Book Reviews

Water Research Centre Symposium (1975) The Effects of Storage on Water Quality .
Gledhill, T., Sutcliffe, D.W., & Williams, W.D. (1976). A Revised Key to the British Species of Crustacea: Malacostraca occurring in Fresh Water, with notes on their ecology and distribution .
Russell, Sir Frederick S. and Yonge, Sir Maurice (Eds.) (1975) . Advances in Marine Biology, Vol. 13 .     

Global diversity of water beetles (Coleoptera) in freshwater

The global diversity of True Water Beetles, False Water Beetles and Phytophilous Water Beetles (sensu Jäch, 1998a. In Jäch &; Ji (eds), Water Beetles of China, Vol. II. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Österreich and Wiener Coleopterologenverein, Wien: 25–42.) is assessed. Facultative Water Beetles, Parasitic Water Beetles and Shore Beetles (sensu Jäch, 1998a. In Jäch &; Ji (eds), Water Beetles of China, Vol. II. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Österreich and Wiener Coleopterologenverein, Wien: 25–42.) are here classified as “paraquatic” and are thus not included in the assessment. It is estimated that about 18,000 species of aquatic Coleoptera are roaming the earth at present. About 12,600 (70%) of these are already described (deadline: October 2005). About 30 beetle families have aquatic representatives, and in 25 of these families at least 50% of the species are to be considered as aquatic. Six families are supposed to include 1,000 or more aquatic species: Dytiscidae (3,908 described species/5,000 estimated), Hydraenidae (1,380/2,500), Hydrophilidae (1,800/2,320), Elmidae (1,330/1,850), Scirtidae (900/1,700) and Gyrinidae (750/1,000). Scirtidae and Hydraenidae are regarded as the least explored families, the number of described species in each of these two families probably will be almost doubled in the future. The Palearctic (ca. 3,350 described species/ca. 3,900 estimated), the Neotropical (2,510/3,900) and the Afrotropical Region (2,700/3,750) harbour almost the same number of water beetle species, followed by the Oriental (2,200/3,580) and the Australian/Pacific Realm (1,340/2,100). The Nearctic (1,420/1,550) is by far the poorest region in terms of water beetle diversity.     

基于GOCI影像的湖泊悬浮物浓度分类反演

悬浮物直接影响到光在水体中的传播,进而影响着水生生态环境,最终决定了湖泊的初级生产力。传统的遥感反演估算模型大多是针对某一湖区进行统一建模,忽视了不同区域水体光学性质的复杂差异性,并且传统的传感器时间分辨率和空间分辨率受到一定限制。针对太湖、巢湖、滇池、洞庭湖4个湖区利用两步聚类法将高光谱模拟到GOCI影像上的波段进行分类,将水体类型分为三类,第一类水体为悬浮物主导的水体,第二类水体为悬浮物和叶绿素a共同主导的水体,第三类水体为叶绿素a主导的水体。针对不同类型水体的光学特征,分别构建了悬浮物浓度反演模型,结果表明第一类水体可以利用B7/B4,第二和第三类水体可以利用B7/(B8+B4)作为波段组合因子对悬浮物浓度进行模型构建。精度验证结果表明,分类建模后第一类和第三类水体悬浮物浓度估算精度都得到了较明显提高,第一类水体RMSE降低了9.19mg/L,MAPE降低了3%,第三类水体RMSE降低了5.63 mg/L,MAPE降低了13.97%,第二类水体精度稍有降低。最后将反演模型应用于2013年5月13日的GOCI影像,可知整体而言太湖西南部地区悬浮物浓度较高,东北部地区悬浮物浓度较低,并且从9:00到15:00,太湖南部悬浮物浓度较高的区域在逐渐缩小。     

黄牛、水牛胆囊的比较组织化学研究

利用病理组织学及组织化学技术对９例水牛和２例黄牛的胆汁及肝胆系统进行比较研究,发现所取组织中有寄生虫感染和不同程度的炎症。牛担囊的炎症反应和胆囊粘膜上皮的损伤是胆结石形成珠主要条件,然而在我们观察中却未发现水牛胆囊损伤后有胆结石形成迹象。胆汗成份分析证明水牛的胆汁中β－葡萄糖苷酸酶、胆固醇和钙的含量明显低于黄牛,而黄牛的胆红素含量地水牛。本研究结果阐述了黄牛较水牛易发生胆结石的组织学及组织化学基础     

中国的水污染与水短缺问题

1.水污染和水短缺是中国现在面临的最重要的两个环境问题。 2.中国的水污染是从70年代开始趋于严重的,河流、湖泊、海洋和地下水都已受到不同程度的污染。 3.从70年代初期,中国开始注意到环境问题,逐步建立和完善了管理机构和措施,在控制水污染的蔓延和加重方面起了重要作用。 4.乡镇企业造成了许多新的污染源。 5.水短缺及水供需矛盾在中国北方日趋严重,在众多的解决水短缺的措施中,废水再生回用是一种行之有效的途径。     

Trophic state evaluation after urban loads diversion in a eutrophic coastal lagoon (Óbidos Lagoon,Portugal): a modeling approach

Óbidos Lagoon is classified as a sensible system according to the eutrophication criteria in the Portuguese Decree-Law 149/2004, which transpose the standards of Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (Council Directive 91/271/EEC) concerning urban waste water treatment. From September 2005 onwards, the urban loads of five Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) were deviated to a submarine outfall to prevent water degradation and improve the lagoon trophic state (LTS). This paper evaluated the LTS after urban loads diversion, testing the hypothesis behind the management decision. First, the loads reaching the lagoon were determined with the Harp-Nut guidelines and watershed modeling. Then, the water quality in the lagoon was simulated with a hydro-ecological model and compared with measured data. Finally, management scenarios corresponding to nutrient loads reduction were tested to determine hypothesis-driven LTS. Results showed that the loads from pig farms should be diverted instead of the WWTP, to improve the LTS and achieve a “Good/Bad” status. The proposed method stresses the importance of integrated modeling tools in the Water Framework Directive, given their skill in testing various hypothesis, and ultimately ruling out inadequate management decisions before implementation.     

Arsenic removal from waters by bioremediation with the aquatic plants Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minor)

In this study the removal of arsenic by the Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minor) was monitored under a concentration of 0.15mgL(-1) of the element. Plant densities were 1kg/m2 for Lesser Duckweed and 4kg/m2 for Water Hyacinth on a wet basis. The arsenic was determined in foliar tissue and water samples by hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy. The element was monitored as a function of time during 21 days. No significant differences were found in the bioaccumulation capability of both species. The removal rate for L. minor was 140mg As/had with a removal recovery of 5%. The Water Hyacinth had a removal rate of 600mg As/had and a removal recovery of 18%, under the conditions of the assay. The removal efficiency of Water Hyacinth was higher due to the biomass production and the more favorable climatic conditions. This specie represents a reliable alternative for arsenic bioremediation in waters.     

Tidal movements of shallow water fishes in Kuwait Bay

The intertidal migrations of shallow water fishes in Kuwait Bay were studied during two 24 h periods using an otter trawl. Most species wereconcentrated at a location corresponding to Low Low Water mark. At the other tidal levels some fishes migrated with the tide to High High Water mark through a horizontal distance of up to 2 km. Any effect of day and night on the catch was masked by the effect of tidal condition.
Leiognarhus decorus (de Vis) was typically concentrated at Low Water but a proportion of the population followed the rising tide toward the shore. There was a die1 effect whichmay have been due to fish moving to shallower water at night compared with the day. Length-frequency distribution changed slightly with tidal state so that larger fish were not captured at High Water during the day. Of the fishes captured at high tide, the largest individuals of L. decorus were captured at a depth of 2.0 m deep. Solea elongata Day did not migrate with tidal fluctuations and was captured in large numbers only at Low Water. Arius tenuispinis Day was captured in shoals at or around Low Water.     

Ecology of Nectomys squamipes, the neotropical Water rat, in central Brazil: home range, habitat selection, reproduction and behaviour

Relatively few studies have examined the ecology of small mammals of South American tropical forests. The ecology of the neotropical Water rat, Nectomys squamipes , was investigated in gallery forest in central Brazil during a 14-month mark-recapture study. A total of 11 male and 10 female Water rats were captured; minimum number of animals known alive per month varied from one to four per hectare. Home range size for individuals captured eight or more times was 0.3–1.6 ha. Water rats were captured almost exclusively near the stream or in other inundated portions of the forest. Distance to water, soil moisture, number of tree ferns, number of trees, exposed tree-root cover, and litter cover on the ground were among the variables important in defining microhabitat of N. squamipes. At least some males were in breeding condition (testes scrotal) during all months; females were in breeding condition (vagina perforate) most of the year, but pregnancies were noted only in August, October and November. Captive Water rats consumed plant matter, insects (Blattidae, Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae), tadpoles and small fish. Aquatic prey items were located by searching movements of the forepaws. Water rats demonstrated agility in both climbing and swimming. Physiological dependence of N. squamipes on water is suggested by capture sites and observations of drinking in captive animals.     

澳门湿地浮游植物群落特征

2007年7月、10月和2008年1月, 对澳门的湿地——筷子基湾、白鹭林、莲花大桥滩涂和南湾湖的浮游植物群落特征进行了调查。3次采样共检测到76种(属), 其中, 蓝藻门藻类13种(属), 绿藻门30种(属), 硅藻门25种(属), 甲藻门2种, 裸藻门4种, 金藻门和隐藻门各1种(属)。浮游植物丰度的最高值出现在莲花大桥, 为3 922.33×10⁴ cells·L^-1; 最小值出现在南湾湖, 为1.58×10⁴ cells·L^-1。浮游植物主要是由蓝藻、绿藻、裸藻和硅藻组成。2008年1月硅藻的含量最高, 而2007年7月蓝藻的含量最高。浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度指数值均指示出: 筷子基湾2008年1月、莲花大桥2007年7月和10月污染最严重, 其他属于中度污染或无污染。透明度对澳门湿地浮游植物的影响较大, 与绿藻(r=0.683, p<0.05)、甲藻(r=0.715, p<0.05)、金藻(r=0.707, p<0.05)和隐藻(r=0.701, p<0.05)都存在较高的正相关关系。硅藻与pH值存在较强的负相关关系(r=–0.674, p<0.05), 与总氮(r=0.895, p<0.05)、总磷(r=0.920, p<0.05)和正磷酸(r=0.668, p<0.05)存在较强的正相关关系。     

Substrate uptake by uncultured bacteria from the genus Achromatium determined by microautoradiography.

Microautoradiography was used to investigate substrate uptake by natural communities of uncultured bacteria from the genus Achromatium. Studies of the uptake of (14)C-labelled substrates demonstrated that Achromatium cells from freshwater sediments were able to assimilate (14)C from bicarbonate, acetate, and protein hydrolysate; however, (14)C-labelled glucose was not assimilated. The pattern of substrate uptake by Achromatium spp. was therefore similar to those of a number of other freshwater and marine sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Different patterns of radiolabelled bicarbonate uptake were noted for Achromatium communities from different geographical locations and indicated that one community (Rydal Water) possessed autotrophic potential, while the other (Hell Kettles) did not. Furthermore, the patterns of organic substrate uptake within a single population suggested that physiological diversity existed in natural communities of Achromatium. These observations are consistent with and may relate to the phylogenetic diversity observed in Achromatium communities. Incubation of Achromatium-bearing sediment cores from Rydal Water with (35)S-labelled sulfate in the presence and absence of sodium molybdate demonstrated that this bacterial population was capable of oxidizing sulfide to intracellular elemental sulfur. This finding supported the role of Achromatium in the oxidative component of a tightly coupled sulfur cycle in Rydal Water sediment. The oxidation of sulfide to sulfur and ultimately to sulfate by Achromatium cells from Rydal Water sediment is consistent with an ability to conserve energy from sulfide oxidation.     

Evaluation of some physiological traits as indicators of drought tolerance in bread wheat genotypes

The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of some physiological traits to identify drought-tolerant bread wheat genotypes. To this end, twenty bread wheat genotypes were assessed under post anthesis drought stress (rain-fed) and irrigated conditions. The Stress Tolerance Index (STI) was used as a measure of drought tolerance. Relationships between STI and Cell Membrane Stability (CMS), Proline Concentration (PC), Relative Water Content (RWC), Chlorophyll a/b Ratio (Chl a/b), Relative Chlorophyll Content (RCC), Excised Leaf Water Retention (ELWR), and Relative Water Loss (RWL) were determined in order to find out whether these physiological traits could be used as the indicators of drought tolerance. The results showed that ELWR, RWL, and CMS could be considered as reliable indicators in screening wheat genotypes for drought tolerance.     

An evaluation of Secchi disk visibility for estimating plankton density in Fish ponds

Correlation coefficients between Secchi disk visibility (X) in fish ponds and concentrations of chlorophyll a and particulate organic matter were –0.79 (P< 0.01) and –0.83 (P< 0.01), respectively. Different observers may obtain different values for Secchi disk visibility and measurements by the same observer differ with the time of day. Nevertheless, Secchi disk visibility provides a suitable estimate of plankton density for management purposes in ponds were plankton is the primary source of turbidityResearch supported by Hatch Project Alabama 398 and by the Office of Water research and Technology of the Department of the Interior through the Water Resources Research Institute of Auburn, University under provisions of the Water Research Act of 1964.     

Diurnal water relations of expanding and full-sized cotton fruits and subtending leaves

Water relations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruits have received less attention than those of leaves, although crop water status has an important influence on fruit physiology. This study was conducted to describe diurnal changes in the water relations of cotton fruits and subtending leaves. Young, expanding fruits and full-sized fruits were compared because of previously reported changes in xylem maturity with ontogeny. Diurnal changes in relative water content were greater in leaves than in the capsule walls of fruits. The capsule walls of young fruits had a higher relative water content than subtending leaves, and water content was lower in full-sized (87%) than in expanding (92%) fruits. Water potentials of subtending leaves were always approximately 0-3 MPa lower than those of capsule walls. Water potential gradients favoured passive water flow from young fruits to branches, but water potentials of branches and the capsule walls of full-sized fruits were similar (?0.7 MPa). Water potential gradients were consistent throughout the day. These results indicate that xylem transport to young fruits is unlikely, but may occur in older fruits.     

Water quality assessment of the Siluko River,southern Nigeria

The water quality of the Siluko River, Edo State, Nigeria was investigated from March to August 2015 to determine its suitability for drinking and usage for domestic purposes. Water samples collected from three stations were tested for thirteen physico-chemical parameters using standard analytical procedures. Temperature, phosphate and chloride were significantly different across the three stations. All other parameters, with the exception of turbidity, dissolved oxygen and phosphate, were within the permissible limits recommended by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization (WHO). Water Quality Index (WQI) values ranged from 11.24 to 16.15, indicating excellent water quality. While the quality of the water from the Siluko River is suitable for drinking and domestic usage, to prevent future deterioration of the water, it is recommended that the regulating authorities monitor effluents discharged into the river from human activities.     

Physico-chemical and Water Quality Index analysis of the Okhuaihe River,Edo State,Nigeria

The water quality of the Okhuaihe River, Edo State, Nigeria was investigated from February to June 2016 to determine its suitability for drinking and other domestic purposes. Water samples collected from three stations were tested for fifteen physico-chemical parameters using standard analytical procedures. Biochemical oxygen demand and sodium were significantly different across the three stations. Except for calcium and iron, all other parameters were within the permissible limits recommended by the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization (WHO). Water Quality Index (WQI) values ranged from 9.17 to 10.40, indicating excellent water quality. Although the quality of the water from the Okhuaihe River is suitable for drinking and domestic usage, regular monitoring of human activities along the water front and control of effluents discharged into the river is recommended to sustain and improve water quality.