氧化胁迫环境下的酵母细胞应答调控

酿酒酵母细胞在生长过程中会不断受到内外环境的氧化攻击。活性氧族物质的累积能够损害细胞中的脂质、DNA和蛋白质,从而会影响细胞的正常功能,严重者将造成细胞死亡。为了对抗氧化胁迫,酵母细胞在不断地适应过程中,进化出了较为完整的保护机制,呈现出多水平多层次的应激应答反应。细胞在非酶水平、蛋白质水平和基因水平上协同作用,共同完成了活性氧族物质的清除和胁迫信号的传递应答。本文对酵母细胞在氧化胁迫环境下的应答调控做了简要综述。     

酵母细胞中Pil1的磷酸化与细胞压力抵抗的关系

在外界因素处理下,细胞将启动一系列保护措施以适应各种环境改变,磷酸化调节是蛋白功能调节的主要方式. 为了探讨酵母细胞中Pil1的磷酸化与细胞压力抵抗的关系,实验应用Pil1突变细胞检测在过氧化氢或热处理后细胞的生长情况,用免疫印记法检测热处理后Pil1的表达. 结果表明,相比野生细胞,Pil1突变细胞对抗过氧化氢和热的能力强,热处理后 Pil1的磷酸化水平增高, Pil1的丝氨酸273对于其磷酸化发生至关重要.     

The Effect of Cellular Stress on T and B Cell Memory Pathways in Immunized and Unimmunized BALB/c Mice

Immunological memory is a fundamental function of vaccination. The antigenic breakdown products of the vaccine may not persist, and undefined tonic stimulation has been proposed to maintain the specific memory. We have suggested that cellular stress agents to which the immune cells are constantly exposed may be responsible for tonic stimulation. Here we have studied four stress agents: sodium arsenite, an oxidative agent; Gramicidin, eliciting K⁺ efflux and calcium influx; dithiocarbamate, a metal ionophore; and aluminum hydroxide (alum), an immunological adjuvant. The aims of this study are to extend these investigations to T and B cell responses of unimmunized and ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized BALB/c mice, and furthermore, to ascertain whether stress is involved in optimal expression of memory B cells, as demonstrated in CD4⁺ T cells. Examination of the homeostatic pathway defined by IL-15/IL-15R (IL-15 receptor) interaction and the inflammasome pathway defined by the IL-1-IL-1R interaction between dendritic cells (DC) and CD4⁺ T cells suggests that both pathways are involved in the development of optimal expression of CD4⁺CD45RO⁺ memory T cells in unimmunized and OVA-immunized BALB/c mice. Furthermore, significant direct correlation was found between CD4⁺CD44⁺ memory T cells and both IL-15 of the homeostatic and IL-1β of the inflammasome pathways. However, CD19⁺CD27⁺ memory B cells in vivo seem to utilize only the IL-15/IL-15R homeostatic pathway, although the proliferative responses are enhanced by the stress agents. Altogether, stress agents may up-regulate unimmunized and OVA-immunized CD4⁺CD44⁺ memory T cells by the homeostatic and inflammasome pathways. However, the CD19⁺CD27⁺ memory B cells utilize only the homeostatic pathway.     

氧化应激诱导的细胞衰老过程中细胞生长相关基因的表达

应激诱导的细胞早衰与复制性细胞衰老有相似的细胞表型,但其机制不尽相同.分析二者的衰老相关基因表达特点对了解应激因素诱导细胞衰老的机制有重要意义. 本文对过氧化氢诱导的HeLa细胞早衰过程中的关键衰老相关基因及其转录后调控因子的表达做了分析.结果发现,在复制性衰老过程中明显降低的cyclin A、cyclin B1、c-fos及HuR,在温和过氧化氢诱导的细胞早衰过程中并无明显改变;在氧化应激诱导的细胞早衰过程中,p21与p16表达升高,AUF1则降低,与复制性衰老过程一致;p21 mRNA半衰期在复制性衰老过程中无明显变化,但在氧化应激诱导的细胞早衰过程中则显著延长.上述结果提示,尽管氧化应激诱导的细胞早衰与复制性衰老存在相似基因表达变化,调控机制则不尽相同.     

DNA甲基化介导的植物逆境应答和胁迫记忆

DNA甲基化是表观遗传修饰的重要形式,它不仅对植物生长发育具有重要的调控作用,而且参与了植物对各种逆境胁迫的应答过程。逆境通过改变植物DNA基化水平和模式对胁迫应答基因网络进行调控,从而增强当代或后代对逆境的适应性。本文主要对DNA甲基化介导的生物和非生物逆境应答及植物胁迫记忆的最新研究进展进行综述,同时对该领域研究中存在的问题和未来研究的方向进行讨论与展望。     

Stress tolerance of pressure-shocked Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Pressure shock treatment induced synthesis of heat shock protein (hsp104) and tolerance against various stresses such as high temperature, high pressure and high concentration of ethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The optimum pressures that induced maximal tolerance against these stresses were in the range of 50–75 MPa and depended on the type of stress. However, pressure shock did not stimulate trehalose production in the cells. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Stress co-tolerance and trehalose content in baking strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fourteen wild-type baking strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were grown in batch culture to true stationary phase (exogenous carbon source exhausted) and tested for their trehalose content and their tolerance to heat (52°C for 4.5 min), ethanol (20% v/v for 30 min), H₂O₂ (0.3 M for 60 min), rapid freezing (−196°C for 20 min, cooling rate 200°C min⁻¹), slow freezing (−20°C for 24 h, cooling rate 3°C min⁻¹), salt (growth in 1.5 M NaCl agar) or acetic acid (growth in 0.4% w/v acetic acid agar) stresses. Stress tolerance among the strains was highly variable and up to 1000-fold differences existed between strains for some types of stress. Compared with previously published reports, all strains were tolerant to H₂O₂ stress. Correlation analysis of stress tolerance results demonstrated relationships between tolerance to H₂O₂ and tolerance to all stresses except ethanol. This may imply that oxidative processes are associated with a wide variety of cellular stresses and also indicate that the general robustness associated with industrial yeast may be a result of their oxidative stress tolerance. In addition, H₂O₂ tolerance might be a suitable marker for the general assessment of stress tolerance in yeast strains. Trehalose content failed to correlate with tolerance to any stress except acetic acid. This may indicate that the contribution of trehalose to tolerance to other stresses is either small or inconsistent and that trehalose may not be used as a general predictor of stress tolerance in true stationary phase yeast. Received 10 October 1995/ Accepted in revised form 10 September 1996     

A Model Study of Cellular Short-Term Memory Produced by Slowly Inactivating Potassium Conductances

We analyzed the cellular short-term memory effects induced by a slowly inactivating potassium (Ks) conductance using a biophysical model of a neuron. We first described latency-to-first-spike and temporal changes in firing frequency as a function of parameters of the model, injected current and prior history of the neuron (deinactivation level) under current clamp. This provided a complete set of properties describing the Ks conductance in a neuron. We then showed that the action of the Ks conductance is not generally appropriate for controlling latency-to-first-spike under random synaptic stimulation. However, reliable latencies were found when neuronal population computation was used. Ks inactivation was found to control the rate of convergence to steady-state discharge behavior and to allow frequency to increase at variable rates in sets of synaptically connected neurons. These results suggest that inactivation of the Ks conductance can have a reliable influence on the behavior of neuronal populations under real physiological conditions.     

酿酒酵母氧化胁迫应答反应机制

氧化胁迫是生物体面对逆境时的重要反应。在与逆境和活性氧做斗争的过程中,细胞进化出一套完整的应答调控机制,通过调节体内活性氧的代谢平衡,来保护DNA、脂质和蛋白质等免受氧化攻击。本文以酿酒酵母为例,根据近年来国内外研究的进展,围绕其在氧化胁迫应答过程中的三道保护屏障,即抗氧化物质和防御酶系统、转录调节和氧化物降解以及细胞器自噬,综述了其抗氧化代谢机理,为深入认识细胞的抗氧化应答机制奠定基础。     

Glutathione is an important antioxidant molecule in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The tripeptide γ-l-glutamyl-l-cystinylglycine (glutathione) is one of the major antioxidant molecules of cells and is thought to play a vital role in buffering the cell against reactive oxygen species and toxic electrophiles. We wished to determine the role of glutathione in the protection of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae against oxidative stress. This study shows that glutathione is an important antioxidant molecule in yeast, with γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase ( gshI ) mutants, deficient in glutathione synthesis, being hypersensitive to H₂O₂ and Superoxide anions in both exponential- and stationary-phase cultures. Despite this, these mutants are still able to induce adaptive stress responses to oxidants.     

转录因子WRKY6和PR1在拟南芥胁迫记忆中的表达模式

植物暴露在细菌或其它微生物病原体下,会形成全身防御,称为系统获得性抗性SAR（Systemic Acquired Resistance）,该系统可以在病原体二次侵染时有效抑制病原体对植物的伤害。其中,WRKY转录因子和病程相关蛋白PRs（Pathogenesis-related proteins）在植物抗病信号调控途径中起着重要作用。本研究以模式植物拟南芥为实验材料,对WRKY6和PR1（PATHOGENESIS RELATED）两个转录因子进行初步研究。首先,从拟南芥eFP数据库中获得WRKY6和PR1的基因表达数据,进行生物信息学分析,获得WRKY6和PR1基因在不同胁迫条件下的表达热图。其次,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术,比较了经过生物胁迫和非生物胁迫处理后WRKY6和PR1的基因表达水平。结果表明,拟南芥经过生物胁迫丁香假单胞菌[Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato（P_st） DC3000]处理后,WRKY6和PR1的基因表达模式具有一定的相似性,然而经过非生物胁迫和机械损伤组合处理后,WRKY6和PR1基因又呈现出不同的表达模式。本研究初步探索了WRKY6和PR1基因的表达模式及其关系,为今后进一步研究系统性获得抗性应答机制提供了思路。     

表观遗传修饰介导的植物胁迫记忆

植物因其固着生长的方式, 已经进化出各类特殊的机制来适应多变的外界环境。为提高自身的存活率, 植物进化出一类胁迫记忆机制, 以适应环境和保护自己。表观遗传修饰不仅能调控植物的正常生长发育, 而且参与植物对各种非生物或生物胁迫的响应。近年的研究表明, 表观遗传修饰在植物胁迫记忆调控中也发挥重要作用。例如, DNA甲基化、组蛋白甲基化及乙酰化等表观遗传修饰参与并维持特定的胁迫记忆。该文主要对表观遗传修饰介导的植物胁迫记忆最新进展进行综述, 并展望未来的重点和热点研究方向。     

工业用糖蜜酿酒酵母菌株耐受性分析研究

采用休止细胞梯度生长法,对工业糖蜜酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)菌株进行高浓度酒精、高温和高渗透压,以及糠醛毒性、苯酚毒性、乙酸毒性和抗生素G418毒性的耐受性分析.结果表明,所测定的工业酵母菌株对这些逆境条件的耐受性有明显的差别;其中AS2.1189和AS2.1190对测定的胁迫条件均表现出相对较好的耐受性;396对乙酸毒性和G418毒性具有很好的耐受性;2610对高温表现出较强的耐受性.     

工业用糖蜜酿酒酵母菌株耐受性分析研究

采用休止细胞梯度生长法, 对工业糖蜜酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)菌株进行高浓度酒精、高温和高渗透压, 以及糠醛毒性、苯酚毒性、乙酸毒性和抗生素G418毒性的耐受性分析。结果表明, 所测定的工业酵母菌株对这些逆境条件的耐受性有明显的差别; 其中AS2.1189和AS2.1190对测定的胁迫条件均表现出相对较好的耐受性; 396对乙酸毒性和G418毒性具有很好的耐受性; 2610对高温表现出较强的耐受性。     

表观遗传修饰介导的植物胁迫记忆

植物因其固着生长的方式, 已经进化出各类特殊的机制来适应多变的外界环境。为提高自身的存活率, 植物进化出一类胁迫记忆机制, 以适应环境和保护自己。表观遗传修饰不仅能调控植物的正常生长发育, 而且参与植物对各种非生物或生物胁迫的响应。近年的研究表明, 表观遗传修饰在植物胁迫记忆调控中也发挥重要作用。例如, DNA甲基化、组蛋白甲基化及乙酰化等表观遗传修饰参与并维持特定的胁迫记忆。该文主要对表观遗传修饰介导的植物胁迫记忆最新进展进行综述, 并展望未来的重点和热点研究方向。     

Cellular Mechanisms of Resistance to Chronic Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress is implicated in several pathologies such as AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease, as well as in normal aging. As a model system to study the response of cells to oxidative insults, glutamate toxicity on a mouse nerve cell line, HT-22, was examined. Glutamate exposure kills HT-22 via a nonreceptor-mediated oxidative pathway by blocking cystine uptake and causing depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH), leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death. Several HT-22 subclones that are 10-fold resistant to exogenous glutamate were isolated and the mechanisms involved in resistance characterized. The expression levels of neither heat shock proteins nor apoptosis-related proteins are changed in the resistant cells. In contrast, the antioxidant enzyme catalase, but not glutathione peroxidase nor superoxide dismutase, is more highly expressed in the resistant than in the parental cells. In addition, the resistant cells have enhanced rates of GSH regeneration due to higher activities of the GSH metabolic enzymes γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH reductase, and GSH S-transferases activities are also elevated. As a consequence of these alterations, the glutamate resistant cells are also more resistant to organic hydroperoxides and anticancer drugs that affect these GSH enzymes. These results indicate that resistance to apoptotic oxidative stress may be acquired by coordinated changes in multiple antioxidant pathways.