拟单性木兰不同季节断根和剪枝后蒸腾和光合特性的变化

在2005年春季、夏季和秋季,对10a生拟单性木兰(Parakmeriaomeiensis)进行断根和剪枝处理,模拟移栽,用LICOR-6400测定了植株叶片的蒸腾速率、光合速率等生理指标,探讨这些生理指标对不同季节移栽成活率的影响。结果表明,春季处理后叶片能迅速关闭部分气孔,蒸腾速率和光合速率都减小,两者最低时约为对照的60%,生理机能的减弱有利于维持地上、地下部分的平衡,因而最有利于植株成活。夏季处理后叶片气孔导度显著增加,光合速率和蒸腾速率也随之增大,最高时约为对照的2倍左右,此时,若主要依靠剪枝来降低水分消耗,很难保证水分代谢平衡,移栽成活率低。秋季处理后植株叶片气孔导度高于对照,光合速率和蒸腾速率也增加,但增加幅度相对夏季较小,前期最高约增加40%,此时移栽可以通过适当的剪枝和增加土壤水分含量等措施提高成活率。可见,与水分相关的生理机能的调节机制,决定了移栽后的成活水平,即处理后能迅速调节自身生理机能、减少水分消耗的植株,成活率就高,反之就低。     

米瓦罐光合日变化的研究

采用LI-6400便携式光合系统研究了米瓦罐的光合日变化.结果表明,米瓦罐光合速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,上午10:00时光合速率最大,为31.5μmolCO2/(m2·s);7:00时的表观量子效率最高,为0.032 CO2/quantum;气孔导度的变化趋势与光合速率一致,10时出现最大值,为0.521 molH2O/(m2·s);11时蒸腾速率最快,为6.82mmolH2O/(m2·s);水分利用效率8时最高,为7.07μmolCO2/mmolH2O.     

斑驳病毒对‘牛尾’山药叶片光合作用的影响

为了解斑驳病毒对‘牛尾’山药叶片光合作用的影响,对不同病害程度的‘牛尾’山药叶片的叶绿素和光合日变化进行了测定。结果表明,轻病植株的叶片叶绿素a和总叶绿素显著低于健康植株,重病植株的叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素也较健康植株低,但轻病植株与健康植株间无显著差异。斑驳病毒侵染山药后,轻病和重病植株的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均低于健康植株,但胞间CO₂浓度与健康植株间无显著差异。这表明山药感染斑驳病毒后光合效率下降,从而导致生理机能受到影响。     

三种松树的生理生态学特性研究

测定南亚热带丘陵地马尾松、湿地松和加勒比松光合速率、蒸腾速率、日同化量和水分利用效率的变化．结果表明,３种松树光合速率和蒸腾速率都具有明显的日变化和季节变化,夏季的光合速率和蒸腾速率最高,冬季最低;加勒比松的平均日同化量为９．３４ｇ·ｋｇ－１、平均水分利用效率为１５９．７５μｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｇ－１Ｈ２Ｏ,高于其它树种;湿地松最低．加勒比松是很好的引种树种,更适合在当地推广     

边界层阻力在叶片气体交换过程中的作用

作者对现有的气体交换法的叶室作了改进。从实验上检验了作者根据电学类比分析和模拟检验得到的结论：在已有的气体交换测定装置中,空气流速不变,叶片的边界层导度也固定不变,所得到的结论用于边界层导度变化的情形时,会造成比较大的误差。现加一障碍物使得流过叶片的风速减小,从而改变叶片的边界层导度。通过测量在不同边界层导度下同一叶片的光强曲线可以考察不同边界层导度下的气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率以及它们之间的相互关系。实验结果与作者以前的电学类比分析和模拟得到的结论是基本一致的     

美国生物圈二号内生长在高CO_2浓度下的10种植物气孔导度、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的变化

报道了美国生物圈二号内生长在高CO_2浓度下(>2200μmol·mol~(-1))4.5年后的5种热带雨林植物和5种荒漠植物气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明:热带雨林植物在CO_2浓度为350～400μmol·mol~(-1)时的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率分别为:(127.4±65.6)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、(2.04±0.61)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和(2.90±0.55)μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1) H_2O,而在700～820μmol·mol~(-1)时为(61.3±30.5)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、(1.54±0.65)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和(8.45±2.71)μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1) H_2O;荒漠植物气孔导度和蒸腾速率则分别由CO_2 320～400μmol·mol~(-1)时的(142.8±94.6)和(2.09±0.71)下降到820～850μmol·mol~(-1)时的(57.7±35.8)和(1.36±0.52)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),水分利用效率由(4.69±1.39)上升到(9.68±1.61)μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1) H_20。在低CO_2浓度时植物的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率受光照强度的影响较高CO_2浓度时明显,一般雨林植物三项指标在光照强度为500μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时达到饱和,而荒漠植物在1000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时达到饱和。不同植物中,以荒漠C_3植物粉蓝烟草(Nicotiana glau-ca Grah.)的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率     

模拟酸雨对柚木幼苗生长、光合与水分利用的影响

模拟pH6.5(对照)、4.5和2.5三个酸雨梯度,研究其对1a生组培柚木(TectonagrandisL.f.)幼苗生长、光合与水分利用的影响。结果表明,尽管不同处理间的各项生理指标差异不明显,但模拟酸雨对柚木形态构件参数造成较严重的影响。pH4.5和pH2.5处理组柚木基径(D)和树高(H)增长明显下降,使得D2H下降更加显著;不同处理下柚木叶片净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(E)日变化趋于一致,气孔导度(gs)日变化与对应的叶片净光合速率日变化十分相似,同时,对照与两个处理的Pn与gs之间都表现正相关(p<0.01),且在pH4.5处理表现更为显著,但是对照和两个处理的E与gs的线性关系不显著;pH4.5和2.5处理的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化趋于一致;对照胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度比(Ci/Ca)均值最低,表明对照柚木对CO2利用最有效。     

Stomatal conductance and transpiration of the two faces of Acacia phyllodes

Summary The daily course of stomatal conductance and transpiration was monitored on each separate face of vertical phyllodes of various acacias. The selected phyllodes had a north-south orientation so that one side faced eastwards and the other westwards. The principal measurements were made on Acacia longifolia and A. melanoxylon in Portugal in late summer and autumn, and additional measurements were made on A. ligulata and A. melanoxylon in Australia. In Portugal, irrespective of soil moisture status, conductance showed on early morning maximum with a subsequent gradual decline and sometimes a subsidiary peak in the late afternoon. Maximum conductances appeared to be a function of soil moisture status, whereas the decline in conductance in the late morning and afternoon was correlated with changes in phyllode-to-air vapour pressure deficits rather than changes in phyllode water status. The relationship of transpiration to phyllode water potential did not appear to be influenced by soil moisture status, although transpiration was less in drier soils and in the afternoons, this latter factor contributing to a marked hysteresis in the relationship. The opposing faces of the phyllodes exhibited a high degree of synchrony, showing parallel stomatal opening and closing, despite their large differences in irradiance. Stomatal conductance tended to be higher on the eastern faces in the morning and lower in the afternoon. In A. longifolia the daily average of relative conductance was much the same for both faces, but in A. melanoxylon that of the eastern face was higher and was retained even when the normal orientation of the phyllodes was reversed by turning them through 180°. Synchrony must be achieved by the stomata of both sides responding to common environmental or endogenous signals which are perceived by both surfaces with equal sensitivity.     

Stomatal conductance and transpiration of Acacia under field conditions: similarities and differences between leaves and phyllodes

Summary Leaf diffusive conductance and transpiration rates in response to situations of high evaporative demand were measured in 40 Acacia species varying widely with regard to the morphological and anatomical characters of their assimilatory organs. The measurements took place in south-eastern and central Australia, central Africa and south-western Europe and included species of all three subgenera of Acacia Mill. Soil moisture conditions and consequently the water status of the experimental plants varied between the different measuring sites, some of which were regularly watered. All the species investigated showed a similar daily pattern of diffusive conductance with a morning peak and a subsequent decrease, which was more pronounced in plants growing under water stress, indicating a decisive stomatal regulation of transpiration. A relationship between the structure of assimilatory organs and leaf diffusive conductance or transpiration rates per unit surface area could not be detected in the Australian acacias. However, there are indications that the leaves of the non-Australian species operate on higher conductances than the foliage of the Australian ones. It is suggested that the observed differences in the performance of African and Australian acacias reflect the deciduous or evergreen nature of foliage rather than structural differences. In regard to taxon-specific differentiation this might implicate an ecophysiological character which separates the evergreen species of the geographically isolated subgenus Heterophyllum from the deciduous species of the subgenera Aculeiferum and Acacia with an overlapping area of distribution.     

鹤山人工马占相思林水分生态研究

 通过对马占相思叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其相应环境因子的测定,探讨鹤山丘陵人工马占相思林的水分生理生态特征。结果表明：蒸腾速率和气孔导度具有明显的日变化,两者的变化趋势相似,在夏季的日变化曲线呈双峰型,冬季呈单峰型;夏季的蒸腾速率最高,在冬季最低,仅占夏季的27.6％;马占相思林的蒸腾耗水量在旱季和雨季有明显的差异,旱季的蒸腾耗水量占雨季的25.5％,年蒸腾量为1625.1mm,占同期降水量的78.3％;马占相思林的蒸腾量接近热带雨林。     

不同非生物胁迫对麻疯树幼苗光合速率等生理指标的影响

对麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)幼苗在不同非生物胁迫下的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)等生理指标的变化进行了研究。结果表明,在缺磷处理中,麻疯树叶片Pn保持在对照的90%左右,气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)在处理2 d后显著增加,Gs上升20%～40%,Ci升高4%～16%,Tr变化不大;处理17 d时,麻疯树的P含量下降55%～85%,而干重只下降3%。缺氮处理9 d时麻疯树叶片的Pn下降到最低,之后维持在对照的64%左右,Gs在处理2～7 d显著高出对照15%～57%,处理9～16 d恢复到对照水平,Ci从第2天开始上升,高出对照4%～24%,Tr变化不大;处理17 d时组织中N含量显著下降47%～78%,植株干重下降23%。盐胁迫处理5 d后,麻疯树叶片Pn降低到对照的54%,之后维持在对照的48%左右,Gs、Ci和Tr与Pn的变化一致,均呈下降趋势;处理17 d,叶柄和茎中P含量增加37%～54%,组织中K+/Na+下降87%～96%,植株干重下降18%。干旱胁迫处理6 d,叶片Pn快速下降至29%,Gs、Ci和Tr与Pn整体变化趋势一致;处理第7天,叶片细胞膜透性增加67%,停止浇水17 d后植株干重下降55%,同时叶片卷曲下垂,老叶脱落。麻疯树植株Pn在缺磷胁迫过程中最早达到相对稳定状态,其次为盐胁迫和缺氮胁迫。这说明麻疯树植株对缺磷环境具有良好的适应性,而对缺氮环境适应性相对较差;耐盐类型可能属于逃避盐害中的聚盐植物,适应干旱环境的机制属于御旱性类型。     

银杏的蒸腾特性及其对遮荫的响应

在夏季晴天土壤供水充足的条件下,生长在庐山山地上的银杏（ＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬ．）,其向阳叶片蒸腾速率的日变化属午后高峰型,日平均蒸腾速率约为１．８６ｍｍｏｌＨ２Ｏ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１,最大蒸腾速率约为３．８ｍｍｏｌＨ２Ｏ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１;其水分利用率日平均约为２．９ｍｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｍｏｌ－１Ｈ２Ｏ,最高可达８．６ｍｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｍｏｌ－１Ｈ２Ｏ。银杏叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔阻力和水分利用率等对遮荫的响应在一天的不同时间各不相同,表明了银杏的生长对当地变化的光照条件是适应的。气温、光合有效辐射和气孔阻力等因素对银杏蒸腾速率的影响显著。     

不同时期毛乌素沙区主要植物种光合作用和蒸腾作用的变化

 采用LI—6000便携式光合分析系统对毛乌素沙区主要植物种油蒿、中间锦鸡儿、旱柳进行了不同时期光合作用,蒸腾作用日进程的测定,并同步测定有效光辐射、空气相对湿度、叶温、气温、胞间CO2浓度、气孔阻力、叶片水势及土壤水势等因子;结果表明：不同时期、不同植物种其光合、蒸腾特征各异;植物的光合、蒸腾与环境因子和植物内部因子之间有密切关系,其中有效光辐射是影响光合作用、蒸腾作用诸因子中的主导因子,而气孔阻力变化则在调节光合和蒸腾中起着重要作用;不同植物种间气孔对环境条件变化的响应程度不同,以中间锦鸡儿最为灵敏;3种植物的水分利用效率表明,中间锦鸡儿的水分利用效率较油蒿、旱柳为高。     

田间不同条件下玉米叶片的气孔阻力及与光合、蒸腾作用的关系

以玉米17个自交系和10个杂交种为试材,在田间条件下研究了不同光强、不同叶位、不同生育期、不同源库比例和株间差异状态下的气孔阻力及其与光合(PH)、蒸腾(TR)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)的关系,结果表明,不同自交系之间RS具有显著的差异,相差最大可达2.3倍以上;光照条件变弱、穗叶位差增加、生育期推延和源/库比例改变等均可引起RS值的增加;在各种情况下导致RS变化的同时也引起TR和PH产生相应的变化,RS与TR、PH表现出显著或极显著的负相关,且相关系数r_RS-TR>r_RS-PH;RS与WUE的相关关系在不同的条件下表现出不稳定性.     

Linkage between seasonal gas exchange and hydraulic acclimation in the top canopy leaves of Fagus trees in a mesic forest in Japan

We investigated how leaf gas exchange and hydraulic properties acclimate to increasing evaporative demand in mature beech trees, Fagus crenata Blume and Fagus japonica Maxim., growing in their natural habitat. The measurements in the top canopy leaves were conducted using a 16-m-high scaffolding tower over two growing seasons. The daily maxima of net photosynthetic rate for the early growing season were close to the annual maximum value (11.9 mol m^–2 s^–1 in F. crenata and 7.7 mol m^–2 s^–1 in F. japonica). The daily maxima of water vapor stomatal conductance were highest in the summer, approximately 0.3 mol m^–2 s^–1 in F. crenata and 0.15 mol m^–2 s^–1 in F. japonica. From the early growing season to the summer season, the leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit increased and the daily minima of leaf water potentials decreased. However, there was no loss of leaf turgor in the summer as a result of effective osmotic adjustment. Both the soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance per unit leaf area and the twig hydraulic conductivity simultaneously increased in the summer, probably as a result of production of new vessels in the xylem. These results suggest that both osmotic adjustment and increased hydraulic conductance resulted in the largest diurnal maximum of stomatal conductance in the summer, resulting in the lowest relative stomatal limitation on net photosynthetic rate, although the leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit was highest. These results indicate that even in a mesic forest, in which excessive hydraulic stress does not occur, the seasonal acclimation of hydraulic properties at both the single leaf and whole plant levels are important for plant carbon gain.