粘虫越冬迁飞与危害的调查及监测技术

粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)是我国粮食作物上一种典型的季节性远距离迁飞危害的重大农业害虫,具有发生范围广,危害世代多、作物损失重以及危害历史长的特点。每年粘虫在我国东半部自南向北形成5个不同类型发生区,除可在南方越冬外,还可通过季节性远距离往返迁飞在不同发生区之间危害。对其越冬、迁飞种群动态的监测及危害调查是实现粘虫综合防控的前提。根据粘虫的生物学特性以及不同类型发生区的特点,本文发展了粘虫田间越冬、迁飞种群以及幼虫发生危害的调查和监测技术,为其综合治理提供理论支撑。     

我国粘虫发生危害新特点及趋势分析

粘虫Mythimna separata是我国玉米、小麦和水稻三大主粮作物上的重大害虫,对我国粮食安全有重大威胁,每年在我国南北往返迁飞危害。近年来,粘虫在我国的发生危害呈现出新的特点,主要体现为:一是受害严重区域发生变化,各世代危害范围扩大;二是主要危害世代发生变化,2代、3代粘虫发生较重;三是主害作物发生变化,玉米成第一大危害作物;四是迁飞规律发生变化,南北往返迁飞格局不变;五是田间种群抗药性明显增强,防治困难程度加重;六是生物学习性发生变异,适应能力增强。针对以上发生危害新特点的形成原因和未来趋势进行了分析与讨论。     

粘虫迁飞模拟试验

粘虫是我国禾谷类作物的主要迁飞性害虫之一。近十多年来,我国昆虫学者在迁飞问题上作了大量研究工作。迄今已基本摸清了我国东部粘虫的远距离迁飞、迁飞方向及路线(林昌善等,1963;林昌善、张宗炳,1963),分析了粘虫迁飞的生理生态机制(马世骏,1963)和迁飞与气流场的关系(林昌善,19632 赵圣菊等,1981),开展了一些粘虫飞行的观察和     

劳氏粘虫的发生危害和防治研究进展

劳氏粘虫Mythimna loreyi是粘虫Mythimna seperata的近缘种,两者在形态上相近,为害特征基本相同,但在不同地区的发生危害规律可能存在一定差异。近些年来,劳氏粘虫在许多国家和地区频繁暴发危害,已成为一种普遍发生的农业害虫。为今后深入研究劳氏粘虫的暴发成灾规律和综合防控技术,本文在分析国内外研究资料的基础上,对劳氏粘虫的研究进展进行了综述。目前,劳氏粘虫已分布于亚洲、欧洲、非洲、大洋洲和北美洲的近80个国家和地区。以幼虫取食危害玉米、水稻和小麦等多种禾本科作物和杂草;3龄前幼虫食量小,5-6龄幼虫食量增大,进入暴食期。幼虫具有聚集性、杂食性和暴食性,成虫具有迁飞性,发生危害时具有隐蔽性、偶发性和暴发性。劳氏粘虫的发生和为害规律常因地区、年份和季节的不同而存在差异。气候条件、食物和天敌是影响劳氏粘虫发生危害的主要因素,而气候因素、人类活动和害虫的生物学特征是导致近些年来劳氏粘虫发生范围扩大,危害程度加重的重要原因。性诱剂、天敌和生物农药是近些年来劳氏粘虫生物防治研究的主要方向。根据目前劳氏粘虫在我国的发生情况及研究现状,我们建议今后从以下3个方面开展工作：(1)借鉴粘虫的防控策略和防治经验,从空中和地面两个方面加强预测预报工作,建立和完善预测预报系统;(2)从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治等方面开展综合防治工作;(3)将生物技术和现代农业信息技术等现代化的技术和方法应用于暴发成灾规律和综合防治研究中,并建立综合防控技术系统。     

用气象因子组建一代粘虫发生区越冬代蛾量及迁入期的长期预测模式初探

粘虫(Mythimna separata Walker)是我国粮食作物的重要害虫。我国江淮及黄淮流域是一代粘虫发生区,粘虫全年发生四(或五)个世代,以第一代发生数量最多,春季4、5月间为害小麦。该区在根治我国粘虫危害上具有战略地位。决定一代粘虫发生程度的主导因素,是越冬代蛾量迁入的多少。因此组建该区越冬代蛾最及迁入期的预测模式,有着特别重要的现实意义。 目前在国内,关于粘虫发生期和发生量预测,多属中、短期,且以短期预测为主。据研     

粘虫雌蛾求偶周期和性信息素含量变化规律

粘虫岭thimnaseParata是发生在中国和日本的一种季节性迁飞害虫,由于其远距离迁飞习性,往往造成暴发性的危害。由于粘虫性成熟在迁飞过程中完成,人们研究较多的是有关粘虫迁飞习性与性成熟的关系［”。Johnson提出了卵子发生与飞行综合症（oogenesis－flightsyndrome）假说,认为许多昆虫的迁飞发生在生殖前期,即成虫羽化后到产卵前这段时期‘”。在有关粘虫雌蛾求偶一交配一繁殖一产卵一系列生殖行为研究中,Han等采用了求偶前期（Pre－callingPeriod,PCP）指标,即成虫羽化到释放性信息素这段时间”’。因为当时没有确定粘虫性信…     

粘虫生殖与迁飞

解放以来,各有关单位在各级党组织领导下密切协作,对粘虫的发生危害规律进行了广泛研究,采用标记回收、海面捕蛾以及对各地粘虫资料的分析研究,基本上明确了粘虫的越冬和远距离随季节性南北在返迁飞等危害规律。 卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个虫期所能忍受的最高最低温度幅度在5—35℃之间,一般要求的适宜相对湿度在50—95％之间,高于或低于这个温湿度范围,生长均不良,甚至可引起死亡。所以从粘虫个体发育特点看,在幼虫期或蛹期遭受不利因子的刺激后,到了成虫期一定要迁飞转移,选择适宜的生活地区来避免冬季严寒与夏季高温高湿等不利因子的袭击。从生殖生物     

稻飞虱种群发生的调查与取样技术

稻飞虱是中国和许多国家水稻生产上的主要害虫,属r对策暴发危害类型。其中,褐飞虱和白背飞虱是典型的远距离迁飞性害虫,具有大区域同期"突增"和"突减"的灾变特性;灰飞虱则主要以本地越冬为主,远距离迁飞对种群结构的影响较小,但其传播的病毒病对水稻生产的影响更甚。针对3种稻飞虱的生物学特性,本文发展了稻飞虱田间种群发生与危害等的调查与取样技术,为其种群发生及其监测预警提供技术支撑。     

新疆蝗虫及其监控技术研究进展

因蝗虫种群种类多、分布范围广,导致新疆是我国蝗虫灾害发生最突出、最典型的地区,也是遭受邻国蝗虫跨境危害最严重的地区。本文概述了几十年来新疆蝗虫基础理论研究及监测预警与防控技术进展,同时总结了中哈边境蝗虫跨境迁飞过程及雷达监测的最新研究结果,并就中亚迁飞场理论和实证研究、区域迁飞害虫监测网络平台建立和生物防治技术三个方面进行了展望,以期为监测和治理新疆本地蝗虫及西北边境迁飞害虫提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

我国草地螟的迁飞规律及途径

草地螟Loxostege sticticalisL.是一种重要的迁飞害虫,曾给我国三北地区的农牧业生产造成巨大的经济损失。文章在列举大量草地螟迁飞证据的同时,总结分析了成虫的迁飞过程及行为生理特征、迁飞途径以及在我国主要发生危害区的虫源关系。有资料显示,成虫通常在黄昏前后自主起飞,起飞的适宜温度为20℃左右。当成虫进入边界层后,便在距地面400 m左右的高空成层,并随气流运载至远处。黎明前后,成虫降落。脂类是成虫飞行的主要能源物质。在我国,越冬代和1代之间可能可以“互为虫源地”。越冬代成虫随西南气流迁飞至我国东北地区,在当地繁殖1代后,成虫可能回迁至华北地区,尽管目前还缺乏直接的证据。最后,还讨论了草地螟迁飞规律研究中尚待解决的主要科学问题。     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。