桃拉综合征病毒中国株ZHZC3全基因测序及分子结构预测

设计8对引物分片段扩增桃拉综合征病毒中国分离株ZHZC3全基因组,病毒两末端序列采用末端快速扩增方法(RACE)获取.扩增产物克隆到pMD18-T载体并测序,用DNAstar软件拼接全序列及同源性比较.结果显示ZHZC3全序列除去3' poly (A)尾,由10202个碱基组成,有两个开放阅读框,分别编码2107和1011个氨基酸的聚蛋白.与美国参考株HI94相比,在编码区没有核苷酸的缺失和插入,但在5' UTR缺失3个A,两者整体核酸同源性达97.9%.ORF1 中ZHZC3与HI94及巴西株(BLZ01)的核酸同源性分别为97.6%、97.7%,在ORF2中ZHZC3与HI94、BLZ01的核酸同源性则分别为98.3、97%.与国外株ORF2的部分序列比较发现ZHZC3和中国台湾株均与美国株HI94同源性最高.克隆分析6株TSV中国大陆株主要结构蛋白CP2基因,发现其编码的氨基酸存在三个高变区,中国大陆株更有其独特的氨基酸变异模式,312 (S), 449 (A), 451 (Q) 和468 (H).表明该病毒的整体变异性不高,但中国的流行株已形成其自己的遗传演变特征.在此基础上,利用生物学软件对CP2蛋白功能域和三维结构进行了预测,为进一步分析CP2蛋白结构与功能关系奠定了基础.ZHZC3株是第一个测定全序列的TSV中国株.     

桃拉综合征病毒中国株ZHZC3全基因测序及分子结构预测

设计8对引物分片段扩增桃拉综合征病毒中国分离株ZHZC3全基因组,病毒两末端序列采用末端快速扩增方法(RACE)获取。扩增产物克隆到pMD18-T载体并测序,用DNAstar软件拼接全序列及同源性比较。结果显示ZHZC3全序列除去3′poly(A)尾,由10202个碱基组成,有两个开放阅读框,分别编码2107和1011个氨基酸的聚蛋白。与美国参考株HI94相比,在编码区没有核苷酸的缺失和插入,但在5′UTR缺失3个A,两者整体核酸同源性达97.9%。ORF1中ZHZC3与HI94及巴西株(BLZ01)的核酸同源性分别为97.6%、97.7%,在ORF2中ZHZC3与HI94、BLZ01的核酸同源性则分别为98.3、97%。与国外株ORF2的部分序列比较发现:ZHZC3和中国台湾株均与美国株HI94同源性最高。克隆分析6株TSV中国大陆株主要结构蛋白CP2基因,发现其编码的氨基酸存在三个高变区,中国大陆株更有其独特的氨基酸变异模式,312(S),449(A),451(Q)和468(H)。表明该病毒的整体变异性不高,但中国的流行株已形成其自己的遗传演变特征。在此基础上,利用生物学软件对CP2蛋白功能域和三维结构进行了预测,为进一步分析CP2蛋白结构与功能关系奠定了基础。ZHZC3株是第一个测定全序列的TSV中国株。     

禽流感病毒分离株NS基因同源性及等位基因类型分析

目的　克隆测定国内具有代表性的禽流感病毒 (AIV)的非结构 (NS)蛋白基因核苷酸序列 ,分析其同源性和等位基因类型 ,为进一步探索禽流感NS蛋白抗体监测方法奠定基础。方法　经RT PCR扩增了国内 3株H9N2、2株H5N1、2株H7N2亚型AIV分离株的NS蛋白基因 ,并把扩增的基因片段克隆到pGEM T载体中测序 ,将测序结果与GenBank中的核苷酸序列进行同源性比较 ,绘制基因进化树。结果　经测序获得了各AIV分离株NS基因的完整编码序列。同源性分析表明 ,3株H9亚型AIV的NS基因之间的同源性为 96 %～ 98% ;两株H5亚型AIVNS基因同源性为 91 6 % ;两株H7亚型AIV的NS基因同源性为 98 9%。H5和H9亚型分离株的NS基因之间的同源性均高于 90 % ;而H7N2亚型分离株与其它两种亚型分离株的NS基因同源性约为 6 0 %～ 70 %。在AIVNS基因系统发育进化树中 ,H5、H9亚型分离株都处于等位基因A群内 ;3株H9亚型分离株的进化关系较近 ,与香港、广东的部分H5N1病毒株起源相同 ,而 2株H5病毒的NS基因则处于不同分枝内 ;2株H7亚型分离株的NS基因都处于等位基因B群内 ,进化关系较近。结论　这 7株国内AIV分离株的NS基因之间的同源性差异较大 ,约为 6 0 %～ 99% ,且包括A、B两种类型的等位基因     

山羊关节炎脑炎病毒甘肃株全基因组克隆和序列分析

根据GenBank中发表的山羊关节炎脑炎病毒CAEV-CO株（caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-CO,CAEV-CO）的全基因组序列（序列号：NC-001463）,设计合成了7对引物,对CAEV甘肃株的全基因组进行了PCR扩增,并对扩增产物进行了克隆和测序。结果表明,CAEV-甘肃株基因组全长为9186nt。与国际标准毒株CAEV—CO株相比,在编码区有12个碱基的缺失,二者的核苷酸同源性为91．0％;在非编码区有27个核苷酸的插人,核苷酸同源性为97．0％。gag、pol、蛋白Q、tat、env基因编码的氨基酸同源性分别为94．6％、94．7％、87．9％、94．7％和91．5％。     

猪细小病毒SD-68株NS1基因的克隆与序列分析

对猪细小病毒(PPV)SD-68株NS1基因进行了克隆和序列测定,结果表明SD-68株NS1基因全长1989bp,编码662个氨基酸组成的多肽.该序列与PPV SY-99株、Kresse株、NADL-2(5075)和NADL-2(4973)株的NS1基因比较,核苷酸的同源性分别为99.9%、99.9%、99.7%、98.1%,氨基酸的同源性分别为99.7%、99.5%、99.5%、96.7%.PPV SD-68株与MVM(i)、MEV(Abashiri)、CPV、FPV、BPV3、GPV NS1的进化树分析表明PPV SD-68株NS1与MVM(i)NS1亲缘关系最近,与BPV3 NS1的亲缘关系最远;在Thr435和Ser473位点PPV SD-68株与MVM(i)完全一致,表明Thr435和Ser473是PPV SD-68株NS1潜在的磷酸化位点.     

猪细小病毒NS1基因的克隆与序列分析

目的:扩增猪细小病毒(Porcine Parvovinls,PPV)LJL12株NS1基因的全长序列,并进行同源性分析.方法:参考GenBank上公布的PPV中国株NS1基因序列,设计一对特异性引物增LJL12株NS1基因,测定序列,使用分子生物学软件进行同源性分析.结果:LJL12 株 NS1 基因伍长 1989bp,编码 662个氨基酸.与其他 PPV 中国株 NS1 的核苷酸同源性在 98.6%～100%之间,氨基酸同源性在98.5%～100%之间.其中,与南京株的同源性最高.结论:PPV NS1 蛋白具有高度保守性,适合用作诊断抗原.LJL12 株PPV NS1 基因的克隆,为进一步研究 NS1 的功能和作用奠定了基础.     

两个猪瘟病毒野毒株gp55基因抗原编码区序列的分析及比较

利用反转录－PCR方法扩增了吉林省猪瘟病毒（HCV）两个野毒株gp55基因的主要保护性抗原编码区,并将其克隆到pGEM－T载体中,然后用Sanger双脱氧法测定了其核苷酸序列,并推导了其氨基酸序列。将测定的这两个HCV野毒株的部分序列（350bp）与国内外已知的HCV序列进行比较,结果表明：这两个野毒株的核苷酸序列的同源性为94．9％,氨基酸序列同源性为97．4％,与1985～1992年意大利中部分离4个野毒株的同源性明显高于其它HCV毒株,核苷酸同源性分别为97．2％～98．3％和94.0％～949％,氨基酸同源性分别为98．3％～991％和97.4％～98.3％,而与我国的HCV标准强毒株即石门株的核苷酸同源性仅分别为83.1％和83.1％,氨基酸同源性仅分别为90.6％和91.4％。因此认为吉林省这两个野毒株与意大利中部的4个野毒株具有密切的关系,而与石门株很可能来源不同。     

HGV广东株和香港株NS5区部分基因的克隆及序列分析

采用ＨＧＶＮＳ５特异的２对引物,对两个香港株和一个广东株ＨＧＶＲＮＡ进行逆转录套式ＰＣＲ扩增,ＰＣＲ产物克隆入ｐＵＣ１９,重组质粒转化ＤＨ５α和ＪＭ１０９菌株。ＰＣＲ和酶切法鉴定阳性克隆,双脱氧链末端终止法测定核苷酸序列并进行同源性分析。结果发现核苷酸变异呈散在分布,三株间核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为９３．３％～９４％及９７％～９９．２％,与已报道的中国株（ＣＮ）相比,则同源性分别为９０％～９１．２％和９４％～９６．３％,与美国株（ＰＮＦ２１６１及Ｒ１０２９１）相比,为８７．１％～８９．５％和９５．２％～９７％,而与西非株（ＧＢＶＣ）相比,则达９１．４％～９３．８％和９７％～９７．９％。提示ＨＧＶＮＳ５区核苷酸和氨基酸序列相对保守,不同ＨＧＶ株存在一定的地区差异。     

汉坦病毒陈株S基因编码区的克隆、序列分析及表达

从汉坦病毒陈株感染的Vero-E6细胞裂解液中提取病毒RNA,经逆转录PCR获得病毒S基因编码区约1.3kb cDNA片段,克隆该片段后进行核苷酸序列测定,并与汉坦病毒76-118株进行同源性比较,结果二者核苷酸序列同源性为86%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为97%.将该基因片段插入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1,在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达.表达产物为GST-NP融合蛋白.SDS-PAGE检测表达蛋白分子约72kD左右.Western blotting和ELISA试验结果表明,表达产物可与多株抗汉坦病毒核蛋白的McAb发生反应,其抗原表位及McAb反应谱与76-118株相比存在某些差异.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.