中国云南西部地衣区系(英文)

对中国云南西部高山地区的大型地衣进行了调查。采集地衣标本400余份,鉴定为46属86种,其中40种在朝鲜半岛有报道。所有采集的标本现保藏于顺天大学韩国地衣研究所和中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本馆。     

滇西北地区种子植物地理分布及区系分化

以大尺度的物种分布信息为基础,对滇西北地区种子植物物种多样性的地理分布格局及其与植物区系分化之间的关系进行分析.结果表明:(1)滇西北地区的种子植物物种多样性从南到北呈递增趋势;(2)无论是在属的水平上,还是在科的水平上,植物区系分化强度从南到北均呈单调递增格局;(3)区系分化强度较大的区域主要集中在地形复杂的北部地区;(4)物种多样性随着区系分化强度的增强而增加;(5)物种多样性地理分布格局的形成可能与滇西北地区的地质历史、地形以及由此引起的植物区系分化有关.     

Assessment of Regional Human Health Risks from Lead Contamination in Yunnan Province,Southwestern China

Identification and management the ''critical risk areas'' where hotspot lead exposures are a potential risk to human health, become a major focus of public health efforts in China. But the knowledge of health risk assessment of lead pollution at regional and national scales is still limited in China. In this paper, under the guidance of ''sources-pathways-receptors'' framework, regional human health risk assessment model for lead contamination was developed to calculate the population health risk in Yunnan province. And the cluster and AHP (analytic hierarchy process) analysis was taken to classify and calculate regional health risk and the decomposition of the regional health risk in the greatest health risk region, respectively. The results showed that Yunnan province can be divided into three areas. The highest health risk levels, located in northeastern Yunnan, including Kunming, Qujing, Zhaotong region. In those regions, lead is present at high levels in air, food, water and soil, and high population density which pose a high potential population risk to the public. The current study also reveals that most regional health risk was derived from the child receptors (age above 3 years) 4.3 times than the child receptors (age under 3years), and ingestion of lead-contaminated rice was found to be the most significant contributor to the health risk (accounting for more than 49 % health risk of total). This study can provide a framework for regional risk assessment in China and highlighted some indicators and uncertainties.     

A biogeographically mixed, Middle Permian brachiopod fauna from the Baoshan Block, western Yunnan, China

A small brachiopod fauna is described from the carbonate rocks of the basal Shazipo Formation of the Baoshan Block, western Yunnan, south-west China, including significant new ventral and dorsal internal morphological features of Cryptospirifer omeishanensis Huang. This fauna is regarded as Wordian (Middle Guadalupian, Middle Permian) because of the presence of Cryptospirifer omeishanensis Huang and associated fusulinids ( Neoschwagerina craticulifera Zone). Palaeobiogeographically, the brachiopod fauna is of considerable interest because of its admixed nature characterized by typical warm-water Cathaysian elements intermingled with temperate Peri-Gondwanan taxa. This in turn is interpreted to indicate that the Baoshan Block may have been situated in an intermediate palaeogeographical position between Gondwanaland to the south and Cathaysia to the north during the Mid Permian and, as such, it probably furnished an important 'stepping stone' for the dispersal of Mid Permian eastern Tethyan marine invertebrate taxa (e.g. Cryptospirifer ) to the western Tethys.     

Depth of edge influence of the agricultural-forest landscape boundary,Southwestern China

The landscape boundary is an important component of a landscape and often plays an indispensable role in regulating ecological flows. The primary objective of this study was to estimate how far the edge effects on agricultural-forest landscape boundaries can penetrate into the forest and agricultural field. This will serve as a basis for understanding the interaction between forest and agricultural fields in the mountainous area of southwestern China and provide scientific basis for the practice of the policy of “returning agricultural field to forest.” Based on field investigations, three types of boundaries with six sampling transects were selected. We investigated the soil moisture, soil nutrients and vegetation diversity along the transect gradient and explored the depth of edge influence (DEI) with moving split-window techniques for analyzing the data. DEI for soil moisture changed with the seasons, ranging from 6 m in the pepper field to 2 m in the forest during the dry season, and from 12 m in the pepper field to 2 m in the forest after heavy rain. DEI based on soil organic matter ranged from 1.5 to 10 m in the forest field, while it was not detected based on other soil nutrient factors. DEI based on vegetation diversity varied from 4 to 26 m and from 10 to 31 m in the forest and agricultural fields, respectively. These results provide the scientific basis for the policy “returning agricultural field to forest”. Based on these field observations, reducing human disturbance and revegetating with natural shrubs and meadows could be more effective for vegetation conservation in terms of soil moisture and soil nutrient content in the arid valley of the Minjiang River.     

古地中海退却与喜马拉雅—横断山的隆起在中国喜马拉雅成分及高山植物区纱的形成与发展上的意义

横断山－喜马拉雅植物区系的开端是在晚白垩纪和早古近纪（早第三纪）。古植物资料在古近纪初期横断山－喜马拉雅植物区系是同古地中海沿岸一致的以照叶林为主的暖湿植物区系。古近纪后期和新近纪（新第三纪）以后古地中海气候逐步旱化。原来的暖湿植物区系在地中海地区逐步消失,而在横断山及喜马拉雅和东亚其他地区得以保存和发展,现代横断山及东喜马拉雅的亚热带森林即是其后裔。古近纪中期以后由于古地中海的逐步退却,气候变得干旱,原暖湿植物区系逐步被现代旱生的地中海植物区系所取代。新近纪以后,旱生的现代地中海植物区系由于喜马拉雅和横断山的隆起而转向适应高山环境,逐步分化形成了现代的中国－喜马拉雅成分。横断山－喜马拉雅地区硬中高山栎林的起源;铁筷子属,绿绒蒿属,芒苞草属,假百合属及马桑属的地中海,喜马拉雅－横断山间断分布的形成便是古地中海植物区系残遗的体现;黄花木属,独一味属等众多中国喜马拉雅成分就是古地中海祖先的后裔。这些代表类群的分析研究表明现代的喜马拉雅－横断山的高山植物区系以及中国－喜马拉雅成分中有相当的一部分是起源于新生代旱生的地中海植物区系。     

云南塔城滇金丝猴掘食行为的初步研究

2006年3月至2007年5月,我们对云南塔城一个滇金丝猴群进行了连续跟踪,旨在调查其生境利用情况.在此期间,我们发现滇金丝猴在地面有掘土行为.通过照片分析,发现滇金丝猴的这种掘食行为旨在获取某种植物地下球茎.后分别在两个地点采用焦点动物行为记录法对这种掘食行为进行了记录.通过比较单次掘食行为的持续时间、掘食行为的发生频次以及掘取成功率,我们发现这些指标在不同年龄-性别组个体间的差异明显.成年雄猴的成功率明显高于其它两组;在单次掘食行为的时间花费上,成年雄猴和雌猴之间无差别,而亚成年个体表现为用时短和变换挖掘地点频繁的特点.就雄猴而言,成年有助于掘食成功.同时发现,带新生仔的雌猴也会下地采掘,但尚无成功采食纪录.进食植物球茎的过程中未发现分享块茎行为,但有抢食表现.     

中国植物区系中的特有性及其起源和分化

对中国植物区系中的239个特有属,分属67个科,进行了分析研究,列出了这些特有属在种子植物各个科的分布,现代地理分布范围。结果表明含特有属在10个以上的有5个科即Gesneriaceae,Compositae,Labiatae,Cruiciferae,Umbelliferae;其中以Gesneriaceae居榜首(27属),Compositae位居第二(20属),Labiatae有12属,居第三。含2属的科有15个,含1属的科有30个;其中Ginkgaceae,Davidiaceae,Eucommiaceae,Acanthochlamydaceae组成了中国植物区系最具古老性、特有性和代表性的4个单型科。在此基础上,从特有属在被子植物八纲系统各个纲的分布特点,以及在各个科组成和系统关系及已有地质、化石历史和系统学,形态,分子证据论述了这些特有属的起源、系统关系及在植物地理上的关系。在裸子植物中,特有属最为丰富,几乎皆是地质历史上北极-第三纪成分的残遗,起源时间较早,可追溯到白垩纪或更早。被子植物中,中国特有属存在于八纲被子植物的所有纲中,几乎在现代被子植物各个演化阶段均有古老残遗的特有类群存在,同时也不乏新特有类群尤其是在演化的高级阶段的类群。从起源上看,被子植物的古特有属主要发生于晚白垩纪和早第三纪,地质历史上大都占有广阔的分布区;新特有属多发生在新第三纪以后。其源头主要是北极第三纪、古热带第三纪(冈瓦纳第三纪)和古地中海第三纪的奇妙结合,不少类群是就地起源的;特有性是在第三纪中晚期以后北半球气候变迁,迁移途径(如北大西洋陆桥和白令陆桥)中断后形成的,这一时期是我国特有属形成发展的起始标志。     

First evidence of prey capture and meat eating by wild Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan,China

Most extant nonhuman primates occasionally prey on fast-moving, warm-blooded animals; however, Indriidae, Lepilemuridae, and Colobinae either scavenged for meat or did not eat meat at all. Here we report six cases of animal consumption by the snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in a wild, habituated group between 2004 and 2009 in Yunnun, China. At present,only males in an all-male unit within the study group were involved in active hunting. Such a male-biased activity may be related to the group structure and spatial spread of R. bieti. Two females were observed eating freshly killed birds. The findings confirmed that R. bieti engaged in scavenging and, when hunting, employed a cranio-cervical bite to kill their prey. Meat eating is likely a nutrient maximization feeding strategy in R. bieti, especially in males. A begging behavior occurred after successful prey capture. Although begging was observed, no sharing of the meat was seen. The present findings illuminate the dietary diversity of R. bieti and their ability to expand their dietary spectrum.     

Phytogeography and Floristic Affinities of the Limestone Flora of Mt. Exianling,Hainan Island,China

The limestone forest of Mt. Exianling on Hainan Island, China, was inventoried, and their floristic composition and biogeographical affinities discussed. Botanical surveys recorded 1121 vascular plant species belonging to 620 genera and 171 families; of which 81 represented significant records including 11 new species. Mt. Exianling is characterized by phanerophytes making up ca. 79% of the total flora, and those with mesophyllous leaves comprising ca. 64%. Ecological species groups were discerned from field observations: species exclusive to limestone habitats make up 2.4% of the total flora. Based on their distributions, 11 biogeographic elements at the generic level are recognized. Our work on Mt. Exianling revealed closer affinity to tropical Asian floras than to temperate elements of eastern Asian floras, with ca. 90% of the seed plant genera being tropical; this limestone forest is essentially tropical and is part of the tropical Asian flora at its northern margin. Unfortunately, Exianling has been subject to environmental threats from mining activities in the past two decades. Kadoorie Conservation China has heavily involved in the conservation of Exianling limestone forest and partially financed the above floristic studies. A nature reserve station was constructed in 2009, and now Exianling is being gazetted as a formal provincial nature reserve. Recently, activities in exploiting of the gold mining in Exianling has been stopped by the nature reserve.     

Genetic structure and phylogeography of rice landraces in Yunnan, China, revealed by SSR.

Yunnan Province is one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of Oryza sativa L. in China, and in the world. Using a genetically representative core collection of 692 rice landraces from Yunnan, the genetic structure, differentiation, and geographic diversity of this rice germplasm were analyzed. The accessions were classified into different populations, according to the model-based structure analysis. Model-based populations were characterized through the reconstruction of a neighbor-joining tree, principal coordinate analysis, and the estimation of morphologic and SSR variations. Finally, the distribution of genetic diversity and differentiation among districts were studied. Seven model-based populations were identified on the basis of the structure analysis. This classification was partly consistent with Ting's 5-level taxonomic system. Differentiation between 2 rice subspecies is the most apparent, with a clearer differentiation between soil-watery ecotypes in japonica than in indica; however, differentiation among seasonal ecotypes in indica is clearer than in japonica. Cropping system and man-made restricted-growth environments could be considered to be the main forces driving the intraspecific differentiation of cultivated rice. It has been suggested that, because it possesses the highest genetic diversity and all the necessary conditions as a center of genetic diversity, the southwest region of Yunnan, encompassing Simao, Lincang, and Xishuangbanna districts, is the center of genetic diversity of Yunnan rice landraces.     

Conifer Woods of the Pliocene Age from Yunnan, China

The Tertiary floras play an integral role in understanding the biodiversity and interactions between climate and vegetation in Yunnan, China. The fossil spores, pollen grains, and leaves in this region have been investiagedintensively. In comparison, the woods have been studied relatively little. A large number of Pliocene wood specimens was collected from the opencast lignite coal mine of Hongxing situated in Changning County of Yunnan Province. Among the collection, Tsuga cf. dumosa (D. Don) Eichler and Pinus cf. armandii Franchet were identified based on wood structures. The subtle feature of tori extensions is reported in the wood of T. cf. dumosa. Considering the climatic requirements of modern T. dumosa and P.armandii, the two species of conifer described from Pliocene sediments probably grew in mountainous terrain at an elevation of approximately 2 300 m, in a cool and humid environment.     

云南竹亚科一些属种的增订

报道了云南竹亚科新名称１个,新组合１个,新异名１个,发现１个不合格名称,１个属在云南分布的新记录和１个种在我国分布的新记录。同时讨论了单枝竹属和空竹属的地理分布。     

Lac host-trees and the balance of agroecosystems in south Yunnan,China

The importance of spontaneous lac host-trees for preserving the fragile agroecosystem of the main lac producing areas of China, located in the tropical part of Yunnan province, is analyzed. In upland fields, the fire-resistant vegetation consists mainly of these trees. Farmers deliberately preserve young sprouts during the cultivation cycle. This benefits both soil fertility and lac production. Host-trees, mainly Dalbergia and Ficus, form a range of multipurpose trees which although limited to some ten species allows maximum use of the heterogeneities of the village territory. Finally, lac host-trees are associated with some environmental values important to farmers. This circumstance contributes to the sustainability of lac host-tree agroforestry in spite of current problems in the lac market.     

云南省高等植物多样性与分布状况

云南省为我国乃至世界生物多样性的热点区域之一.为深入认识和保护云南的植物多样性,作者以《云南植物志》为基础,对其中记载的各物种在云南的县级分布情况进行了统计.结果显示:云南省高等植物多样性最丰富的为滇西北地区,其中的玉龙县、贡山县、香格里拉县物种数分别高达4,358种、3,981种和3,874种,其次为以西双版纳州为主体的南部热带边缘,其中的勐腊、景洪的物种数也都在3,000种以上;而以云南高原为主体的滇东和滇中地区植物多样性则较为贫乏,作者认为这与人们的关注度和野外调查的强度直接相关.云南分布有4,008种特有物种,4,509种狭域物种,特有物种的分布规律与总物种相似;含狭域物种最多的为贡山县(556种),是唯一超过500种的县.云南省多数物种的分布范围极为狭窄,64.1％的物种仅分布在1-5个县,46.0％的特有物种只分布在1个县的范围内.通过以上分析,作者指出由于此前对云南植物多样性的调查仍不完善,结果并不能全面反映真实的地带性规律,建议加大调查深度和标本采集量.如果条件许可,一些极易沦为濒危种的狭域分布种也应得到优先关注.     

中越边境西隆山(中国部分)的山地苔藓林

报道了西隆山中国部分的植被,详细地记述了山地苔藓常绿阔叶林和山顶苔藓矮林的群落组成。该两种植被类型的优势类群分别以金缕梅科红花荷属和石楠科杜鹃属的多种植物为特征。比较研究显示该地区的两种苔藓林与云南西北部的有一定的相关性。     

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Lisu people in Nujiang,Northwest Yunnan,China

An ethnobotanical survey was carried out to collect information on the use of medicinal plants by the Lisu people who live in the mountainous areas of the Nujiang Canyon (Salween River Valley) in Nujiang Prefecture, northwestern Yunnan Province, China. A total of 52 medicinal plants, belonging to 32 families, were reported as being used locally for the treatment of human ailments. The scientific and Lisu names, parts used, and preparation of the plants are presented. Most of these species are wild (80%), while others are domesticated (8%) or semi-cultivated (12%). Among the 52 species, 11 species (21.2%) were reported as rare and 16 were widely commercialized in the region. Over-exploitation and deforestation are the main causes for the depletion of medicinal plants in this area. The Lisu people still mostly depend on medicinal plants for their health care. The loss and endangered status of these plants will, to a certain extent, impede their existing health care system; conservation and sustainable harvest of medicinal plants in the area are urgently needed.     

Fauna of Prosobranch Gastropods of Peter the Great Bay,Sea of Japan,and the Biogeographical Composition

The complete list of prosobranch gastropods comprising 195 species classified in 97 genera and 38 families was compiled for Peter the Great Bay (northwest of the Sea of Japan) and the adjacent water areas. In general, in the bay low boreal species prevail, which supported its assignment to the Manchurian (North Japanese, Sea of Japan, Asian) Low Boreal Pacific Subregion of the Boreal Pacific Region. Shallow water thermotropic species mostly prevailed in the littoral and upper sublittoral (to a depth of 50 m) zones of the bay; psychrotropic species were found in the lower sublittoral and upper bathyal (50–500 m) zones; and bathyal thermotropic species inhabited the lower (more then 500 m) bathyal zone.     

Biogeographical and phylogeographical relationships of the bathyal ophiuroid fauna of the Macquarie Ridge, Southern Ocean

There are relatively few studies examining the latitudinal distribution of polar, subantarctic and temperate faunas on the bathyal seafloor across the Southern Ocean. Here, we investigate the relationship between the subantarctic Macquarie Ridge and adjacent regions of Antarctica (including the Ross Sea) and temperate Australia and New Zealand at depths of 200–2,500 m. We study the fauna at two levels of classification (1) morpho-species (MSPs) accepted by taxonomists and (2) evolutionary significant units defined as reciprocally monophyletic clades derived from phylogenies of mitochondrial DNA. The ophiuroid fauna on the Macquarie Ridge has a predominantly temperate origin, with far more MSPs shared with south-eastern Australia (78 % of species) and southern New Zealand (83 %) than neighbouring Antarctic regions (33 %). However, this asymmetry also reflects the relative species richness of these regions. Many species that are shared between Antarctica and the Macquarie Ridge have diverged into distinct mtDNA lineages indicative of a recent barrier to gene flow.     

Plant diversity and priority conservation areas of Northwestern Yunnan,China

The Global Plant Conservation Strategy of the Convention on Biological Diversity calls for “protection of 50% of the most important areas for plant diversity.” All global biodiversity analyses have identified the mountains of northwestern Yunnan as a conservation priority for plant diversity. The challenge we were presented with was how to transform this sweeping global recognition into regional geographic priorities and measurable conservation action. This challenge is especially acute in Yunnan where there are no readily accessible data on the distribution and status of plant diversity, yet great conservation urgency due to the rapid pace of economic development. We used endangered and endemic species to represent plant diversity as a whole due to time and financial constraints. To identify conservation priorities, we relied on experts’ knowledge, supplemented with a rapidly assembled plant diversity data base, rapid field assessments to fill knowledge gaps, and analyses of the spatial patterns of richness and habitat relationships. Ninety-eight endangered species and 703 endemic species occur in the project area. Experts identified nine Plant Diversity Conservation Areas for northwestern Yunnan, including eight specific geographies and one priority habitat. We found that the current nature reserve system is serving an important role in plant diversity protection, even though many of the reserves were not specifically designated for plant diversity considerations. This project provided a means for scientific experts to directly contribute to conservation decision-making by government and Non-Government Organizations, and essential information for the plant conservation in Northwestern Yunnan.