黄粉虫防御性分泌物抑菌活性的研究

目的:研究黄粉虫防御性分泌物的化学成分及其抑菌活性。方法:用二氯甲烷萃取分泌物并经GC/MS分析,后用牛津杯法和平板连续稀释法分别就该分泌物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色假丝酵母、黑曲霉、桔青霉的抑菌作用及2-甲基对苯醌和对甲酚标准品对上述供试菌的最低抑菌浓度进行测定和比较。结果:分泌物含2-甲基对苯醌、对甲酚和正二十三烷等7种成分,抑菌强度:桔青霉>大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌>白色假丝酵母>黑曲霉。结论:该分泌物对这5种供试菌的抑制效果优于2-甲基对苯醌和对甲酚标准品。     

SPME‐GC/MS Analysis of Volatile Compounds Contained in the Insect Larvae of Tenebrio molitor and Leptinotarsa decemlineata before and after Using Insecticides

The larvae of two harmful insect species Tenebrio molitor and Leptinotarsa decemlineata were analyzed. The insects were sprayed with insecticides containing the active substances cyfluthrin and deltamethrin (T. molitor), and thiamethoxam and acetamiprid (L. decemlineata). The sprayed insect larvae were left for 24, 48 and 72 h. Samples were then prepared using SPME fiber to identify the volatile compounds contained in the larvae. The determinations were made by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Chemical compounds were found in the analyzed samples: alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, esters, terpenes, fatty acids. In the samples prepared from T. molitor larvae, more than 20 % of aldehydes and 8–41 % of alkanes were determined. In the samples from L. decemlineata, fatty acids were 8–65 % depending on the length of time after applying the insecticide.     

黄粉虫防御性分泌物化学成分的GC/MS分析

用二氯甲烷为溶剂萃取黄粉虫成虫腹部防御性分泌物并经GC/MS法分析,检测出其中7种成分:2-甲基对苯醌、对甲酚、正二十三烷、正二十四烷、12-二十五烯、正二十五烷和正二十六烷。幼虫和蛹腹末端的体液与成虫防御性分泌物共有4种长链烷烃,幼虫另含有3种有机酸。幼虫和蛹均不含有毒性较强的2-甲基对苯醌和对甲酚,用作动物蛋白饲料较安全。对成虫分泌物中的2-甲基对苯醌和对甲酚进行了定量分析,并探讨了不同日龄和性别的成虫防御性分泌物的分泌规律及再生性特点。     

The Site Specificity of Two Species of Gregarina in Tenebrio molitor Larvae

The site specificity of the apicomplexans Gregarina cuneata and Gregarina sleini , in larval Tenebrio molitor was investigated. Gregarina cuneata was found to inhabit the anteriormost region of the larval midgut, while G. steini was restricted to the posterior portion of the intestine. The site specificity of the pair was conserved in single and concurrent infections. Interspecific interactions do not seem to be presently responsible for the resource partitioning by the 2 gregarine species. Key words. Gregarina, site specificity, Tenebrio molitor.     

Enantiomerization and Enantioselective Bioaccumulation of Metalaxyl in Tenebrio molitor Larvae

The enantiomerization and enantioselective bioaccumulation of metalaxyl by a single dose of exposure to Tenebrio molitor larvae under laboratory condition were studied by high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC‐MS/MS) based on a ChiralcelOD‐3R [cellulosetris‐tris‐(3, 5‐dichlorophenyl‐carbamate)] column. Exposure of enantiopure R‐metalaxyl and S‐metalaxyl in Tenebrio molitor larvae exhibited significant enantiomerization, with formation of the R enantiomers from the S enantiomers, and vice versa, which might be attributed to the chiral pesticide catalyzed by a certain enzyme in Tenebrio molitor larvae. Enantiomerization was not observed in wheat bran during the period of 21 d. In addition, bioaccumulation of rac‐metalaxyl in Tenebrio molitor larvae was enantioselective with a preferential accumulation of S‐metalaxyl. These results showed that enantioselectivity was caused not only by actual degradation and metabolism but also by enantiomerization, which was an important process in the environmental fate and behavior of metalaxyl enantiomers. Chirality 26:88–94, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Bioaccumulation and Excretion of Enantiomers of Myclobutanil in Tenebrio molitor Larvae Through Dietary Exposure

The bioaccumulation and excretion of enantiomers of myclobutanil in Tenebrio molitor larvae through dietary exposure under laboratory conditions were investigated using high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) based on a ChiralcelOD‐3R [cellulosetris‐tris‐(3, 5‐dichlorophenyl‐carbamate)] column. The wheat bran fed to Tenebrio molitor larvae was spiked with racemic myclobutanil at two dose levels of 20 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg (dry weight). The results showed that there was a significant trend of enantioselective bioaccumulation in the larvae with a preferential accumulation of (?)‐myclobutanil in 20 mg/kg dose exposure, but it was not obviously observed in the 2 mg/kg dose group. A kinetic model considering enantiomerization between the two enantiomers based on first‐order reactions was built and the rate constants were estimated to discuss the kinetic reason for the different concentrations of individual enantiomers in the larvae. The approximations implied an inversion between the two enantiomers with a relatively higher rate of the inversion from (?)‐myclobutanil to (+)‐myclobutanil. Meanwhile, analysis of data of excretion samples suggested the active excretion is probably an important pathway for the insect to eliminate myclobutanil rapidly with nonenantioselectivity as a passive transport process, which was consistent with the low accumulation efficiency of myclobutanil measured by BAF (bioaccumulation factor). Chirality 25:890–896, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

黄粉虫胰蛋白酶样酶基因TMTLSP全长cDNA的克隆和序列分析

以黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)幼虫全RNA逆转录得到的cDNA为模板,参照地鳖（Eupolyphaga sinensis）纤溶酶（fibrinolytic enzyme）简并引物,进行温度梯度PCR．以得到的扩增产物为基础,采用RACE得到基因全长cDNA,命名为黄粉虫胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶(Tenebrio molitor trypsin-like serine protease,TMTLSP)．TMTLSP全长869 bp(GenBank No. JN662461),开放阅读框为777 bp,编码258个氨基酸,并具有蛋白酶样特有的起始位点、活性中心预计底物结合位点．经过比对分析,该基因编码的氨基酸序列与赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、光亮扁角水虻、美洲大蠊等多种昆虫的胰蛋白酶或丝氨酸蛋白酶有较高的相似性．本研究将为胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶的提取及研究提供更为广泛的材料及研究依据．     

Fine Structure of the Hemopoietic Tissues in the Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor

The fine structure of the hemopoietic tissue and its detailed reticular organization in the mealworm beetle, T. molitor were examined using light and scanning electron microscopes. The major hemopoietic tissues in the abdomen were located on the upper surface of the dorsal diaphragm which continuous over the ventral wall of the heart. Histologic characteristics of this hemopoietic tissues are dense clusters of cells. They are irregular in outline and are not surrounded by any connective tissue sheath. The hemopoietic tissue of this insect is consisted of three cellular components which are the reticular cells, hemocytic stem cells and several kinds of mature hemocytes. The reticular cells had numerous cytoplasmic processes and forming a complex network. The stem cells give rise to differentiating hemocytes of the different cell lineages. Mature hemocytes within this hemopoietic tissue are originated from the stem cells and differentiated into several types of hemocytes including prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, and granulocytes.     

Fine Structure of Female Accessory Reproductive Gland in the Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor

ABSTRACT The fine structure of female accessory reproductive gland (FARG) of the adult mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor is studied with light and electron microscopes. The FARG is a simple tubular organ that composed of two kinds of cells-secretory epithelial cells and duct forming cells. The lumen of FARG is lined with a thin cuticle and filled with secretory materials. Each secretory epithelial cell has its peculiar end apparatus in addition to well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), mitochondria, and secretory vesicles. They are forming basal infolding along the plasma membrane. Along the inner surface of the plasma membrane, numerous secretory vesicles are seen. The glandular secretions of the epithelial secretory cells are synthesized via rER to Golgi apparatus, and are stored in the extracellular cavity in the epithelial cell. These secretions are drained to the lumen through the end apparatus and this type of glandular secretion in the insects is type III. Histochemical reactions reveal the major component of these glandular secretions is an acid mucopolysaccharide.     

黄粉虫在不同饲料比例下的泡沫降解率研究

为降低塑料泡沫的污染,探索在不影响黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor L.正常生长发育情况下的最大泡沫降解率。组建了黄粉虫在泡沫与麸皮的质量比为(1∶10),(1∶8),(1∶6),(1∶4),(1∶2)五种不同饲料配比下对泡沫的降解情况分析表,结果表明,黄粉虫在泡沫饲料比为 (1∶6)时泡沫的降解率最大,可达 74.21%,且此时的生长发育情况与空白对照组持平,而在泡沫饲料比为 1∶4 时只有 35.86% ,(1∶10),(1∶8),(1∶2)下分别为 45.58% ,49.26% ,37.24% 。泡沫降解率与虫的增重量都随泡沫占的比重的增加呈抛物线趋势,在(1∶6)时达最大,此后下降。分析得出结论,黄粉虫的泡沫饲料比为 1∶6 时既不影响黄粉虫生长且泡沫降解最优。      

黄粉虫防卫物质苯醌的测定及其去除

采用分光光度法测定了黄粉虫的防卫毒素苯醌的含量。结果表明 :各虫态各性别的黄粉虫在不同发育阶段其苯醌含量均有不同 ,各虫态的苯醌含量随日龄而增大 ,雌蛹和雌成虫的苯醌含量均高于同一日龄的雄蛹和雄成虫。经刺激后各虫态的苯醌含量升高 2 0 72 %～ 41 64%,刺激后用水清洗的虫体其体内苯醌含量下降 88 2 7%～ 92 60 %;烘烤也可使苯醌大量挥发和分解 ,采用刺激 -水洗 -研磨 -烘烤工艺处理幼虫可清除 94 3 0 %苯醌 ,此法可为保障黄粉虫作为饲用昆虫的安全性提供依据     

黄粉虫幼虫小分子量抗茵肽的分离纯化

昆虫抗菌肽具有良好的抑菌效果,有望开发成新一代抗生素。本文以金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌混合液作为诱导源,采用针刺法使黄粉虫TenebriomolitorL．幼虫感染微生物产生抗菌肽,并对抗菌肽进行了提取、色谱分离纯化及抑菌活性检测。结果显示,诱导组和对照组的三氟乙酸粗提物无抑菌活性;经SephadexG50、SuperdexPeptide凝胶色谱分离后,从诱导组和对照组均可获得对革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌有抑菌作用的组分,而且诱导组活性明显高于对照组;通过Resource15RPC反相色谱分离纯化,从诱导组获得一具有明显抑制革兰氏阳性菌的组分,质谱检测该组分为混合肽,主要由分子量为1876．21u、1904．21u的小肽组成,可能是一种比Thanatin分子量更低的昆虫抗菌肽。     

Heart mechanical and hemodynamic parameters of a beetle,Tenebrio molitor,at selected ages

The physiological processes that occur during the aging of insects are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in contractile activity and hemodynamic parameters of the heart that take place as the coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor, ages. The frequency of heart contractions in beetles that had just undergone metamorphosis (median 24.7 beats/min) was significantly lower than the frequency of heart contractions in older beetles. In 56% of beetles that were < 1 week of age, a pattern of contractile activity with alternating periods of higher and lower contraction frequency was detected, suggesting that some posteclosion developmental processes occur during the first week of adulthood. All beetles that were 1 week of age showed a regular rhythm of heart contractions (median 72 beats/min). In older beetles, abnormalities such as heart arrhythmias or heart arrest were observed. The incidence of arrhythmia as well as the arrhythmicity index was highest in beetles that were 8–18 weeks old. The calculated stroke volume (SV) was also found to increase from eclosion to 12 weeks of age, and then decreased as adults aged further. Interestingly, cardiac output increased gradually, but the ejection fraction did not change significantly with age.     

黄粉虫抗菌肽Tenecin蛋白的纯化及其抑菌活性研究

目的 纯化黄粉虫抗菌肽Tenecin蛋白,并检测其抑菌活性.方法用1 mmol/L IPTG大量诱导表达Tenecin蛋白,纯化后检测其抑菌活性,包括金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）ATCC 29213,大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli）ATCC 25922,白色念珠菌（Candida albicans）ATCC 10231和痢疾志贺氏菌（Shigella dysenteriae）CMCC 51252等4种标准菌.结果 SDS-PAGE电泳检测表明已获得纯化的Tenecin蛋白;体外抑菌试验结果表明,浓度为120、60、30、15 μg/ml的Tenecin与4种标准菌共培养18 h后,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最强,而对白色念珠菌的抑制作用最弱.对同一菌种而言,浓度为60和30 μg/ml两组间无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而其他各浓度的组间均有显著性差异（P＜0.01）;对同一浓度的Tenecin而言,其对白色念珠菌和痢疾志贺氏菌的抑菌效果组间无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,其余各组之间均有显著性差异（P＜0.01）.结论 获得的Tenecin蛋白可明显抑制病原菌,为进一步研究其抑菌机理和后期研发奠定了基础.     

Extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium and whole body of edible mealworm,Tenebrio molitor

The purpose of this study was to investigate the production of chitin and chitosan from both the exuvium and whole body of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae. Chitin from the exuvium and whole body of T. molitor larvae was chemically extracted with acid and alkali solutions to achieve demineralization (DM) and deproteinization (DP), respectively. The average DM (%) and DP (%) on a dry weight (DW) basis was 32.56 and 73.16% from larval exuvium, and 41.68 and 91.53% from whole body, respectively. To obtain chitosan, chitin particles from the exuvium and whole body of T. molitor larva were heated at various temperatures in different concentrations of NaOH. Average chitin yields were 18.01% and 4.92% of DW from the exuvium and whole body, respectively. The relative average yield of chitosan from whole body was 3.65% of DW. On average, over 90% of chitosan derived from whole body was deacetylated. The viscosity of chitosan from whole body was ranged from 48.0 cP to 54.0 cP. The chitin content of dry and wet byproducts from whole body were 17.32% and 16.94% respectively, compared to dry weight. The chitosan contents of byproducts on a DW basis were 14.48% in dry and 13.07% in wet byproduct. These results indicate that the exuvium and whole body of T. molitor larva may serve as a source of chitin and chitosan for use in domestic animal feed.     

黄粉虫幼虫营养成分分析和保健功能的实验研究

对黄粉虫幼虫干粉的营养成分分析显示,其蛋白质和氨基酸含量分别占干重的５９．７０％和５９．５９％;不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸含量的７７．０５％,其中仅亚油酸就占总脂肪酸含量的４１．７０％。有饰物 含量均低于国家标准。有机硒含量高达３４μｇ／１００ｇ。维生素Ａ和Ｅ含量分别为３３７和８９８μｇ／１００ｇ。实验表明,干粉液无毒性。具有较好的抗疲劳,延缓衰老和降低血清胆固醇的功能,并能提高小鼠外周淋巴细胞转化率     

Physical and chemical properties of primary defences in Tenebrio molitor

Prevention and reaction are the foundation for any defence system. In insects, the primary defences against pathogens and parasites limit invasion; the secondary ones (e.g. immune system) act when the cuticle and other primary defences fail. Because investment in both aspects of defence may be costly, they should be regulated in a plastic or variable way in accordance with the risk of infection. The mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor L. changes cuticle colour and its resistance to fungal infection when subject to high population density, although such resistance is a result of the primary (cuticle) defences rather than the secondary (immunological) ones. The present study tests the hypothesis that the physical and chemical properties of the primary defences in T. molitor change with cuticular darkness. Beetles expressing black phenotypes (or with darker cuticle) have a thicker cuticle, with four well organized layers (epi‐, exo‐, endocuticle and formation zone) and more melanin than tan beetles. The cuticle properties investigated in the present study are likely to be the underlying mechanisms of pathogen resistance in black beetles, including the content of carbonylated proteins, which in black beetles was almost half that of tan beetles after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. It is proposed that, in polyphenic insects (such as mealworm beetles), primary and secondary defences are regulated pleiotropically, with the genes responsible for the expression of one defence having a positive effect on others, whereas, in polymorphic insects, there is no such link and so investment in one defence may impair others.     

黄粉甲幼虫抗菌物质的诱导及其抗菌活性

采用饥饿法、紫外线照射法和针刺法处理黄粉甲Tenebriomolitor 6龄幼虫后均能诱导其 产生抗菌物质,收集的血淋巴上清液对真菌有抑制作用,对细菌无抑制作用;经热处理后的血 淋巴上清液则对细菌有抑制作用,而对真菌无抑制作用。SDS-PAGE检测结果发现,与未诱导的 对照相比经诱导的黄粉甲幼虫血淋巴中,原有的一类大分子蛋白质如分子量分别为97kD、44 kD和37 kD左右的蛋白质缺失;而ESI-MS分析结果显示诱导后比诱导前黄粉甲幼虫血淋巴中有 小分子物质产生,推测可能是此类缺失蛋白质分解为小分子量的抗菌肽,从而表现出抗菌活性 。     

我国黄粉虫的营养价值和饲养方法

对我国黄粉虫Tenebriomolitor (L .)的人工饲养、营养价值现状以及当前开发利用研究的热点问题等方面进行了较全面的概括 ,并针对今后的研究工作和规模化生产提出了一些建议。