迫降和本地外迁受阻种群共同繁殖的结果。     

华北三代粘虫大发生虫源的形成

【目的】我国3代粘虫的种群构成还少有研究,华北3代粘虫的虫源问题也不清楚。为此,需厘清3代粘虫发生区的风场动态和迁出种群的去向,为明确各地的虫源关系提供依据。【方法】根据国家气象局的高空气象记录,分析高空风场;利用HYSPLIT平台模拟华北粘虫夏季迁出种群的迁飞轨迹和落点分布。【结果】在夏季风盛行的背景下,3代粘虫主要来自于与其发生区相邻的偏南地区(约占45%),如鲁东、苏皖鄂、浙北、赣北、湘北等;另一个主要来源是西北区(包括晋陕甘宁,约占10%)和华北北部(内蒙古及以北区域,约占7%);在某些年份,西南地区也会提供约6%的虫源。另外,还有约30%的虫源来自于发生区域内的相邻地方,属于当地前代滞留虫源的近距离迁飞;而东北区对华北3代粘虫的虫源构成则只有极微的贡献(约0.2%)。从山西和陕西起飞的1代成虫则主要是北迁,有将近30%的个体迁入了华北3代粘虫发生区,约23%迁入内蒙古及以北地区,还有约4%迁入西北的甘肃宁夏、约5%迁入东北区,另有27.5%的个体近距离迁飞落在本省境内。晋陕种群南向迁飞的比率不大,只有大约10%的个体迁入3代粘虫发生区的南邻区域。【结论】华北3代粘虫的暴发属于小概率事件,如此大范围的潜在虫源和如此局部的发生区,以及复杂的天气系统给我国华北地区3代粘虫的预测预警工作造成了极大的困难,需要研究部门与推广部门通力合作,做更多的实证研究和个例分析,逐渐深化对3代粘虫暴发机制的认识。     

湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究

为了明确粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)在湖北省钟祥市的发生规律,对小麦玉米轮作田粘虫成虫和幼虫种群的发生动态、粘虫雌蛾卵巢发育进度以及粘虫越冬虫量作了调查,分析了粘虫种群虫源性质。结果表明,钟祥市为1代粘虫多发区,其虫源为外地迁入的越冬代成虫,1代粘虫危害高峰期在4月中下旬,羽化盛期在5月中下旬,羽化后以迁出为主。第2代粘虫发生量很小,羽化后基本全部迁出;在田间未调查到第3代粘虫幼虫,本区发现的第3代成虫可能为由北方南迁的过境种群;第4代粘虫发生量也很小,羽化后全部迁出,不在本区繁殖危害。在田间未调查到准备越冬的粘虫。     

粘虫迁飞的种群动态监测与夜间扑灯节律研究

【目的】明确北京北部山区粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)的种群动态和扑灯规律,探索粘虫的早期监测预警技术。【方法】2011年,在北京延庆利用时控开关控制探照灯诱虫器对粘虫的种群动态进行监测,并对整夜诱虫数量自动分时段取样。获得逐日种群动态数据和相关的生物学参数,使用Grads分析粘虫数量与空中风场的关系。【结果】全年诱集粘虫蛾9 699头,单日诱蛾最高1 366头。全年诱蛾可分为3个世代,各个世代种群均由多个高峰组成,并非陆续增加。性比分析发现雌虫数量显著多于雄虫。分时段数据显示粘虫整夜的扑灯节律可分为迁入型、迁出型或本地繁殖型、过境型和迁入迁出混合型。风场分析表明,诱虫高峰与空中风场偏南气流的频率与持续时间高度一致。【结论】北京延庆全年发生粘虫3个世代,二代幼虫造成的危害最大。一代和二代诱蛾数与空中是否存在偏南气流密切相关。雌虫可能具有更强的迁飞能力。对粘虫扑灯节律数据深入分析,可为迁飞种群是否在本地降落繁殖提供参考依据。     

温带气旋对一代粘虫迁飞的影响:2015年个例分析

【目的】一代粘虫Mythimna separate(Walker)蛾大多在5月中旬至6月中旬集群外迁,而此时我国温带气旋活动较为频繁,由气旋活动引起的风场条件的变化会对一代粘虫的迁入区分布造成极大影响,因此阐明温带气旋对一代粘虫迁飞过程的影响是预测2代粘虫发生的重要前提。【方法】通过在江苏姜堰、安徽金安和山东宁津设立高空灯监测点,获取三地粘虫空中种群过境动态,结合WRF(Weather Research and Forecast)模式输出的精细风温场资料分析2015年温带气旋对一代粘虫迁飞的影响。【结果】2015年5月东亚反气旋频繁过境,一代粘虫在反气旋影响下多往西南和西北方向迁飞。6月上旬在东北低涡和蒙古气旋的影响下,一代粘虫可迁入东北地区为害。【结论】春夏之交频发的温带气旋是导致我国二代粘虫大范围为害的重要原因。     

粘虫飞行定向行为与不同磁场环境的关系

【目的】研究正常地磁场和近零磁场条件下饲养的粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)夜间飞行定向行为与磁场的关系,为明确迁飞性昆虫远距离迁飞的地磁定向机制提供依据。【方法】分别在正常地磁场和近零磁场条件饲养粘虫,羽化后的粘虫蛾在人工模拟不同的磁场条件下进行夜间飞行定向行为测试,比较粘虫蛾飞行定向行为的差异。【结果】粘虫蛾在正常地磁场条件下均具有显著的群体共同定向行为,夏季测试的粘虫群体共同定向方向为偏北;在近零磁场以及垂直平面分量倒转的地磁场条件下,粘虫蛾群体共同定向行为均消失。同时,不同磁场的生长环境对粘虫飞行定向行为的影响不明显,而飞行测试时的磁场环境对其定向行为有显著影响。【结论】磁场可能是粘虫定向的重要参考依据之一,粘虫对地磁场磁倾角的变化有反应,推测其可能利用了磁倾角进行一定程度上的辅助定向。     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.