Two new species of Entomobryidae (Collembola) of?Taibai Mountain from China

Taibai Mountain is the highest peak of Qinling Mountain Ridge, a climate and geographical demarcation of the southern and northern China. Collembolan species of family Entomobryidae are reported from this region for the first time in this paper. Two new species, Homidia taibaiensis sp. n. and Sinella triseta sp. n. of Entomobryinae are described. Illustrations and differences with similar species are provided.     

浙江台州刺齿䖴属一新种及其一龄幼体描述（弹尾纲：长角䖴科）

记述了浙江省刺齿属一腹部第四节前缘"眉毛"仅具4根大刚毛的新种:四毛刺齿Homidia quadriseta Pan sp.nov.。此新种的鉴定特征是腹部第3节整节以及第4节的后半节为深色,腹部第3节中间具1根大刚毛,腹部第4节前缘"眉毛"具2+2大刚毛,后侧中间具3根大刚毛,上唇基具12根刚毛,齿节内侧刺少(7–8根)且多数呈细纤毛状;同时,本文还描述了该新种的一龄幼虫。模式标本保存于台州学院生命科学学院。     

柳(虫兆)属Willowsia及中国分布种(弹尾目:长(虫兆)科)

本文讨论了柳(虫兆)属Willowsia及其中国的种类,并描述了广西1新种,Willowsia guangxiensis, sp. Nov..该种与越南的W. Pseudosocia Stach 1965最为接近,如鳞片具小棘、胸部和腹部大毛数量多等.但在体色、触角及足上有鳞片、腹管及身体上的毛序等方面有别于后者.正模♂,广西百色市田林县岑王老山,海拔2 050米,1999-Ⅶ-03,采集号8698-19,陈建秀,王松杰采.副模6♂♂, 8681-20(2), 8681-28(3), 8681-33(3), 8681-35(2), 8681-38(1), 8685-12; 110♀♀, 8678-20, 8681-20～42, 8685-7,8685-1～34, 8690-1～10, 8690-26, 8690-32, 8690-34, 8698-24, 海拔1 350～2 050米,1999-Ⅶ-31～Ⅷ-03,其它同正模.模式标本保存存在南京大学生物科学与技术系.     

柳属Willowsia及中国分布种(弹尾目:长科)

本文讨论了柳(虫兆)属Willowsia及其中国的种类,并描述了广西1新种,Willowsia guangxiensis, sp. Nov..该种与越南的W. Pseudosocia Stach 1965最为接近,如鳞片具小棘、胸部和腹部大毛数量多等.但在体色、触角及足上有鳞片、腹管及身体上的毛序等方面有别于后者.正模♂,广西百色市田林县岑王老山,海拔2 050米,1999-Ⅶ-03,采集号8698-19,陈建秀,王松杰采.副模6♂♂, 8681-20(2), 8681-28(3), 8681-33(3), 8681-35(2), 8681-38(1), 8685-12; 110♀♀, 8678-20, 8681-20～42, 8685-7,8685-1～34, 8690-1～10, 8690-26, 8690-32, 8690-34, 8698-24, 海拔1 350～2 050米,1999-Ⅶ-31～Ⅷ-03,其它同正模.模式标本保存存在南京大学生物科学与技术系.     

Cold hardiness in Entomobrya nivalis (Collembola, Entomobryidae): annual cycle of polyols and antifreeze proteins, and antifreeze triggering by temperature and photoperiod

In the Swiss Prealps Entomobrya nivalis hibernates in an inactive state, hidden under bark flakes on spruce. For freeze avoidance it relies on thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) and polyols (mainly ribitol, with small amounts arabitol and threitol). Polyols are present only during the inactive state, THPs additionally protect during the transition phase in spring and autumn, when animals are still active but frosts may occur. Peak values were recorded in February/March for THPs (3.5 °C hysteresis between melting and freezing point) and for polyols (26 μg mg⁻¹ FW; hemolymph osmolality 680 mosmol l⁻¹). E. nivalis is able to control its hemolymph osmolality independently of body water content. Mean osmolality in summer was 350– 440 mosmol l⁻¹, in winter it was elevated to 650 mosmol l⁻¹, due to a synthesis mainly of ribitol. Body water content varied between 1.8 and 3.3 mg H₂O mg⁻¹ DW, depending on humidity conditions. Experiments on triggering of antifreeze synthesis showed the action of temperature and photoperiod as cues, but there was also evidence for an endogenous rhythm. No clear correlation between antifreeze concentration and supercooling ability could be established, suggesting that gut content or other parameters also play an inportant role. Accepted: 18 November 1995     

中国西部刺齿(虫兆)属Homidia一新种(弹尾纲:长角(虫兆)科)

本文记述中国西部剌齿(虫兆)属1新种:中带剌齿(虫兆)H.mediofascia,sp.nov..该种区别属内其他种的主要特征是本种胸部第2节到腹部第2节背部中间具色带,第1腹节具大刚毛a1,腹部第4节后缘大刚毛7+7,粘管后侧面具光滑刚毛4根.本文还对属内5个相近种进行了比较.正模:早,陕西省安康市,2006-Ⅵ-15;副模:8♀♀,1♂以及8头酒精标本,陕西省安康市,2006-Ⅵ-15.1♀和1头酒精标本保存于南京大学,其他标本保存于台州学院生命科学学院.     

中国南京地区刺齿虫兆属一新种(弹尾目:长角(虫兆)科)

本文记述刺齿(虫兆)属Homidia 1新种--斑纹刺齿(虫兆)Homidia fascia, sp.nov.(Figs.1～16),该种有些特征可与H. tibetensis Chen & Zhong, 1998 相似,但下唇刚毛L1,第4腹节毛序和腹管毛序可与后者区分.正模♀, 副模13♀♀,江苏南京南唐二陵,1996-Ⅲ-6,存于南京大学生物系.     

中国南京地区刺齿属一新种(弹尾目:长角科)

本文记述刺齿虫兆属 Homidia 1新种——斑纹刺齿虫兆 Homidia fascia,sp.nov.( Figs.1～ 1 6) ,该种有些特征可与 H . tibetensis Chen & Zhong,1 998相似 ,但下唇刚毛 L1 ,第 4腹节毛序和腹管毛序可与后者区分。正模♀ ,副模 1 3♀♀ ,江苏南京南唐二陵 ,1 996- -6,存于南京大学生物系     

Distribution pattern and radiation of the European subterranean genus Verhoeffiella (Collembola,Entomobryidae)

One of the most striking features of obligate subterranean species is their narrow distribution ranges. These prevail not only at specific, but often also at generic level. However, some subterranean genera have continental scale and disjunct distribution, which challenges their monophyly and questions the scenarios of their origin and colonization. In our study, we investigated the subterranean collembolan genus Verhoeffiella, currently known from five remote karst regions of Europe. Four nuclear and one mitochondrial genes were assembled to reveal the evolutionary history of the genus. We tested the monophyly of the genus, explored its relationship with putative surface relatives, and its temporal patterns of molecular diversification. The phylogeny revealed a complex relationship of Verhoeffiella with surface species Heteromurus nitidus and partially disentangled the biogeographical question of its disjunct distribution. Further on, several lineages of Verhoeffiella were recognized in the Dinarides, showing highly underestimated diversity and, compared with the number of described species, a sevenfold increase in the number of MOTUs. The radiation is relatively recent, with the events triggering the diversification linked to the Messinian salinity crisis and Pleistocene climatic shifts. The combination of this extensive subterranean radiation and close evolutionary links with epigean relatives makes Verhoeffiella an exceptional case within the subterranean fauna of temperate areas, which significantly contributes to our understanding of subterranean colonization and diversification patterns.     

Molecular phylogeny and divergence of major clades in the Puntius complex (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)

Puntius sensu lato (s.l.) was one of the most speciose genera in the family Cyprinidae. There are around 120 valid species widely distributed in South-East and South Asia, and South China. Puntius has long been known as an artificial assemblage and ‘catch-all’ genus in which a large number of small, unrelated cyprinids have been placed. With new species and genera being described each year, obtaining detailed knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of this complex is critically important in the assessment of a natural classification. In the present study, two mitochondrial and four nuclear genes were used to examine the inter-specific and inter-generic relationships of the Puntius complex and to test the monophyly of the current genera. Divergence time analysis was performed to explore the origin, evolution, and divergence of major clades in Puntius s.l. Results revealed that the genera Puntius seusu stricto (s.s.), Systomus, Pethia, Haludaria, Desmopuntius and Puntigrus were monophyletic with high support. However, monophyly of Barbodes, Striuntius and Sahyadria was not supported. Dawkinsia and Sahyadria formed a highly supported clade. Puntius semifasciolatus and P. snyderi from South China and Taiwan represent a new lineage. Inferences from divergence time analysis indicated that Puntius s.l. likely dated to early Miocene. Major clades in Puntius s.l. diverged during Miocene as well.     

Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of fifteen North American Entomobrya (Collembola,Entomobryidae), including four new species

The chaetotaxy of 15 species of eastern North American Entomobrya is redescribed in order to determine potential characters for the diagnosis of cryptic lineages and evaluate the diagnostic and phylogenetic utility of chaetotaxy. As a result, four new species (Entomobrya citrensis Katz & Soto-Adames, sp. n., Entomobrya jubata Katz & Soto-Adames, sp. n., Entomobrya neotenica Katz & Soto-Adames, sp. n. and Entomobrya unifasciata Katz & Soto-Adames, sp. n.) are described, and new diagnoses are provided for Entomobrya assuta Folsom, Entomobrya atrocincta Schött, Entomobrya decemfasciata (Packard), Entomobrya ligata Folsom, Entomobrya multifasciata (Tullberg), and Entomobrya quadrilineata (Bueker). Furthermore, previously undocumented levels of intraspecific variation in macrosetal pattern are reported, tempering the exclusive use of chaetotaxy for species delimitation. Phylogenetic relationships, estimated using both morphological and molecular data, indicate that Entomobrya is likely paraphyletic. The phylogenies also suggest that unreliable character homology, likely fostered by Entomobrya’s profusion of macrosetae, may limit the phylogenetic utility of chaetotaxy in groups characterized by an abundance of dorsal macrosetae.     

中国安徽省刺齿虫兆属一新种(弹属目:长角虫兆科)

本文记述刺齿虫兆属１新种：祁门刺齿虫兆Ｈｏｍ ｉｄｉａ ｑｉｍ ｅｎｅｎｓｉｓ, ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ． （图１～１２）。该种在颏部具有叶状毛与Ｈ． ｌａｔｉｆｏｌｉａ Ｌｉ＆ Ｃｈｅｎ １９９９和Ｈ． ｐｏｌｙｓｅｔａ Ｃｈｅｎ １９９８相似,主要区别在于体色斑纹和头部背面、下唇基部、颏部及第４腹节等部位毛序。正模♀,副模２♀♀,安徽祁门牯牛降国家自然保护区,１９９４－ Ⅷ－ ２５,存于南京大学生物科学与技术系。     

Australian species of Sinella (Sinella) Brook (Collembola: Entomobryidae)

Abstract  The Australian subgenus Sinella ( Sinella ) Brook is revised. Two species are recognised. A new species from New South Wales and South Australia, Sinella ( Sinella ) samueli , is described and the widely distributed species Sinella ( Sinella ) termitum Schött is redescribed based on examination of a specimen from the type series and fresh collections from a wide range of localities in south-eastern Australia. New patterns of chaetotaxy for the genus are described from these species.     

Description of a new Homidia species (Collembola,Entomobryidae) from Korea

A new species, Homidia pseudoformosana from Korea is described in the present paper. The new species is characterized by labral papillae, ciliated labial seta L₁ and dorsal chaetotaxy of abdominal segment IV. The detailed differences between similar Homidia species are provided.     

浙江省洞头拟裸长角虫兆属一新种（长角虫兆科：弹尾纲）

记述浙江省洞头岛拟祼长角虫兆属1无眼新种,岛屿拟裸长角虫兆Coecobrya islandica Shi&Pan sp.nov.。此新种的鉴定特征为无眼,弹器基具"光滑"刚毛,胫胕节内侧无"光滑"刚毛,下唇MREL1L2为光滑刚毛,X和X4为光滑刺状小刚毛,上唇基刚毛,腹部第II–IV节的感觉毛以及背部毛序。该新种与短毛拟裸长角虫兆Coecobrya brevis Xu et al.,2012最相似。本文给出了该新种的特征图及与相似种的详细特征比较。模式标本保存于台州学院生命科学学院和南京农业大学植保学院昆虫系。     

Molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of new species from China

Macrolycus is a genus of net‐winged beetles with 69 species distributed in the eastern Palearctic and northernmost part of the Oriental region. The first molecular phylogeny of Macrolycus was produced using an rrnL + tRNA‐Leu + nad1 mtDNA fragment. The major lineages and species limits were identified with morphology and molecular data. We propose that Cerceros is a subgenus of Macrolycus to enable identification of all adult specimens in the genus without DNA sequencing. Two species groups are proposed in Macrolycus s. str. and six in Cerceros. Additionally, twelve Macrolycus species are newly described from China: M. aquilinus, M. baihualingensis, M. bicolor, M. guangxiensis, M. jianfenglingensis, M. kuatunensis, M. lizipingensis, M. parvus, M. phoeniceus, M. rhodoneurus, M. rosaceus and M. sichuanensis. Macrolycus holzschuhi is proposed to be a junior subjective synonym of M. jeanvoinei. The highest diversity of Macrolycus is found in southern China. The species from the main islands of Japan are placed in two species groups: M. excellens is a sister to remaining species of the M. murzini group and the M. flabellatus group is a monophylum of closely related species in a sister position to the M. bicolor group.     

New species of Homidia (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from eastern China with description of the first instar larvae

Morphology of the first instar larvae of Collembola has considerably taxonomical and phylogenetic significance. We describe the first instar larvae for the first time in Homidia. External morphology of first instar larvae and adults of Homidia jordanai sp. n. is described based on observations under light and scanning electron microscopes. Most organs of adults bear considerably more setae than the first instar larvae; in addition, first instar larval Homidia lack labial seta R, seta on tenaculum, mucronal spine, and dental spines. The new species is characterized by weakly pigmented body, long antennae subequal to body in length, 1+1 inner macrochaetae on Abd. III, few inner macrochaetae on posterior Abd. IV, and spiny and short seta pi on dental base. Differences between new species and other two similar ones, taxonomical significance of the first instar larvae and the position of Homidia are also discussed.     

Molecular biological study on speciation and phylogeny of the order Entomobryomorpha (Collembola: Hexapoda)

In order to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship among groups of the order Entomobryomorpha (Collembola), the sequences on the ITS 1 to ITS 2 fragments of the rRNA gene were analyzed in 11 species of three families. In order to avoid the potential risks and inconsistencies of a single method or data set, the phylogenetic reconstructions were based on three different approaches: methods of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and neighbor joining. The inferred phylogenies supported monophyly of the order Entomobryomorpha. The relationships between families were different, but the orders of branching within each family were the same. Entomobryidae and Isotomidae were paraphyletic, whereas Tomoceridae was monophyletic. Tomoceridae was subdivided into two branches; the molecular analysis provided results distinctive enough to separate the two genera by the high bootstrap value. On the other hand, two different populations of putative Homidia koreana appeared to be different species, although their chaetotaxy is identical. A wide coverage of characters, including not only morphological characters but also genetic data such as allozymes and DNA sequences, will give a more accurate picture of the classification and phylogeny of the studied group.