发根农杆菌及其应用

农杆菌是一类侵染性非常广泛的Ｇ-土壤杆菌,农杆菌质粒介导的基因转移系统是植物基因工程中比较完善与有效的基因转移方法。在众多的转基因植物中有80%是由农杆菌介导转化的,但其中大部分是有根癌农杆菌Ｔｉ质粒介导法获得的。根癌农杆菌含有的Ｔｉ质粒,能诱导被侵染的植物细胞形成肿瘤,即诱发冠瘿瘤。发根农杆菌含有Ｒｉ质粒,侵染植物后能诱发植物细胞产生毛发状根,即发根瘤。近年来的研究发现发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒介导法比Ｔｉ质粒法具有一定优越性而被广泛重视,而且由其转化获得转基因植物和生物有效成分的报道愈来愈多,本文主要讨论发根农…     

Ri质粒转化桔梗再生植株的研究

本文用具Ｒｉ质粒的发根农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ）的不同菌株通过叶盘法和直接注射法对药用植物桔梗（Ｐ．ｇｒａｎｄｉｆｌｏｒｕｍＡＤＣ）进行感染试验,系统地研究了发根农杆菌诱导桔梗产生毛状根的能力及影响因素,阐明了桔梗的Ｒｉ质粒Ｔ－ＤＮＡ转化体多样性的原因,为转化体的筛选与鉴定提供了依据。还探讨了Ｒｉ质粒做为植物基因工程载体系统的可行性,为进一步开展植物基因工程载体系统的构建提供基础资料。     

Ri质粒基因转化植物细胞的机理

发根农杆菌(Agrobacteriumrhizogenes)含有一个约250Kb的大质粒,与Ti质粒转化植物细胞产生冠瘿瘤(crowngall)相似,它也可以侵染双子叶植物受伤部位的细胞并产生大量不定根(所谓发根或毛状根,(hairyroot),因此,这个大质粒被称为Ri质粒(根诱导质粒,Root-inducingplasmid)。     

发根农杆菌Ri质粒的分子生物学及其应用前景

发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)与根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaci-end)均是革兰氏阴性菌,同属根瘤菌科(Rhizobaceae)。根癌农杆菌侵染可以诱使大多数双子叶植物产生冠癌瘤(crown gall),发根农杆菌则可以使植物宿主细胞组织产生毛状根瘤(hairy roots tumors)。土壤杆菌的这一类致病特性早在本世纪初就已被观察     

露水草毛状根的诱导和培养

发根农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇ６ｎｅｓ）ｐＲｉ１５８３４菌株感染露水草（Ｃｙａｎｏｔｉｓａｒａｃｈｎｏｉｄｅａ）的茎和根的外植体及小苗,均诱导出毛状根。毛状很能在不含激素的ＭＳ培养基上生长。用纸电泳和高效薄层层析法,在毛状根中检测到甘露碱。用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交,在植物ＤＮＡ中检测到ｒｏｌｅ基因。表明Ｒｉ质粒的Ｔ—ＤＮＡ部分已转移到毛状根细胞的ＤＮＡ中。该毛状根能产生β－蜕皮激素。露水草毛状根的诱导培养在单子叶植物中是一个成功的先例。     

Ri质粒与植物基因工程

Ｒｉ质粒是发根农杆菌中的巨大质粒,经其感染的双子叶植物可诱发产生毛状根。Ｒｉ质粒上的Ｔ－ＤＮＡ具有转移功能。介绍了Ｒｉ质粒的结构、Ｔ－ＤＮＡ转移机制及其在植物基因工程中的应用。     

发根农杆菌介导的菠菜毛状根遗传转化体系的建立

发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)侵染植物后可诱导植物产生毛状根。菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)是常见的食用蔬菜, 目前尚未见菠菜毛状根的研究报道。经筛选得到适合诱导菠菜毛状根的发根农杆菌菌株LBA9402, LBA9402侵染菠菜外植体茎后, 毛状根的诱导率最高可达16%。菠菜毛状根呈白色, 具有丰富的根毛, 能在无外源激素的固体培养基上快速增殖生长。通过诱导菠菜毛状根产生愈伤组织并进行分化, 获得了菠菜毛状根的再生植株, 再生率为8%。此外, LBA9402可将含有Ri质粒的T-DNA和携带外源GFP基因的Ti质粒T-DNA共同导入外植体中。PCR检测和荧光显微观察结果显示, rolB及GFP基因在菠菜毛状根基因组中稳定表达, 共转化频率为50%。     

发根农杆菌介导的菠菜毛状根遗传转化体系的建立

发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)侵染植物后可诱导植物产生毛状根。菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)是常见的食用蔬菜, 目前尚未见菠菜毛状根的研究报道。经筛选得到适合诱导菠菜毛状根的发根农杆菌菌株LBA9402, LBA9402侵染菠菜外植体茎后, 毛状根的诱导率最高可达16%。菠菜毛状根呈白色, 具有丰富的根毛, 能在无外源激素的固体培养基上快速增殖生长。通过诱导菠菜毛状根产生愈伤组织并进行分化, 获得了菠菜毛状根的再生植株, 再生率为8%。此外, LBA9402可将含有Ri质粒的T-DNA和携带外源GFP基因的Ti质粒T-DNA共同导入外植体中。PCR检测和荧光显微观察结果显示, rolB及GFP基因在菠菜毛状根基因组中稳定表达, 共转化频率为50%。     

植物基因工程中Ri质粒的研究与应用

近几年来,植物基因工程取得了很大进展,基主要原因是人们采取了有效的基因转移方法。例如截体法;以Ｔｉ质粒,Ｒｉ质料 些病毒,脂质体等做为载体;非载体法有显微注射法,电击法,粒子枪法,花粉管通道法等,在以上诸多方法中,以载体Ｔｉ质粒的研究最为广泛,目前国内外对根癌农杆菌Ｔｉ 粒的研究与应用已目趋成熟,而发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒是植物基因工程中的一种新的载体,近几年来的研究表明,Ｒｉ质粒与Ｔｉ质粒是植物基因工     

农杆菌与植物细胞识别研究的进展

农杆菌与植物细胞识别研究的进展陈思学,黄祥辉（华东师范大学生物系,上海２０００６２）农杆菌与植物细胞的相互作用是一百多年来生物学研究中的重要课题之一。根癌农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）Ｔｉ质粒基因转移功能的发现,使农杆菌介...     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism