Die Invasion der Stechmücken

Invasion of exotic mosquitos in Germany The scientists of the “German Mosquito Control Association” (KABS) and the University Heidelberg detected between 1995 and 2011 four new species of mosquitoes as neozoa for Germany. Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus j. japonicus have been introduced to new territories such as Germany in the context of globalization with trade goods, increased mobility of humans by means of vehicles. In particular the spread of the originally tropical species Ae. albopictus is favored by global warming. The rapid spread of Ae. albopictus and Oc. j. japonicus and the related risk of transmission of human pathogens, especially of arboviruses, increased the awareness of scientists, health authorities and the public and led to an intensive surveillance program for exotic mosquito species in Germany.     

Fine‐scale spatial and temporal population genetics of Aedes japonicus,a new US mosquito,reveal multiple introductions

The newly introduced mosquito Aedes japonicus has expanded from its original range in Northeastern Asia to 29 US states (including Hawaii) plus Canada and northern Europe. Our objectives were to test an earlier hypothesis of multiple introductions of this species to the Northeastern US and evaluate putative temporal changes in genetic makeup. Using a panel of seven microsatellite loci, we confirmed the existence of two abundant genetic forms in specimens originally collected in 1999–2000 (F_ST value based on microsatellite data = 0.26) that matches the disjunctive distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes. To examine the distribution of the two genetic ‘types’ across Pennsylvania we created a fine‐scale genetic map of Ae. japonicus using 439 specimens collected from 54 Pennsylvania counties in 2002–2003. We also made direct comparisons between collections in 1999–2000 and new collections made in 2004–2005 obtained from the same areas in the northeastern US. We observed that the strong association between mtDNA haplotype and microsatellite signature seen in 1999–2000 had weakened significantly by 2002 across Pennsylvania, a trend continued to some extent in 2004–2005 in PA, NJ, and NY, indicating that once easily distinguishable separate introductions are merging. The two expanding genetic forms create a complex correlation between spatial and genetic distances. The existence of multiple introductions would be obscured without sampling early and across time with highly polymorphic molecular markers. Our results provide a high‐resolution analysis of the spatial and temporal dynamics of a newly introduced disease vector and argue that successive introductions may be a common pattern for invasive mosquitoes.     

Development time and survival of Verrallina funerea (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) immatures and other brackish water mosquito species in southeast Queensland, Australia

Abstract  Verrallina funerea (Theobald) is a brackish water mosquito that is recognised as an important pest and vector in southeast Queensland, Australia. Immature development time and survival of Ve. funerea was defined in the laboratory in response to a range of temperatures (17–34°C) and salinities (0–35 parts per thousand (p.p.t)). The expression of autogeny in this species was also assessed. Salinity only had a slight effect on mean development time from hatching to adult emergence (7.0–7.4 d at salinities of 0, 17.5 and 31.5 p.p.t) and survival was uniformly high (97.5–99.0%). Mean development times were shorter at 26, 29 and 32°C (7.0, 6.8 and 6.8 d, respectively) and longest at 17°C (12.2 d). The threshold temperature ( t ) was 5.8°C and the thermal constant ( K ) was 142.9 degree-days above t . Survival to adulthood decreased from >95% (at 17–29°C) to 78% (at 32°C) and 0% (at 34°C). No expression of autogeny was observed. Immature development times of Ve. funerea , Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse) and Oc. procax (Skuse) were then determined under field conditions at Maroochy Shire. Following tide and rain inundation, cohorts of newly hatched larvae were monitored daily by dipping, and time until pupation was noted. Tidal inundation triggered hatching of Ve. funerea and Oc. vigilax larvae whereas Oc. procax larvae were found only after rain inundation. Estimates of Ve. funerea and Oc. vigilax field development times were similar (8–9 d) while Oc. procax development time was slightly longer (9–10 d). Based on these survey results, control activities targeting Ve. funerea must be initiated 4 d (if using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac) or 5 d (if using s -methoprene) after inundation. However, Casuarina glauca Sieber canopy and branchlets covering breeding habitats may present a problem for the penetration of such treatments.     

生态学研究的新领域--分子生态学

分子生态是生态学的一个新的研究领域。它采用分子生物学的技术与方法来研究生态活动规律的分子机理。本文简要介绍了分子生态学的定义、研究内容、研究方法和研究热点等,以期描述出分子生态学的概貌。     

北美车前生物与生态学特征的研究

本文调查了北美车前分主然害现状,对其生物生态学特征进行了研究,旨在掌握其生长发育过程中的薄弱环节,为综合防除该害草提供依据。结果表明,北美车前在华东地区已有较广分布;在金华地区,北美车前是一种过渡性的先锋群落性物种;具自花传粉及风媒传粉两种授粉机制,气候条件,种群密度,人为干扰影响着风媒传粉的比例;种群的分布具明显的伴人特征;光合作用特征为光补偿点高,光合速率较低。     

槐树三刺角蝉生物学特性及防治

槐树三刺角蝉 Tricentrussophorae Yuan et Yan是国槐上发现的新害虫 ,在山东商河 1年发生 2代 ,以卵在国槐枝条内越冬。本文报道了该虫的生活史、生活习性、活动规律及发生与环境的关系。用 10 %高效氯氰菊酯 2 0 0 0 ,30 0 0倍稀释液和甲基 16 0 5的 10 0 0倍稀释液喷雾防治 ,若虫死亡率达 10 0 %。     

青新园蛛的生物生态学研究

为调查青新园蛛的生物生态学特征,分别在田间和实验室条件下对其进行观察.如预期所示,幼蛛、亚成熟蛛和成蛛一起群居越冬.在湖南,青新园蛛每年可以繁殖3-4代,其中第4代寿命最长,第2-3代寿命最短.青新园蛛有织网的习性,雌蛛和雄蛛多次交配,一只雌蛛最多可产12个卵袋,每个卵袋平均含82.2颗卵粒.在群居模式中,刚孵化的蛛幼会安全的生活在雌蛛的背部.青新园蛛幼蛛的生长历期为40-120天,成蛛为33-176天.除第二代外,青新园蛛雌雄蛛的性别比率均小于1.该文详细描述了青新园蛛幼龄期和亚成熟期的生物学特征.在实验室条件下,青新园蛛的饥饿耐受力要强于抗旱力.     

江淮稻区稻象虫生物学、生态学的研究

在扬州地区,稻象虫一年发生1代。以老熟幼虫越冬,其越冬存活率免耕田>少耕田>常规耕田,肾发育的高低温临界点为38．16℃和9．84℃,最适发育温度26.52℃,有效积温117.8日度,每头稻虫产卵卵3-29粒,平均18．8粒;成虫羽化后17-31天为产卵盛期;产卵孔平均高度为4.1±1.5cm,水象下卵孔占28．6％：产卵孔与取食孔特征不同．卵期7±1．8天．成,幼虫的各群空间格局基本属密集颁布（仅x^-≤3时的成虫种群为随机分布)．单季稻的为害重于双季稻;沙质土壤的发生量多于粘壤土,稻—麦（油菜）两熟制田的为害显重于稻-稻麦(油菜）三熟制田。     

思茅松微红梢斑螟生物学和生态学特性研究

思茅松微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella Hampson在云南省普洱市1年发生3代,世代重叠现象严重。幼虫具有转梢、转枝、转株为害习性,这与气候因素和寄主思茅松的生长状态密切相关。雨季幼虫以转株危害为主,危害率为35%～40%;旱季幼虫以转梢危害为主,危害率为90%～100%。第3代微红梢斑螟发生严重,造成的损失最大。这为综合控制微红梢斑螟对思茅松的危害提供重要的理论基础。     

缓步动物门(Tardigrada)研究进展

本文简要概述了20世纪以来缓步动物在分类学、生物学和生态学的研究进展和成就.按照缓步动物前沿研究的发展趋势,结合我国的研究现状,作者提出了几点建议.     

Hierarchical competition models with the Allee effect II: the case of immigration

ABSTRACT

This is part II of an earlier paper that dealt with hierarchical models with the Allee effect but with no immigration. In this paper, we greatly simplify the proofs in part I and provide a proof of the global dynamics of the non-hyperbolic cases that were previously conjectured. Then, we show how immigration to one of the species or to both would, drastically, change the dynamics of the system. It is shown that if the level of immigration to one or to both species is above a specified level, then there will be no extinction region where both species go to extinction.     

Introduced animals and their parasites: The cane toad,Bufo marinus,in Australia

Abstract The impact of introducing animals into an established ecosystem can be directly observed through predator-prey and competition interactions. The impact of animals via more obscure relationships, such as the host-parasite relationship, are generally not considered. The cane toad Bufo marinus (Linnaeus) was introduced to Australia in 1935. Despite intensive research into many aspects of the biology of the toad, there has been no systematic survey of the parasite fauna of B. marinus in Australia. It is unknown exactly what parasites the toad may have introduced to Australia and also the range of parasites that may have adapted to the toad from native fauna since its introduction. The provisional conclusion from this review is that all the helminth parasites so far recorded from B. marmus in Australia have been acquired from local hosts. The interaction of toads and nativa fauna via their parasites remains unknown.     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物学、生态学及其防治

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊是韭菜上的重要害虫 ,近年来随着设施园艺的发展 ,韭菜的栽培面积不断扩大 ,韭蛆的发生范围进一步增大 ,且危害逐年加重。该文对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物学特性、发生危害与环境的关系及防治对策等方面的研究进展进行了概述。     

The philosophy of modelling or does the philosophy of biology have any use?

Biologists in search of answers to real-world issues such as the ecological consequences of global warming, the design of species'' conservation plans, understanding landscape dynamics and understanding gene expression make decisions constantly that are based on a ‘philosophical’ stance as to how to create and test explanations of an observed phenomenon. For better or for worse, some kind of philosophy is an integral part of the doing of biology. Given this, it is more important than ever to undertake a practical assessment of what philosophy does mean and should mean to biologists. Here, I address three questions: should biologists pay any attention to ‘philosophy’; should biologists pay any attention to ‘philosophy of biology’; and should biologists pay any attention to the philosophy of biology literature on modelling? I describe why the last question is easily answered affirmatively, with the proviso that the practical benefits to be gained by biologists from this literature will be directly proportional to the extent to which biologists understand ‘philosophy’ to be a part of biology, not apart from biology.     

宏观动物学研究现状和未来十五年发展趋势

本文讨论了动物系统学、动物行为学、保护生物这在国内外的研究现状和未来十五年的发展趋势,对我国宏观动物学的发展对策提出了一些建议。     

The Field Studies Council: how it all began

The Field Studies Council (or the Council for the Promotion of Field Studies as it was originally called) had its beginnings in the need for residential training in field studies directed by a London County Council schools inspector, Francis Butler. It was founded at a meeting held in the British Museum (Natural History) on 10 September 1943; Sir Arthur Tansley was the first President and Sir Maurice Yonge the first Chairman. The first centres were managed on a do-your-best basis when food was rationed and building materials almost unobtainable by a remarkable generation of Wardens, chronically starved of funds. The excitement and vision of the early days kept the Council alive, but its survival was repeatedly in doubt for the first decade of its existence.     

影响水稻纹枯病流行、危害的因子分析

以连作早稻为研究对象,对影响水稻纹枯病发生、危害有关的因子,即品种、施氮肥量、气象因素、为害损失、发病时间、病情程度及药剂等作了系统的定量研究.结果表明,品种间存在抗病性和危害损失程度上的差异;施氮肥量与发病程度关系密切;气象因素中以日均温和雨日频率与病害流行速率关系密切;发病时间与为害损失率相关性不明显,药剂防治效果与控病时间、病情基数有关.