实验室和野外条件下SO2对蚕豆叶片抗氧化剂的影响

从实验室熏气和野外大气暴露两方面研究了SO_2对蚕豆叶片内抗氧化剂水平的影响。熏气实验表明,低浓度的SO_2(0.1和0.05 ug/g)暴露能使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,而使抗坏血酸含量下降。野外大气暴露实验结果表明大气硫酸盐化速率与SOD活性呈极显著正线性相关(P相似文献   

野外条件下广聚萤叶甲对豚草的产卵选择

为探究影响广聚萤叶甲Ophraella communa LeSage选择豚草产卵的环境因素, 在南京城郊于2009年6月23日至9月1日豚草生长季节, 跟踪调查了60个豚草斑块上落卵数量动态, 运用跨栏模型分析了影响叶甲产卵以及产卵数量的因素。结果表明： （1）产卵发生随季节延长、 豚草被取食程度增大、 株高增长、 暴露环境中斑块增大而增加, 但随遮蔽环境中豚草斑块增大、 开花、 开花后季节延长、 季节延长情况下被取食程度增大、 开花后被取食程度增大等因素而降低; （2）落卵数量随季节延长、 豚草被取食程度增大、 暴露环境、 开花期被取食程度增大、 开花期株高增长等因素而增加, 但随豚草开花、 季节延长情况下被取食程度增大而减小; （3）落卵量随季节延长而增大的幅度在豚草营养生长期明显大于开花期, 在暴露环境中随季节延长而呈明显直线增大, 但在遮阴环境中先直线增加, 于10周后趋缓。研究结果说明, 影响产卵发生与落卵数量的因素不完全一致, 产卵发生与落卵数量主要受因子之间互作的影响, 而较少受到单因素的独立影响。     

寄生在中国大鲵的卷尾属线虫三新种：（锥尾目：异尾科）

在中国大鲵肠道中发现卷尾属线虫三新种。它们是:大鲵卷尾线虫,新种Spironoura andrias sp.nov.;佛坪卷尾线虫,新种S.fopingensis sp.nov.;城固卷尾线虫,新种S.chengguensis sp.nov.     

土壤水分条件对温室黄瓜需水规律和水分利用的影响

在日光温室盆栽条件下,以不同生育时期为试验因素,采用正交设计研究了不同土壤水分条件在开花期、初瓜期、盛瓜期和生育后期等生育时期对黄瓜蒸腾量、生物量和水分利用效率的影响,并通过黄瓜的需水规律提出实现高产高效的土壤水分对策。研究结果表明：(1)黄瓜对水分的需求基本上呈现为开花期和初瓜期小、盛瓜期大、后期小的规律。需水高峰出现在盛瓜期,需水强度达到3．977mm／d;(2)开花期蒸腾速率为0．544mm／d。此时保持土壤含水量在80％～90％田间持水量范围内,不仅有利于水分的利用,而且可促进同化产物在根冠之间的合理分配;(3)初瓜期对水分的需求大幅度增加,蒸腾速率达到1．956mm／d。80％～90％田间持水量的含水量更有利于果实的形成和生长;(4)盛瓜期对水分的需求也达到了整个生育时期的顶峰,蒸腾速率达到3．83mm／d。90％～100％田间持水量的土壤水分条件可以获得最高产量,并实现水分利用与产量的高效统一;(5)生长后期保持70％～80％田间持水量的土壤含水量即可满足生长对水分的需求;(6)在开花期控制土壤水分为80％～90％田间持水量、初瓜期保持为80％～90％田间持水量、盛瓜期提高为90％～100％田间持水量和后期降至70％～80％田间持水量的土壤水分处理,不仅可获得最高产量,而且可以达到最大的水分利用效率,实现高产高效的统一。     

玉米秸秆处理方式对冬季黑土农田蜱螨目和弹尾目群落结构的影响

为探讨3种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式对冬季黑土农田蜱螨目和弹尾目群落结构的影响,于2018年冬季分别对机收秸秆还田(MH)、人工收获秸秆移出(AH)、人工收获秸秆未移出(NR)3种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式下,土壤中蜱螨目和弹尾目的群落结构进行调查。共捕获蜱螨目和弹尾目1713只22种,MH、AH和NR分别捕获739只16种、 401只17种、 573只16种。MH中蜱螨目和弹尾目的个体数量最高,AH的物种数最高,NR具有最高的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数和Simpson优势度指数。3种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式对蜱螨目和弹尾目个体数、物种数和群落多样性指数均无显著影响,CCA分析结果表明,不同的土壤因子对蜱螨目和弹尾目的个体数和物种数影响不同,优势种和常见种的分布与土壤全磷、含水量和全氮显著相关。研究结果表明,蜱螨目是冬季研究区内的优势类群,NR更有利于提高蜱螨目和弹尾目群落结构的多样性,对蜱螨目和弹尾目的群落结构和多样性有一定的保护作用,本研究为冬季黑土农田土壤动物多样性研究与保护提供理论依据。     

磷胁迫条件下落叶松幼苗对难溶性磷的利用

以ＡｌＰＯ４为Ｐ源在温室内采用砂培的方法,研究了落叶松（Ｌａｒｉｘ ｇｍｅｌｉｎｉ）２年生幼苗对难溶性Ｐ酸盐的利用状况。结果表明,落叶松幼苗可以利用一定数量的ＡｌＰＯ４。在供ＡｌＰＯ４不接种菌根菌时,落叶松幼苗吸收的Ｐ可达正常供Ｐ时的３５．１％和６４．９％。不同菌种对落叶松幼苗利用ＡｌＰＯ４的影响不同。接种点柄乳牛肝菌（Ｓｕｉｌｌｕｓ ｇｒａｎｕｌａｔｕｓ）时,落叶松幼苗对ＡｌＰＯ４的利用量高于不     

膜下分区交替滴灌和施氮对棉花干物质累积与氮肥利用的影响

设置高水(260 mm)、中水(200 mm)、低水(140 mm)3水平的灌水量和高氮(270 kg·hm^-2)、中氮(180 kg·hm^-2)、低氮(90 kg·hm^-2)3水平的施氮量,进行完全组合设计,研究膜下分区交替滴灌和施氮对棉花干物质累积与氮肥利用的影响.结果表明：膜下分区交替滴灌棉花干物质量在中氮高水和高氮高水处理最高;与高氮高水处理相比,中氮高水处理干物质累积的施氮利用效率提高了34.0%～ 44.6%（平均提高34.7%）,灌水利用效率降低了6.4%～10.7%（平均降低10.2%）.对于棉花氮素累积,中氮高水处理的的施氮利用效率最高,高氮中水处理的灌水利用效率最高;与高氮中水处理相比,中氮高水处理的施氮利用效率提高了29.0%～41.7%,灌水利用效率下降了5.5%～14.0%.在棉花产量较高的水氮耦合处理中,中氮高水处理的棉花氮回收率、氮肥农学利用效率和表观利用效率均高于高氮中水和高氮高水处理,而氮肥吸收比例和氮肥生理利用效率无显著差异.表明中氮高水处理最有利于膜下分区交替滴灌水氮耦合效应的发挥.     

瘦尾虫的小核在无性繁殖周期中对细胞形态结构的影响

通过显微切割建立瘦尾虫无小核细胞系,并与原细胞系及切割后再生的有小核细胞系进行对照观察。结果表明,无小核细胞的形态结构,尤其是口器出现高比率的畸形。在生长静止期,无小核细胞系群体中约23 % (36/155)的细胞完全失去了波动膜。与此同时,这些细胞的口围带也显出异常。一些无小核细胞的大核也出现异常,有的细胞仅含有1枚大核,有的则含有4枚,而不是通常的2枚;还有少数细胞的大核在非细胞分裂期进行分裂。上述结果提示,在无性繁殖周期中,瘦尾虫的小核对于维持正常的细胞形态结构、尤其是保持胞口结构的稳定性和大核数的恒定起着重要的作用[动物学报52 (2) : 383 -388 , 2006]。     

不同水氮条件下灌溉方式对玉米干物质量和氮钾利用的影响

由于作物需水随生育期的变化,分根区交替灌溉(AI)的节水效果也会随生育期而发生变化,探明不同生育期分根区交替灌溉对玉米生长和水分养分利用的影响,以期为分根区交替灌溉的实施和充分发挥其节水节肥效果奠定理论基础。通过盆栽试验,在2种灌水水平(正常灌水和轻度缺水)和2种有机无机氮比例(100%无机氮和70%无机氮+30%有机氮)下,以常规灌溉(CI)为对照,分别研究苗期—灌浆初期、苗期—拔节期以及拔节期—抽雄期进行AI对玉米干物质量、氮钾含量和吸收量以及土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,在轻度缺水和有机无机氮肥配施下,与CI相比,拔节期—抽雄期分根区交替灌溉玉米地上部和总干物质量分别增加29.6%和27.4%,地上部和总N吸收量增加50.7%和50.4%。与单施无机氮肥相比,有机无机氮肥配施会在不同程度上增加地上部和总N吸收量,但是一般降低土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量,这说明在轻度缺水和有机无机N肥配施下,拔节期—抽雄期进行分根区交替灌溉提高玉米总干物质量和N吸收量。     

绿豆下胚轴正反插条件下无机盐和蔗糖对下胚轴不定根发生的影响

培养基中蔗糖抑制绿豆下胚轴不定根发生率和每个切段的发根数。无营养条件下 (培养基中仅有蔗糖和琼脂 ) 2 %蔗糖达到显著抑制 ,有营养条件下 (MS培养基营养成分 ) 9%蔗糖才显著抑制 ,正插的下胚轴受抑制比反插的大     

Male reproductive apparatus and spermatophore morphology of the hermit crabs Pagurus brevidactylus and P. criniticornis (Anomura,Paguridae)

Spermatozoa of most crustacean species are nonmotile and are packed into spermatophores. In Decapoda, spermatophores are highly variable in morphology and can be useful in the solving of taxonomic and systematic questions, especially among the Anomura. In this study, the morphology and morphometry of the spermatophores of the western Atlantic hermit crabs Pagurus brevidactylus and P. criniticornis are described. The abdomen of fresh male specimens was dissected to expose the reproductive system and to extract the spermatophores, which were analyzed by stereoscopic, light, and scanning electron microscopy. The vas deferens can be divided macroscopically in three regions, all of them containing spermatophores. Tripartite spermatophores are composed of an elongated cylindrical main ampulla, a triangular accessory ampulla, a narrow cylindrical peduncle, and a round pedestal. Dimensions of the spermatophore components are positively correlated to the size of the crab. Morphological patterns observed in this study resemble those of other pagurid hermit crabs investigated to date. The morphological character distribution confirms classifications based on adult morphology and molecular analysis. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Biological features of a puzzling symbiotic association between the hermit crab Dardanus insignis and the porcellanid crab Porcellana Sayana (Crustacea)

The symbiotic lifestyle is widespread among porcellanid crabs, which maintain ecological and co-evolutionary associations with annelid polychaetes, poriferans, cnidarians, echinoderms, gastropod mollusks, and other crustaceans such as shrimps and hermit crabs, among others. We investigated the ecological association between the hermit crab Dardanus insignis and the porcellanid Porcellana sayana, in southeastern Brazil. Porcellanid crabs, hermit crabs, and available shells were collected monthly from July 2001 to June 2003, with a shrimp boat equipped with two double-rig trawl nets. The majority of P. sayana specimens were collected in shells occupied by D. insignis (96.6%); a few were found in empty shells (3.4%). The catch of both symbionts and hosts increased with increasing depth, with the highest occurrence at 35 m. The P. sayana crabs of various sizes could be found solitary or forming aggregations of up to 14 individuals per host, showing no sex or size segregation. In spite of the high diversity of shell species occupied by the hermit crabs and also available in the field, only a few of them were also utilized by P. sayana. The majority (93%) of shells utilized by P. sayana also hosted other symbiont species, constituting the basis of extensive symbiotic complexes. Thus, the ecological relationship between D. insignis and P. sayana may be classified as a non-obligate and non-specific symbiosis that may also involve other facultative organisms such as sea anemones.     

Influence of prior experience on shell selection by the white spotwrist hermit crab Pagurus criniticornis (Crustacea: Paguridae)

Individuals of Pagurus criniticornis in a free-choice situation were experimentally tested under different laboratory conditions. In order to assess the effect of recently occupied shells on the size- and type-preference by hermit crabs, individuals were held for 30 days under one of the following two conditions: (1) excess of shells and (2) absence of shells. The crabs were then allowed to select shells from a wide array of empty gastropod shells of the two most-occupied species, as observed previously in the field: Cerithium atratum and Morula nodulosa. Preferred shell type (species) and size (shell aperture width and length) were correlated with hermit-crab size. The crabs showed a strong (100%) preference for C. atratum shells, demonstrating that recent and past experience did not influence either shell-type or shell-size preferences in this pagurid. Handling editor: K. Martens     

Intraspecific competition and aggression for shells in the hermit crab Pagurus samuel1s

Many studies have investigated shell‐related behaviour in hermit crabs. Few studies, however, have focused specifically on the intraspecies aggression associated with shell competition. We examined intraspecies aggression in hermit crab (Pagurus samuelis) pairs as it relates to competition for a limiting resource, gastropod shells. Pairs of hermit crabs were observed in the laboratory in four different treatments that varied the presence or absence of shells for one or both of the crabs. Measurements of the latency to respond, the number of bouts, and the fight durations were recorded. There was a significant difference among treatments for all three measurements, and naked hermit crabs were much more aggressive than housed hermit crabs. There was no significant difference in aggression between males and females in any of the three treatments. The heightened aggression observed in naked P. samuelis is likely in service of acquiring a protective shell.     

Caedichnus,a New Ichnogenus Representing Predatory Attack on the Gastropod Shell Aperture

Predatory traces, in which the tracemaker has damaged the prey animal's skeleton to kill and consume it, have a deep fossil history and have received much scientific attention. Several types of predatory traces have been assigned to ichnotaxa, but one of the most studied predatory traces, the wedge-shaped excision produced as a result of attacks mainly by crustaceans on the apertures of gastropod shells, has yet to be described as an ichnotaxon. We propose the ichnogenus Caedichnus to describe the shell damage produced by aperture peeling behavior. Caedichnus is produced by predators that are unable to crush their prey's shells outright. Depending on the predator's peeling ability and the prey's withdrawal depth within the shell, the trace can extend through several whorls of the shell. Aperture peel attacks may fail, allowing such damage to be repaired by surviving gastropods. Thus, the types of attacks that produce Caedichnus may exert selective pressure on prey to evolve better-defended shells (in the case of gastropods) or to inhabit better-defended shells (in the case of hermit crabs). The identification of these trace fossils will enhance our understanding of how predation influences the morphological, and even behavioral, evolution of prey organisms.     

Larval,megalopal and early juvenile development in Pagurus granosimanus (Stimpson, 1859) (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) reared in the laboratory

Summary

The larval, megalopal and early juvenile stages of Pagurus granosimanus are described, illustrated and compared with other North Pacific species of the genus. Morphologically, the zoeae of P. granosimanus appear most similar to the Japanese P. brachiomastus in the majority of characters, but share the endopodal setation of the third maxilliped with a second Japanese species, P. pectinatus. The megalopae of P. granosimanus are unlike those of other North Pacific species in having 5+5 marginal setae on the telson, rather than the customary 4+4, or less frequent 3+3. Comparison of juvenile characters is limited to pleopodal changes among the regional species for which data are available. P. granosimanus is unusual in undergoing complete pleopodal loss at the second crab stage with return of left pleopods in the fourth stage.     

Desiccation tolerance of four sympatric tropical intertidal hermit crabs (Decapoda,Anomura)

This study describes and quantifies the air exposure tolerance of four sympatric hermit crabs (Pagurus criniticomis, Clibanarius antillensis, C. sclopetarius, and C. vittatus) in an intertidal area in southeastern Brazil. We report on survivorship, percentage and rate of weight and water loss until death, and overall body water content. The coexisting populations showed similar percentages of overall body water content and weight and water loss until death. Survivorship depended on crab size rather than species, and was positively correlated with crab size within each species (linear relationship) and with the size of all individuals of this hermit crab assemblage (exponential relationship). Each species had a characteristic rate of weight and water loss, indicating the existence of different physiological adaptations to resist desiccation. These differences were directly related to the species’ distribution patterns in the intertidal zone.     

Phylogeny of the Anomala (Crustacea, Decapoda, Reptantia) based on the ossicles of the foregut

We present a cladistic analysis of the Anomala based on 66 ingroup species and 5 outgroup representatives. Based on a comparative analysis of the morphology of the foregut we scored 124 characters related to size, shape, and fusion of foregut ossicles and other foregut structures. Our parsimony analysis resulted in 30 equally parsimonious trees which differ mainly at the lower hierarchical level. Our study reveals two large clades within Anomala. One large clade consists of Galatheoidea and Chirostyloidea. The internal relationships show a monophyletic Porcellanidae nested within a group comprising paraphyletic Galatheidae, and Munididae as well as Munidopsidae. The other large clade contains Aegla as sister group to a monophyletic group consisting of the Hippoidea and a clade formed by Lomis and the Paguroidea. Coenobitidae are nested within paraphyletic Diogenidae and Lithodidae are nested within paraphyletic Paguridae. The results are discussed in the context of other morphological and molecular analyses. Furthermore, some aspects of carcinization are touched upon; in particular, an anomalan stem species with a, at least to some extent, ventrally folded pleon is suggested.     

Taxonomic and biological notes on a species of Iphitime (Polychaeta, Eunicida) associated with Pagurus prideaux from western Norway

On the basis of 658 specimens collected over an 11 year period, the symbiotic eunicid polychaete, Iphitime paguri Fage & Legendre, 1934, is redescribed, and its biology in its presumed preferred host, Pagurus prideaux Leach, 1815, is outlined. The main ecological part is based on sampling of Pagurus on five occasions throughout a year in Raunefjorden, southwest of Bergen. Iphitime paguri turned out to have a strong sexual dimorphism, both in outer appearance and in the morphology of the jaws. Both juveniles and mature individuals of both genders are described. The infestation rate of Pagurus prideaux was very high (as opposed to the low reported infestation rate in Pagurus bernhardus, generally regarded as the host of this species) and the symbiotic polychaetes turned out to have a distinct pattern of host utilization in different life stages. Ripe males and females were, at certain times of the year, generally found more or less intertwined in the apex of the gastropod shell inhabited by its host. Small larval stages were found in the same place. Intermediate size groups were found in the gill chamber and in a sulcus on the carapax of the pagurid host.     

Shell shape affects movement patterns and microhabitat distribution in the hermit crabs Calcinus elegans, C. laevimanus and C. latens

This study examined the influence of shell shape on the distribution and movement patterns of three species of Hawaiian hermit crabs: Calcinus elegans, C. laevimanus, and C. latens. Field surveys showed strong differences in shell use depending on habitat. Individuals of C.elegans and C. latens were more frequently in unusual shapes of shells (the cowrie Cypraea caputserpentis and the variable worm shell Serpulorbis variabilis) when in tide pools and in more standard gastropod shells, such as the dog whelk Nassarius papillosus, when found in the subtidal. In addition, for both C.elegans and C. latens in tide pools, most crabs in unusual shaped shells were out on top of rocks, whereas most crabs in shells that were standard shapes were under rocks.In the laboratory, individuals of C.elegans and C. laevimanus in unusual shells initiated more shell exchanges and when given empty shells crabs readily occupied the standard shaped shells, but crabs did not move into the unusual shaped shells. Mark-recapture experiments in the field showed that C. elegans in standard shaped shells moved out of tide pools and stayed longer when placed on subtidal coral heads, whereas crabs in unusual shaped shells stayed in tide pools and did not stay on subtidal coral heads (in part due to predation). Laboratory tests showed that C. elegans in unusual shaped shells were more readily dislodged by surge than crabs in standard shaped shells. Thus, the difference in movement patterns in preferred vs. unpreferred shell shapes is an important factor influencing the microhabitat distribution of these hermit crabs.