共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
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Debates over adaptationism can be clarified and partially resolved by careful consideration of the ‘grain’ at which evolutionary
processes are described. The framework of ‘adaptive landscapes’ can be used to illustrate and facilitate this investigation.
We argue that natural selection may have special status at an intermediate grain of analysis of evolutionary processes. The
cases of sickle-cell disease and genomic imprinting are used as case studies.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
5.
Ozawa-de Silva C 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2008,32(4):516-551
Most striking in the recent rise of suicide in Japan are the increase in suicide among young Japanese and the emergence of
Internet suicide pacts. An ethnography of suicide-related Web sites reveals a distinctive kind of existential suffering among
visitors that is not reducible to categories of mental illness and raises questions regarding the meaning of an individual
“choice” to die, when this occurs in the context of an intersubjective decision by a group of strangers, each of whom is too
afraid to die alone. Anthropology’s recent turn to subjectivity enables analyses of individual suffering in society that provide
a more nuanced approach to the apparent dichotomy between agency and structure and that connect the phenomenon of suicide
in Japan to Japanese conceptions of selfhood and the afterlife. The absence of ikigai [the worth of living] among suicide Web site visitors and their view of suicide as a way of healing show, furthermore, that
analyses of social suffering must be expanded to include questions of meaning and loss of meaning and, also, draw attention
to Japanese conceptions of self in which relationality in all things, including the choice to die, is of utmost importance.
相似文献
Chikako Ozawa-de SilvaEmail: |
6.
Overintensification and subsidies have long made American commodity farmers the enemy of conservationists. Yet, environmental
conditions are improving in the Mississippi Delta where farmer-based groups, water management districts and conservation organizations
have improved environmental quality and redefined the role of agriculture in environmental preservation. This work is all
the more remarkable given the region’s deeply conservative politics that discourage regulation. This paper examines this mainstreaming
of environmental values in light of debates on the role of the state in fostering environmental subjectivities. Following
cultural examinations of the state, we caution that the presence or retreat of the state is insufficient to understanding
environmental subjectivities. Instead, an ethnographic focus is necessary to identify connections between the state and particular
human-environment relations. In the Delta, this focus shows that local environmentalism is consonant with a politics of unsustainability,
one that simultaneously advances radical ecological change and defense of the region’s social hierarchies.
相似文献
Eleanor E. ShoremanEmail: |
7.
Jane E. Schultz 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2007,4(2):93-102
In researching the biomedically-engineered drug Neulasta (filgrastim), a breast cancer patient becomes aware of the extent
to which knowledge about the development and marketing of drugs influences her decisions with regard to treatment. Time spent
on understanding the commercial interests of insurers and pharmaceutical companies initially thwarts but ultimately aids the
healing process. This first-person narrative calls for physicians to recognize that the alignment of commercial interests
transgresses the patient’s humanity.
相似文献
Jane E. SchultzEmail: |
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We examine the relationship between birth order and reproductive behaviors in a sample of Australian residents, accounting
for personality, personal achievements, and family structure. Using generalized linear models and survival analyses we build
predictive models for each reproductive measure and test those models on an independent data subset. Compared with functional
firstborns (middle-borns more than 5 years younger than their next older sibling), male middle-borns and last-born females
had younger ages of first sexual intercourse, and middle-born females had a younger age at first pregnancy. There was no difference
in females’ age at first birth. Male middle-borns tended to have an older average age at first birth. Controlling for age,
both male and female middle-borns had fewer children. Overall, middle-borns differ more from functional firstborns than do
last-borns. Given the significant but small effect sizes demonstrated in this study, we suggest that developmental characteristics
that may facilitate middle-borns’ success within the natal family carry slight fitness costs during the reproductive years.
相似文献
Fritha MilneEmail: |
11.
Anya Plutynski 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(5):605-623
The discussion of the adaptive landscape in the philosophical literature appears to be divided along the following lines.
On the one hand, some claim that the adaptive landscape is either “uninterpretable” or incoherent. On the other hand, some
argue that the adaptive landscape has been an important heuristic, or tool in the service of explaining, as well as proposing
and testing hypotheses about evolutionary change. This paper attempts to reconcile these two views.
相似文献
Anya PlutynskiEmail: |
12.
James R. Welch Aline A. Ferreira Ricardo V. Santos Silvia A. Gugelmin Guilherme Werneck Carlos E. A. CoimbraJr. 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(1):13-26
High prevalence rates of overweight and obesity are increasingly common among indigenous Amazonian societies experiencing
greater involvement in market economies. An important factor in such nutritional transition is internal socioeconomic differentiation,
which partially accounts for fatness frequencies. We report the results of a diachronic anthropometric comparison and cross-sectional
anthropometric and socioeconomic survey of Xavante adults from a single, large community. Our data show an accelerated nutrition
transition, with significant weight and BMI increases for males and females between 1962 and 2006. We also found income and
wealth to be significantly associated with fatness measures for both sexes combined and for females separately. We interpret
the observed gender differences as reflecting differences between male and female social dietary practices. Comparison with
other studies in the Amazon region suggests that the relationships between internal socioeconomic differentiation and dietary
health vary between cultural and economic settings. We also argue that parallels between Xavante health perspectives and epidemiological
interpretations demonstrate the potential for proactive interchange between native and scientific health discourses.
相似文献
James R. WelchEmail: |
13.
The hydrological and thermal changes in the Loire River were investigated to test the influence of climatic changes on a short
freshwater stage anadromous fish species, Allis shad, for the 1995–2004 period. The mean water temperatures during the adult
migration and juvenile growth phases showed significant increase, and mean water flow during these two phases decreased significantly.
The period below the threshold of 18°C shortened, and the period between 18°C and the maximum lengthened, while the temperature
amounts (number of degree-days) received by aquatic organisms between 18 and 24°C showed an increase. The pattern of young-of-the-year
downstream migration was modified. The first day when the juvenile catches reached 5% occurred 17 days earlier at the end
of the 1995–2004 period than at the beginning. The first day when the juvenile catches reached 50% was related to the 18°C
threshold (reproductive threshold) and the temperature amounts accumulated between the 18 and 20°C thresholds. The year-on-year
levels of young-of-the-year abundance showed wide variations, which were not explained by environmental parameters, probably
because of the long distance between the study site and the spawning grounds.
相似文献
C. BoisneauEmail: |
14.
Event-related brain potentials (ERP) are important neural correlates of cognitive processes. In the domain of language processing,
the N400 and P600 reflect lexical-semantic integration and syntactic processing problems, respectively. We suggest an interpretation
of these markers in terms of dynamical system theory and present two nonlinear dynamical models for syntactic computations
where different processing strategies correspond to functionally different regions in the system’s phase space.
相似文献
Peter beim GrabenEmail: |
15.
Philip Richard Sullivan 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(1):65-79
This paper demonstrates that the human visual system, the primary sensory conduit for primates, processes ambient energy in
a way that obligatorily constructs the objects that we ineluctably perceive. And since our perceptual apparatus processes
information only in terms of objects (along with the properties and movements of objects), we are limited in our ability to comprehend ‘what
is’ when we move beyond our ordinary world of midsize objects—as, for example, when we address the micro microworld of quantum
physics.
相似文献
Philip Richard SullivanEmail: |
16.
Studies on the effects of a variety of exogenous and anthropogenic environmental factors, including endocrine disruptors,
heavy metals, UV light, high temperature, and others, on marine organisms have been presented at the 2nd Bilateral Seminar
Italy–Japan held in November 2006. Reports were discussed in order to reveal the current situation of marine ecosystems, aiming
at evaluation and prediction of environmental risks.
相似文献
V. MatrangaEmail: |
17.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
18.
Causal Explanation of Indonesian Forest Fires: Concepts, Applications, and Research Priorities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrew P. Vayda 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(5):615-635
Problems with studies, claims, and assumptions that have been made about the causes of fires in Indonesia's tropical moist forests are identified, and the kinds of concepts, methods, prioritizing, and data needed to resolve the problems are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to studying ignitions, studying fire susceptibility and fire behavior, and using the goal of causal explanation to guide interdisciplinary research.
相似文献
Andrew P. VaydaEmail: |
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Brad E. Erisman Jorge A. Rosales-Casián Philip A. Hastings 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2008,82(1):23-33
The sexual pattern and sexual development of the leopard grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea, were investigated from 483 specimens collected from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Histological and population data indicated
a gonochoric sexual pattern. Some juveniles passed through an immature bisexual phase of gonadal development, but no evidence
of post-maturational sex change was found. The immature bisexual phase is believed to be associated only with male development.
The size distribution and size at sexual maturity were similar for both males and females. In accordance with predictions
of the size-advantage model, the gonochoric sexual pattern of M. rosacea is likely influenced by its group-spawning mating system.
相似文献
Brad E. ErismanEmail: |