Susceptibility of two bulb mites,Rhizoglyphus robini andR. setosus (Acarina: Acaridae), to some acaricides and insecticides

The susceptibility of two field-collected bulb mites,Rhizoglyphus robini andR. setosus to some organophosphorus, carbamates, pyrethroids and other compounds with acaricidal activity was evaluated. In general,R. setosus was more tolerant to these compounds thanR. robini. Among the 58 commercially formulated compounds tested,R. robini was susceptible to chlorpyrifos 22.5% EC, EPN 45% EC, ethion 46.5% EC, fenitrothion 50% EC, methamidophos 50% S, methidathion 40% EC, mevinphos 25.3% EC, omethoate 25% EC, parathion 47% EC, phosmet 50% WP, profenofos 43% EC, prothiophos 50% EC, benfuracarb 20% EC, carbofuran 40.64% F, carbosulfan 48.34% EC, formetanate 50% SP, methiocarb 50% WP, azocyclotin 25% WP and cyhexatin 50% WP. Demeton-S-methyl 25% EC, methidathion 40% EC, phosmet 50% WP, profenofos 43% EC, prothiophos 50% EC, azocyclotin 25% WP and cyhexatin 50% WP gave good toxicity toR. setosus. Both species were tolerant to avermectin 1.8% EC and some newly developed synthetic pyrethroids, which were proved to have acaricidal activity. In addition, two bioassay methods were also evaluated for these two mites.Contribution No. 1354 from Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute     

Comparison of dimethoate and methidathion tolerance in four strains ofPhytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Australia

The toxicity of dimethoate 30EC and methidathion 40EC was tested against four strains ofPhytoseiulus persimilis obtained from commercial greenhouse rose crops. A single strain ofP. persimilis demonstrated tolerance to the field rate of 1.0 ml/l dimethoate used to controlHeliothrips haemorrhoidalis as indicated by the LC₅₀ of 1.5 ml/l ai and a significantly different response at the LC₉₀ level (P<0.05) to the three other strains tested. None of the strains was different in level of response to methidathion (P>0.05) and were unable to tolerate the recommended field rate of methidathion. Selection to dimethoate by routine field spraying has produced improved tolerance inP. persimilis. The dimethoate-tolerant strain was not different in developmental period and mean number of eggs produced per female when compared with the Sydney strain (P>0.05).     

A method to assess the effects of pesticides on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory

Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari Phytoseiidae) is a major predator of Tetranychus urticae (Acari Tetranychidae). The performance of P. persimilis in controlling T. urticae may be altered by pesticides used to manage other pests. Therefore, knowledge of the side-effects of pesticides is essential for IPM. A number of laboratory methods were suggested to evaluate pesticide side-effects on predatory mites. Most methods assess residual effects only, and a number of them are characterised by high predator escape rates from experimental units. A method aimed at evaluating the topical and residual effects of pesticides on P. persimilis is herein described. Mites were treated by microimmersion and then reared in holding cells, on bean leaves previously dipped in a pesticide solution. Three insecticides (pyrethrins, spinosad and thiamethoxam), an insecticide-acaricide (abamectin), and two fungicides (azoxystrobin and tolylfluanide) were evaluated. The strain of P. persimilis used for evaluation was collected from unsprayed vegetable plants. All the pesticides affected the survival and fecundity of P. persimilis. Pesticides did not affect the egg-hatching of P. persimilis females exposed to pesticides. Pyrethrins and abamectin proved to be more toxic than other pesticides, and thiamethoxam was more toxic than spinosad, azoxystrobin and tolylfluanide. The escape rate from experimental units was lower than 5% in all trials. Additional experiments were performed on P. persimilis eggs by dipping leaves with eggs in the pesticide solution. None of the pesticides affected egg survival. Semi-field trials conducted on potted bean plants obtained results similar to those reported in laboratory trials.     

Population statistics and biological traits of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) affected by LC30 of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb

Although selective pesticides are recommended to use in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, they could adversely affect biological agents. So, the aim of the current study was to investigate the LC₃₀ of pirimicarb and thiamethoxam on Hippodamia variegata. Two pesticides, pirimicarb and thiamethoxam, when applied at concentrations of 1522.8 and 251.3?mg (ai)/L, respectively, on the third instar larvae of the insect, produced 30% mortality. Also, results showed that neither pirimicarb nor thiamethoxam affect stage age distribution (c_x), fecundity (eggs/female) and adult development time. These two pesticides extended preadult duration significantly (p?<?0.0001, F?=?31.22, df?=?122). Also, survival rate (l_x) and age-specific reproductive value (v_x) decreased and some changes in age-specific life expectancy (e_x) happened. Generally, more adverse effects were found in the population treated by thiamethoxam. The results showed that pirimicarb and thiamethoxam have potential to harm the predatory ladybird in IPM programme, though in sublethal doses.     

4种杀虫剂防治松突圆蚧的野外试验

采用平均虫口数、有虫针束率和危害程度3个指标评价毒死蜱、杀扑磷、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉4种杀虫剂对松突圆蚧的种群及危害动态的影响和野外防治效果。结果表明：4种杀虫剂均可产生有效影响,表现为阶段性显降低松突圆蚧种群数量、有虫针束率和危害程度等指标;其中杀扑磷、毒死蜱和噻虫嗪的的显作用期长(60d以上),吡虫啉的显作用期短(60d以下);这种影响主要源于施药后0—60d内杀虫剂对松突圆蚧的有效控制。在毒死蜱、杀扑磷和噻虫嗪作用下,松突圆蚧平均虫口数的校正减退率60d后均高于60％,其余指标则低于50％,但相对较高,可以在生产上使用。     

噻虫嗪和噻虫胺对鸟类的急性毒性与风险评估

[目的]明确噻虫嗪与噻虫胺2种新烟碱农药对鸟类的风险。[方法]采用经口灌胃法测定98%噻虫嗪或噻虫胺原药、30%噻虫嗪或20%噻虫胺悬浮剂、42%噻虫嗪或46%噻虫胺种子处理悬浮剂对日本鹌鹑的毒性等级。根据供试农药对鸟类的毒性数据,结合田间用药信息,开展了2种农药对鸟类的初级风险评估。[结果]98%噻虫嗪原药、30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂和42%噻虫嗪种子处理悬浮剂对日本鹌鹑的半致死剂量(7 d-LD₅₀)分别为1500、481和266 mg·kg^-1,毒性等级分别为低毒、中毒、中毒,悬浮剂和种子处理悬浮剂的毒性高于原药。98%噻虫胺原药、20%噻虫胺悬浮剂和46%噻虫胺种子处理悬浮剂对日本鹌鹑的7 d-LD₅₀分别为369、397和1569 mg·kg^-1,毒性等级分别为中毒、中毒和低毒,种子处理悬浮剂的毒性最低。噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的悬浮剂在水稻田间使用时,对鸟类急性、短期和长期暴露的风险商值均小于1,风险可接受;噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的种子处理悬浮剂在玉米田应用时,对鸟类急性、短期和长期暴露的风险商值均大于1,风险不可接受。[结论]噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的悬浮剂在田间应用时对鸟类相对安全,2种农药的种子处理悬浮剂可能对鸟类产生危害。在种子处理场景中,播种后尽可能覆土或覆膜,减少种子直接暴露被鸟类取食;在鸟类保护区域,应避免使用噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的种子处理悬浮剂,以减轻农药施用对鸟类的危害。     

柿长绵粉蚧的生物学特性及药剂防效

柿长绵粉蚧Phenacoccus pergandei Cockrell是近年来严重危害柿树的重要害虫。该虫在河南省郑州地区1年发生1代,以3龄若虫在枝条上和树皮缝中越冬。每年3月上旬越冬若虫开始为害,4月中旬雌成虫继续为害。4月下旬开始产卵,卵期约20d。5月上旬卵开始孵化,5月中旬为卵孵化盛期。幼虫有3个龄期,以3龄若虫于10月下旬开始越冬。7种药剂对柿长绵粉蚧的田间药效试验结果表明,40%杀扑磷乳油1000倍液、3%高渗苯氧威乳油1000倍液、25%噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂2000倍液对柿长绵粉蚧具有良好的防效,药后7d和药后15d的防效均达90%以上。     

柿日本蜡蚧发生规律及常用药剂防治效果比较

【目的】日本蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green是柿树(Diospyros kaki L.f.)上的重要害虫,该论文目的是明确柿日本蜡蚧Persimmon ceroplastes japonicus在云南省玉溪市的发生规律,筛选出有效药剂。【方法】依据本地的物候规律系统调查日本蜡蚧的发生情况,采用随机区组设计筛选有效药剂。【结果】日本蜡蚧在云南省玉溪市1年发生1代,以受精雌成虫在1~2年生枝条上越冬,翌年2月初,气温稳定在6℃以上开始发育,3月上旬开始产卵,3月下旬孵化,5月上旬—6月上旬为孵化盛期,7月上旬雌虫陆续由叶转到枝上固着危害,至秋后开始进入越冬期。用48%毒死蜱(480g/L EC)5 000倍液、24%螺虫乙酯(240g/L SL)2 500倍液、2.5%高效氯氰菊酯(EC)2 500倍液、40%杀扑磷(EC)1 000倍液、25%噻虫嗪(WG)8 000倍液、20%阿维菌素·毒死蜱(ME)(阿维菌素0.2%和毒死蜱19.8%)2 000倍液和90%敌百虫原药1 000倍液,喷雾时添加2 500倍液有机硅喷雾助剂。田间防治试验表明:施药后5 d,2.5%高效氯氰菊酯和40%杀扑磷防效分别为93.7%和91.9%,均显著高于其余5种药剂的防效;施药后10 d,24%螺虫乙酯和20%阿维菌素·毒死蜱的防效分别为96.2%和92.9%,均显著高于2.5%高效氯氰菊酯、40%杀扑磷和90%敌百虫原药的防效;施药后20 d 48%毒死蜱、24%螺虫乙酯、25%噻虫嗪和20%阿维菌素·毒死蜱的防效分别为85.2%、96.6%、83.3%和93.7%,均显著高于2.5%高效氯氰菊酯、40%杀扑磷和90%敌百虫原药的防效。【结论】日本蜡蚧在云南省玉溪市一年发生1代。高效氯氰菊酯和杀扑磷具有较好的速效性,螺虫乙酯和阿维菌素·毒死蜱混剂持效性较好。     

Effects of pesticides commonly used in peach orchards in Brazil on predatory lacewing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysoperla carnea</Emphasis> under laboratory conditions

Effects of the maximum field recommended concentration of five pesticides currently used on peaches in Brazil; abamectin, deltamethrin, methoxyfenozide, phosmet and trichlorfon were tested on the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Dimethoate was used as positive standard. Three analytical laboratory tests, based on IOBC—working group pesticides and beneficial organisms guidelines were used: (1) exposure to fresh pesticide residue on glass plates of (a) larvae (susceptible life stage) and (b) adults (less susceptible life stage); (2) direct spraying of eggs and pupae; (3) exposure of larvae and adults to pesticide residues on plant leaves at different intervals after application (persistence). In tests 1, abamectin was slightly harmful to C. carnea larvae and phosmet and trichlorfon were slightly harmful and moderately harmful to C. carnea adults, respectively. After direct spraying of eggs and pupae, all the pesticides were harmless. In the persistence tests, abamectin and trichlorfon were classified as short lived and therefore they could be considered for use in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs under special conditions (i.e. reduced direct contact). Phosmet, however, caused between 56.3 and 75.0% mortality up to 30 days after treatment and it was rated as persistent. No sublethal effects were detected in the reproductive behaviour of adults (fecundity and fertility) compared with the control in any treatment. In conclusion, the insecticides with little or no toxicity to C. carnea such as abamectin, deltamethrin and methoxyfenozide could be considered as IPM-compatible, subject to further field studies.     

Historical tests of the toxicity of pesticides to Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and their relevance to current pest management in New Zealand apple orchards 2. Short-term field tests

A two-part review is presented relating historical tests of the toxicity of pesticides to Typhlodromus pyri and their relevance to modern pest management in New Zealand pome-fruit orchards. Over the past 30 years, the initial need for T. pyri to be resistant to broad-spectrum pesticides has substantially declined as a growing array of new selective chemicals have come into use. In Part 2, a short-term field test is described for determining the toxicity of single applications of pesticides at recommended rates to European red mite (ERM), Panonychus ulmi, and its predator, an organophosphate (OP)-resistant strain of T. pyri on apples in New Zealand. For each pesticide, changes in mite density were measured from pre-treatment to 2, 7 and up to 25 days post-treatment compared with a water-sprayed control. Density was recorded and analysed for live adult and immature ERM, and live and dead eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults of T. pyri. Fifteen acaricides, 17 fungicides and 17 insecticides were evaluated. Chemicals more toxic to T. pyri than ERM were aminocarb, amitraz, binapacryl, chlordimeform, etrimphos, fenvalerate + azinphos-methyl, mancozeb + dinocap, methidathion, methiocarb, omethoate, oxamyl, pirimiphos-methyl and pyrazophos. Chemicals equally or less toxic to T. pyri than to ERM were acequinocyl, azocyclotin, benzoximate, bromopropylate, chlorpyrifos, clofentezine, cycloprate, cyhexatin, dinocap, mineral oil, propargite, triazophos and vamidothion. The remaining 23 chemicals (primarily fungicides and OP insecticides) had slight or no toxicity to ERM and T.pyri. The short-term field tests provided a useful guide to the long-term effects on ERM and T. pyri populations of almost all the pesticides. However, the potential disruptive effect of pyrazophos was not found in long-term field trials, and conversely, the apparently harmless dithiocarbamate fungicides were later shown to be highly disruptive when repeatedly sprayed, as in commercial practice. Most of the chemicals tested are no longer used in commercial pome-fruit orchards in New Zealand, all of which now practise integrated fruit production or organic fruit production based on selective pest management methods. The tested pesticides of continuing importance are identified and discussed with special emphasis on the current need to retest for dithiocarbamate resistance in T. pyri, some populations of which have been exposed to these compounds for up to 40 years. This and the changes in pesticide use in New Zealand are paralleled by similar developments in most pome-fruit growing areas of the world.     

Toxicity of pesticides to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tamarixia radiata</Emphasis>, a parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid

Sixteen pesticides including two fungicides were evaluated for toxicity to adult Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Percentage mortality data were evaluated to generally assess IPM-compatibility of the pesticides with adult parasitoids. The following were found to be least compatible with (most toxic to) adult T. radiata based on the toxicity of direct sprays and potential long residual life on leaves: carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and fenpropathrin. Although highly toxic to the parasitoid as direct sprays or freshly dried residues, each of the following was more compatible with T. radiata because the toxicity of residues of these pesticides was either low at one to three days after application or relatively non-persistent: abamectin, chenopodium oil, fenpyroximate, and spirotetramat. Depending on environmental conditions, imidacloprid (foliar-applied), phosmet, pyridaben, sulfur and 435 spray oil might also be somewhat more compatible for the same reasons. The pesticides that consistently appeared to be most compatible with T. radiata were aluminum tris, copper hydroxide, diflubenzuron, and kaolin clay (Surround WP).     

Insecticide resistance monitoring in whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Oman

The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, is an important insect pest of many crops including vegetables through direct feeding damage and as a vector of several plant viruses. Intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of insecticide resistance in global B. tabaci populations. This study was conducted to establish susceptibility levels to deltamethrin, thiamethoxam and pyriproxyfen in seven geographically different populations of B. tabaci MEAM1 adults in Oman. All B. tabaci populations showed very low to low level of resistance (2.1–12.3 fold) to deltamethrin. All B. tabaci populations showed no resistance to very low level of resistance to thiamethoxam (2.2–6.2 fold) and pyriproxyfen (2.4–3.5 fold). A likelihood analysis showed the possibility for control failure in two populations (Barka and Salalah) to deltamethrin, however, no possible failure was detected in all populations for thiamethoxam and pyriproxyfen. An insecticide resistance dynamics study in one population (SQU-1) showed a loss in susceptibility to deltamethrin with increase in the LC₅₀ value from 25.1 mg L⁻¹ to 84.5 mg L⁻¹ between 2017 and 2019 resulting in 5.3 fold increase in RF. The study results determined that several B. tabaci populations are at the initial stages of resistance development to deltamethrin and cross-resistance with thiamethoxam and pyriproxyfen. Vegetable farmers in Oman, the Barka and Salalah regions in particular, should be cautious in the repeated use of one class of insecticide alone.     

Efficacy of Elettaria cardamomum L. (Zingiberaceae) essential oil on the two spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is the major pest of various plants worldwide. Now the control is dependent on the use of chemical pesticides. Plant compounds are recently known as biopesticides. Essential oil of Elettaria cardamomum was researched on repellent and oviposition inhibition of T. urticae. The LC₅₀ values of fumigant toxicity of this oil on adults and eggs of the two spotted spider mite were 7.26 and 8.82?μL/L air, respectively. Also LT₅₀ value of essential oil at 45?μL/L air was 23.86?h and LT₅₀ value of essential oil at 60?μL/L air was 9.01?h. In addition, different concentrations of the essential oil of E. cardamomum significantly affected oviposition deterrence and repellency of adults. The results of this study indicated that essential oil of E. cardamomum may be considered as a biopesticide to control two spotted spider mites.     

EFFECTS OF AGROCHEMICALS ON BROWN PL THOPPER NILAPARVATA LUGENS (STÅL) AND ITS PREDATORY ENEMIES*

Abstract The effects of agrochemicals on brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, three predators were studied. The results showed that with recommendatory concentrations of 0. 30preti-lachlor EC could cause high mortalities to adults of BPH, Microvelia horvathi and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis; 0. 50 butachlor EC had significant lethal effects on adults of M. horvathi and C. lividipennis, but had negligible effects on BPH and Erogonidium graminicolum; and 40% acetochlor WP had no obvious killing effect to other insects mentioned above, except C. lividipennis. Effects of 0. 50 quincolorac WP, 0. 10 bensulfuron methyl WP, 0. 10 cyclosulfumuron WP and 0. 20 daofuxing WP on these insects were insignificant. As far as fungicides were concerned, 2nd-3rd instar nymphs of BPH and adults of Microvelia horvathi, and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis were obviously sensitive to 0. 40 IBP EC, but 0. 75 chlorothalonil WP 0. 20 tricyclazol WP, 0. 50 carbendazin WP, 0. 25 yekuling WP, 0. 5 jinggangmycin SL and 0. 20 yeqing shuang WP had no evident effects on them. 0. 4635 urea G had also no obvious insecticidal activity on adults of these insects. The results of toxic regression expression and LC₅₀ of IBP, pretilachlor, butachlor and acetochlor to BPH and its predators were determined.     

矿物油乳剂对烟蚜茧蜂的安全性评价

【目的】矿物油乳剂因其安全性好、杀虫谱广、不易产生抗性等优点,被广泛用于果蔬、农作物、园林害虫的防治,但有关其对害虫天敌烟蚜茧蜂的安全性尚不明确。因此,本文研究矿物油乳剂对烟蚜茧蜂不同发育阶段的安全性,为更好地协调蚜虫的化学防治和生物防治提供理论依据。【方法】在实验室条件下采用药膜法和浸渍法测定了不同浓度(150、250、350、450倍液)矿物油乳剂对烟蚜茧蜂各发育阶段的影响。【结果】矿物油乳剂对烟蚜茧蜂成虫的影响较小,无明显胃毒作用,但有一定的触杀作用,以最高浓度150倍液(4986.960 mg·L-1)处理24 h后的存活率依然高达92%;矿物油乳剂对烟蚜茧蜂寄生蚜有较高的致死率,LC50为859.541 mg·L-1,该浓度远远低于此次供试的最低浓度450倍液(1662.320 mg·L-1),说明矿物油乳剂对烟蚜茧蜂卵和幼虫的安全性较差;矿物油乳剂对烟蚜茧蜂蛹期羽化率的影响较显著,处理组的僵蚜与对照组的僵蚜相比,羽化高峰期均滞后1 d,且羽化率随着处理浓度的增大而下降(450倍液时羽化率为81.25%,150倍液时仅为47.75%)。【结论】当蚜虫发生严重时,可考虑在烟蚜茧蜂成虫期协调使用矿物油乳剂进行联合控制,但矿物油乳剂的使用浓度和施用时间还有待进一步确定。     

Toxicity and efficacy of selected pesticides and new acaricides to stored product mites (Acari: Acaridida)

Stored product mites can often infest stored products, but currently there is little information regarding the efficacy of pesticides that can be used for control. In this study we evaluated several common pesticides formulated from single active ingredients (a.i.) or commercially available mixtures (chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, and a combination of deltamethrin and S-bioallethrin), plus an acaricide composed of permethrin, pyriproxyfen and benzyl benzolate, for efficacy against Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and Aleuroglyphus ovatus. The pesticides were incorporated into the mite diets in a dose range of 10–1000 μg a.i. g⁻¹ diet. Concentrations for suppression of 50 and 90% population growth and eradication (rC₀) of mites were fit to linear regression models. None of the tested pesticides gave complete eradication of A. siro, which was the most tolerant of the three mite species tested. The most effective pesticide Allergoff 175 CS was a combination product (a nano-capsule suspension of permethrin, pyriproxyfen and benzyl benzolate) labeled for dust mites, with rC₀ range of 463–2453 μg a.i. (permethrin) g⁻¹ diet depending on the species. Least effective were chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin.     

硅藻土及其混配剂对书虱的防治效果

采用拌粮法 ,用硅藻土单剂、配方 1 (硅藻土 +95 %马拉硫磷EC)、配方 2 (硅藻土 +2 . 5 %溴氰菊酯EC)、配方 3 (硅藻土 +80 %敌敌畏EC)、配方 4(硅藻土 +0 . 4%天惠虫清EC)、配方 5 (硅藻土 +5 %双氧威WP)、配方 6(硅藻土 +5 %抑太保EC)对嗜卷书虱Liposcelisbostrychophila进行防治研究 ,结果表明 :配方 4为优选配方 ,处理 2 4h后 ,3种浓度的致死率均达到 1 0 0 % ;配方 1、配方 2、配方 3、配方 5、配方 6对嗜卷书虱的致死率处理 48h后达到 1 0 0 % ;单用硅藻土处理 96h后达到 1 0 0 % ,各配方处理间差异极显著。     

Effects of the IGRs compounds,lufenuron and fenoxycarb on Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae)

In this research work, the susceptibility of egg and four larval instars of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) to Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) compounds (lufenuron 25% EC and fenoxycarb 25% WP) was determined. Different larval instar groups were separated by measuring the head capsule width and were used in all bioassays. The data were analysed with log-probit transformation using the SPSS software. The LC₅₀ for egg was determined by dipping egg masses in different concentration of either compound for 10 s, and LC₅₀ values for each group of larvae was estimated by using treated potato plants. The LC₅₀ values of lufenuron on egg, first, second and third instars of larvae were 682.65, 40.58, 47.83 and 261.38 ppm, respectively, and for fenoxycarb, these were estimated as 897.50, 35.60, 57.91 and 355.23 ppm, respectively. The LD₅₀ values of lufenuron and fenoxycarb on second instar larvae were 139.56 and 228.42 ppm, respectively.     

Effect of lemon essential oil on the developmental stages of Trialeurodes vaporariorum West (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), is a destructive pest of many ornamental and greenhouse crops throughout the world. In this research, effect of essential oil derived from lemon peel, Citrus aurantifolia (Hook.) on mortality of eggs, first-instar nymphs and on adult oviposition of T. vaporariorum (Westwood) was determined under laboratory conditions. Analysis of Citrus aurantifolia essential oil used for insect fumigation by phase gas chromatography revealed the presence of 16 compounds including Limonene (56.6%), β-pinene (16.3%) and α-terpineol (11.3%). Five concentrations of essential oil – 0.002, 0.004, 0.008, 0.016 and 0.032 (μl/ml) – were applied in fumigant toxicity experiments. Greater mortality was observed with increasing dose of essential oil. First-instar nymphs were more sensitive to essential oil treatments compared with eggs and adults that reduced the survival rate of T. vaporariorum by 58, 70 and 56% after treatment of eggs, nymphs and adult, respectively. Based on this study, essential oil derived from C. aurantifolia could be used as an effective and environmentally sustainable bioinsecticide for the control of T. vaporariorum.     

Historical tests of the toxicity of pesticides to Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and their relevance to current pest management in New Zealand apple orchards 1. Laboratory tests with eggs and larvae

A two-part review is presented relating historical tests of the toxicity of pesticides to Typhlodromus pyri and their relevance to modern pest management in New Zealand pome-fruit orchards. Over the past thirty years, the initial need for T. pyri resistance to broad-spectrum pesticides has substantially declined as a growing array of new selective chemicals have come into use. In Part 1, a laboratory bioassay is described for determining the toxicity of pesticides to the eggs and larvae of an organophosphate (OP)-resistant strain of Typhlodromus pyri from New Zealand. Apple leaves bearing T. pyri and its prey Panonychus ulmi were collected from the field. Leaf discs with known numbers of eggs (no active stages) of T. pyri and prey were cut from the leaves and sprayed with selected pesticides at recommended field rates to simulate field application. The survival of eggs, and the larvae which hatched from them, were recorded for seven days. Thirteen acaricides, 16 fungicides and 15 insecticides were evaluated. Toxic chemicals were aminocarb, amitraz, benomyl, binapacryl, chlordimeform, ethion, omethoate, oxamyl, permethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and triazophos. Slight and variable toxicity was caused by azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, dinocap, mancozeb + dinocap, metiram + nitrothal-isopropyl, and sulphur. No toxicity was detected with the other 24 pesticides. A comparison of the test results with those from field trials in New Zealand showed good agreement, except that the laboratory tests failed to detect the known field toxicity of dithiocarbamate fungicides and the insecticide vamidothion. Most of the chemicals tested are no longer used in commercial pome-fruit orchards in New Zealand, all of which now practise integrated (IFP) or organic (OFP) fruit production based on selective pest management methods. The tested pesticides of continuing importance are identified, and a summary is presented of the international literature describing the impact on T. pyri of the current pesticides used in New Zealand IFP and OFP. The changes in pesticide use in New Zealand are paralleled by similar changes in most pome-fruit growing areas of the world.