Species-specific primers for predation studies of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae)

Species‐specific primers were developed for the pollen beetle (a pest in oilseed rape) for studies of predation by natural insect predators. Two forward and three reverse primers were designed within the mitochondrial COI gene and used in combination to amplify fragments in the size range of 163–290 bp. Remains of pollen beetle DNA were consistently detected in Pardosa spiders up to 24 h after ingestion but dropped drastically at 48 h. These primers will facilitate studies on biological control of this oilseed rape pest. Detection time was not correlated with fragment length as might be expected as the DNA gradually degrades into progressively shorter fragments over time.     

抗草丁膦和抗草甘膦转基因油菜的抗性基因向野芥菜的流动

通过人工去雄授粉和田间隔行种植试验,研究了抗草丁膦和抗草甘膦转基因油菜(Brassica napus)中的bar基因和EPSPS基因向野芥菜(B. juncea var. gracilis)流动的可能性。结果表明在人工授粉的情况下,以野芥菜为母本,分别以两种转基因油菜为父本,亲和性指数都很高,达13以上,与野芥菜自交或开放授粉条件下的亲和性指数没有明显差异,说明两种转基因油菜和野芥菜的亲和性较好。经两次除草剂筛选,人工杂交获得的所有F₁对相应的除草剂都表现出了明显的抗性,且经PCR检测扩增出了各自的特异性条带,说明人工杂交获得的所有F₁都携带了相应的抗性基因。F₁的适合度研究表明,两种F₁种子萌发率和母本都没有明显差异,营养生长明显好于母本。但花粉活力和结实率明显下降,携带抗草丁膦基因F₁的花粉活力和每角果粒数分别是32.4%和0.59粒,携带抗草甘膦基因F₁的花粉活力和每角果粒数分别是35.1%和0.58粒。经两次除草剂筛选和PCR检测,表明野芥菜和抗草丁膦油菜或与抗草甘膦油菜田间隔行种植分别能产生0.02%和0.014%的携带抗性基因的F₁杂种。以上结果表明抗除草剂转基因油菜的抗性基因具有向野芥菜流动的可能性,且bar和EPSPS基因向野芥菜流动的可能性类似,但对其可能引起的环境后果需要做进一步地深入研究。     

Deterred oviposition response of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to oviposition scars occupied by eggs

1 The oviposition behaviour and response of Monochamus alternatus females to oviposition scars were investigated in the laboratory. 2 Prior to oviposition, females gnawed at the bark surface of Pinus densiflora bolts to make a wound. Then females turned their bodies 180° to position their ovipositors over the wounds and inserted them under the bark through the wounds. After an oviposition, a jelly was deposited while the ovipositor was still inserted. The females then withdrew their ovipositors and rubbed the oviposition scars with the tips of their abdomens. 3 When searching females encountered oviposition scars, they stopped walking and drummed the surface and inside of the oviposition scars with their maxillary and labial palpi. 4 Eighty-six percent of females left oviposition scars containing single eggs after the palpation. By contrast, when females encountered oviposition scars containing no eggs, 76% of them began to gnaw at the scars and 64% deposited single eggs. The response to artificial oviposition scars was similar to that to vacant oviposition scars made by the females. 5 The results of various observations and experiments showed that the females could recognize oviposition scars and discriminate the scars occupied by single eggs from vacant ones, and suggested that the palpation of oviposition scars was the critical discrimination behaviour, indicating mediation by chemical cues.     

不结球白菜金属硫蛋白基因的克隆及表达分析

通过RACE技术,从不结球白菜抗病品种‘苏州青’叶片克隆到金属硫蛋白(metallothionein)基因的全长cDNA序列(BcMT2)。序列分析结果表明,BcMT2基因的cDNA全长为528 bp,其中开放阅读框长度为243 bp,共编码80个氨基酸,相对分子质量为8.02×10³ Da,理论等电点是4.61。氨基酸同源系统进化分析表明,不结球白菜BcMT2基因属于Ⅱ类植物MT2基因家族,且与同科植物的进化关系相近,其中与大白菜第5号染色体的基因(Bra029765)相似性最高(100%)。qRT PCR分析表明,BcMT2基因在不结球白菜叶中表达最强;霜霉病菌诱导后,BcMT2基因在抗病品种‘苏州青’中的表达量于48 h达到峰值,而在感病品种‘矮脚黄’中的表达量于72 h达到峰值;盐处理条件下,BcMT2基因在抗病品种‘苏州青’中的表达量于12 h达到峰值,而在感病品种‘矮脚黄’中的表达量于24 h达到峰值;ABA处理下,‘苏州青’中其表达量于24 h达到峰值,且在‘矮脚黄’中BcMT2基因的表达趋势与‘苏州青’类似;干旱处理条件下BcMT2基因的表达在两材料中均受到抑制。BcMT2原核表达分析发现,在37 ℃、1.0 mmol·L^-1IPTG诱导2、4 、6 h后,均检测到了一条蛋白分子质量约为8×10³ Da的表达特异条带,这与预期融合蛋白的相对分子质量的理论值8.02×10³ Da相符。研究表明,不结球白菜BcMT2基因在受到生物胁迫和非生物胁迫等逆境条件下均发挥着重要作用,且BcMT2在大肠杆菌中成功实现融合表达,为进一步进行蛋白水平和转基因功能研究奠定了基础,也为选育高产、优质的不结球白菜新品种提供重要的理论依据。     

葡萄‘霞多丽’果实中黄烷 3 醇合成酶活性及其相关基因表达

为探究酿酒葡萄果实中黄烷-3-醇积累规律与合成相关酶、关键基因表达的关系,该研究以贺兰山东麓主栽酿酒白葡萄品种‘霞多丽’为材料,采用比色法、高效液相色谱(HPLC)和荧光定量PCR技术,分析葡萄果实发育过程中黄烷-3-醇单体物质的积累规律及其生物合成过程中相关酶活性、相关基因表达模式的变化。结果表明:(1)在‘霞多丽’果实整个发育期,黄烷-3-醇主要单体物质没食子儿茶素(GC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG)含量远高于儿茶素(CAT)、表儿茶素(EC)含量,且ECG、EC含量均随果实发育期进程呈先升后降变化趋势,并于花后50 d(7月13日)达最大值,分别为47.69和42.73 mg/g,而GC、CAT的含量则呈先降低后升高,后随果实成熟逐渐降低的变化趋势。(2)葡萄果实中黄烷-3-醇生物合成相关酶PAL和ANS活性随果实发育期进程呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,F3H、F3′H、CHI活性均在花后20 d(6月13)出现峰值,而后活性迅速降低,而DFR活性呈先升高后降低,并于花后50 d(7月13)再次升高,后随果实成熟逐渐降低。(3)黄烷-3-醇生物合成相关结构基因PAL、ANS的表达水平随果实发育期进程呈先上调后下调的趋势,与ECG、EC含量变化趋势一致,F3′H、F3H、CHI的表达水平却呈先下调后上调的趋势,DFR的表达水平先上调而后下调,并随果实成熟再次上调。(4)相关性分析表明,F3H、F3′H和ANS酶活性与GC含量呈显著正相关关系;F3H、F3′H基因表达与GC、CAT的含量呈正相关关系,ANS、PAL基因表达与ECG、GC的含量呈正相关关系。研究发现,黄烷-3-醇生物合成相关酶和相关基因表达影响了葡萄果实中黄烷-3-醇类化合物含量的积累,从而进一步影响葡萄酒的感官品质。     

Screening of oilseed rape and other brassicaceous genotypes for susceptibility to Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Mrsh.)

Production of oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., is affected by various insect pests. The cabbage stem weevil, Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Mrsh.) (Col.: Curculionidae), is one of the most damaging pests in Northern and Central Europe that requires regular control measures. Host plant resistance is a key factor in integrated pest management systems. To evaluate a large number of genotypes for their susceptibility to infestation by C. pallidactylus, new screening techniques were developed for testing both, the amount of feeding and the number of eggs deposited by adult C. pallidactylus on accessions of Brassicaceae under controlled conditions. In no‐choice screening tests, the leaf area consumed by adult cabbage stem weevil was quantified on a wide spectrum of 107 brassicaceous genotypes (B. napus, Brassica rapa L. and Brassica oleracea L. cultivars, breeding lines, resynthesized rapeseed lines and wild Brassicaceae). In comparison to feeding on the standard cultivar ‘Express’, the average leaf area consumed by C. pallidactylus on nine oilseed rape cultivars, four resynthesized rapeseed lines and five other accessions [B. oleracea, Camelina alyssum (Mill.) and Lunaria annua L.] was significantly reduced by 44–90%. In dual‐choice screening tests for the evaluation of oviposition preferences on 42 genotypes, female C. pallidactylus laid significantly fewer eggs into plants of two oilseed rape cultivars, five resynthesized rapeseeds and three accessions of B. oleracea and Brassica fruticulosa Cyrillo, respectively, than into plants of the standard cv ‘Express’. Results of both laboratory screening tests were confirmed by results of additional field testing.     

水稻几丁质酶基因导入芥菜型油菜的研究

以芥菜型油菜 (BrassicajunceaL .)下胚轴为转化材料 ,通过根癌农杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)介导将水稻的几丁质酶基因 (Ricechitinasegene)导入“泸洲四陵”油菜品种中 ,获得抗潮霉素的再生转基因植株 ,并讨论了影响油菜再生及转化效率的几个因素。对部分经潮霉素筛选得到的再生植株进行了多次重复PCR检测 ,发现其中 40 %以上的潮霉素抗性植株均表现出较强的阳性反应 ,初步证明几丁质酶基因已整合到油菜细胞核基因组中。     

不同品牌柴鸡蛋的氨基酸分析与评价

本次实验选取了圣景园、天嘉湖、今珠、富兴四种不同品牌的柴鸡蛋,对其蛋清和蛋黄中的粗蛋白含量以及氨基酸组成和含量进行了测定和分析,通过氨基酸比值系数法对其营养价值进行了评定。结果表明,这四种不同品牌的柴鸡蛋氨基酸含量丰富,种类齐全,组成比例合理,其中,今珠品牌的柴鸡蛋不论是粗蛋白含量,还是氨基酸比值系数分均高于其他几种柴鸡蛋,评分达到了82.34,说明其所含的必需氨基酸的含量及相互间的组成比例与人体的需求更加接近,营养价值更高。同时也说明柴鸡蛋营养价值较高,具有广阔的市场开发和利用前景。     

叶绿素缺乏油菜突变体的LHCⅡ多肽组成、蛋白含量与cab基因转录研究

与野生型油菜相比．叶绿素缺乏油菜突变体Cr3529 LHC Ⅱ多肽组成并未发生改变,但其含量却都明显降低。RNA印迹及点杂交结果都显示出Cr3529cab基因的转录增加。这些结果表明：该叶绿素缺乏突变体仅影响LHCI多肽的蛋白含量;并未影响其组成;突变体LHC Ⅱ蛋白量的减少并非cab基因转录降低所致。可见转录水平的调节仅对LHC Ⅱ在类囊体膜上的积累起有限作用;cab核编码基因转录活性的维持和质体信号的产生并不要求有结构完整的叶绿体的存在。