In vitro effects of fluor-hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite on colony formation, DNA damage and mutagenicity

The number of biomaterials used in biomedical applications has rapidly increased in the past two decades. Fluorapatite (FA) is one of the inorganic constituents of bone or teeth used for hard-tissue repairs and replacements. Fluor-hydroxyapatite (FHA) is a new synthetically prepared composite that in its structure contains the same molecular concentration of OH(-) groups and F(-) ions. The aim of this experimental investigation was to evaluate cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of FHA and FA eluates on Chinese hamster V79 cells and to compare them with the effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) eluate. Cytotoxicity of the biomaterials tested was evaluated by use of the cell colony-formation assay and by direct counting of the cells in each colony. Genotoxicity was assessed by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) and mutagenicity was evaluated by the Hprt gene-mutation assay and in bacterial mutagenicity tests using Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The results show that the highest test concentrations of the biomaterials (100% and 75% eluates) induced very weak inhibition of colony growth (about 10%). On the other hand, the reduction of cell number per colony induced by these concentrations was in the range from 43% to 31%. The comet assay showed that biomaterials induced DNA breaks, which increased with increasing test concentrations in the order HA相似文献   

In vitro micronucleus assay scored by flow cytometry provides a comprehensive evaluation of cytogenetic damage and cytotoxicity

This laboratory has previously reported on the development of a flow cytometry-based method for scoring in vitro micronuclei in mouse lymphoma (L5178Y) cells [S.L. Avlasevich, S.M. Bryce, S.E. Cairns, S.D. Dertinger, In vitro micronucleus scoring by flow cytometry: differential staining of micronuclei versus apoptotic and necrotic chromatin enhances assay reliability, Environ. Molec. Mutagen. 47 (2006) 56–66]. With this method, necrotic and mid/late stage apoptotic cells are labeled with the fluorescent dye ethidium monoazide. Cells are then washed, stripped of their cytoplasmic membranes, and incubated with RNase plus a pan-nucleic acid dye (SYTOX Green). This process provides a suspension of free nuclei and micronuclei that are differentially stained relative to chromatin associated with dead/dying cells. The current report extends this line of investigation to include the human cell line TK6. Additionally, methods are described that facilitate simultaneous quantitative analysis of cytotoxicity, perturbations to the cell cycle, and what we hypothesize is aneuploidization. This comprehensive cytogenetic damage assay was evaluated with the following diverse agents: etoposide, ionizing radiation, methyl methanesulfonate, vinblastine, ethanol, and staurosporine. Cells were harvested after 30 h of continuous treatment (in the case of chemicals), or following graded doses of radiation up to 1 Gy. Key findings include the following: (1) Significant discrepancies in top dose selection were found for five of the six agents studied when relative survival measurements were based on Coulter counting versus flow cytometry. (2) Both microscopy- and flow cytometry-based scoring methods detected dose-dependent micronucleus formation for the four genotoxic agents studied, whereas no significant increases were observed for the presumed non-genotoxicants ethanol and staurosporine when top dose selection was based on flow cytometric indices of cytotoxicity. (3) SYTOX and ethidium monoazide fluorescence signals conveyed cell cycle and cell death information, respectively, and appear to represent valuable aids for interpreting micronucleus data. (4) The frequency of hypodiploid nuclei increased in response to each of the genotoxic agents studied, but not following exposure to ethanol or staurosporine. Collectively, these results indicate that a comprehensive assessment of genotoxicity and other test article-induced toxicities can be acquired simultaneously using a simple two-color flow cytometry-based technique.     

In vitro effects of propolis on Giardia duodenalis trophozoites

In order to improve the current chemotherapy of Giardia infection, potential antigiardial agents have been screened, including natural products. Propolis, a resinous hive product collected by bees, has attracted attention as a useful and popular substance with several therapeutic activities. The present study was carried out aiming to evaluate the in vitro effects of an ethanolic extract of propolis on the growth and adherence of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites. Propolis inhibited the growth of trophozoites and the level of inhibition varied according to the extract concentration and incubation times. The highest reduction of parasite growth was observed in cultures exposed to 125, 250 and 500 microg/ml of propolis, in all incubation periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Growth reduction by 50% was observed in 125 microg/ml propolis-treated cultures, while the concentrations of 250 and 500 microg/ml were able to inhibit growth by more than 60%. Propolis also inhibited parasite adherence and all assayed propolis concentrations promoted the detachment of trophozoites. Light microscope observations revealed changes of the pear-shaped aspect of the cell and reduction of flagellar beating frequency in the great part of the trophozoites. Our results hold the perspective for the utilization of propolis as an antigiardial agent.     

In vitro effects of levamisole and ivermectin against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces

The in vitro effects of levamisole and ivermectin against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Both drugs had a protoscolicidal activity that increased proportionally with increasing concentrations of the drugs. Ivermectin showed the more rapid effects and caused contraction and paralysis of protoscoleces. A paralyzing effect was also observed with levamisole, followed by irreversible tissue vacuolation leading to death.     

In vitro cytogenetic effects of Andrographis paniculata (kalmegh) on arsenic

In vitro effects of arsenic in human peripheral lymphocytes (HPL) at three different doses – 3.6×10⁻⁴, 1.4×10⁻³ and 0.72×10⁻³ μM for 24 h before harvesting on sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), Cell cycle proliferative index/replicative index (CCPI/RI), %M₁, %M₂ and %M₃, population doubling time (PDT) and average generation time (AGT) were examined. Andrographis paniculata (commonly referred to as ‘kalmegh’) has been used for centuries in traditional Indian and Chinese herbal medicine as a safe, natural folk remedy for assorted health concerns. In the present study, kalmegh (0.01 μg/7 ml culture media) was used along with the highest dose of arsenic; the results showed that arsenic induced increase in these genotoxic endpoints were fairly diminished by kalmegh. In addition, mutagenic in vitro effect of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) was used as a positive control in this study. It is thus concluded from this study that Andrographis has a protective role in arsenic toxicity.     

香芹酚联合头孢曲松对耐药性沙门氏菌的体外抗菌作

【背景】由于抗生素的滥用,使得细菌耐药性问题严峻,寻找解决耐药性细菌感染的治疗策略迫在眉睫。临床上,中药与抗菌药物联用在抗耐药性细菌感染方面效果显著。【目的】研究香芹酚联合头孢曲松对耐药性沙门氏菌(SJ2)的协同效应及机制。【方法】通过二倍肉汤稀释法测定香芹酚和头孢曲松对SJ2的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC);通过棋盘法和生长曲线测定探究香芹酚和头孢曲松联合抗SJ2活性;通过膜电位检测、胞外碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)含量测定、菌体内抗生素蓄积分析、细菌生存活力测定及扫描电镜研究香芹酚联合头孢曲松对SJ2细胞壁、细胞膜的影响。【结果】香芹酚和头孢曲松对SJ2的MIC分别为256μg/mL和2 048μg/mL;香芹酚联合头孢曲松对SJ2具有协同作用,其分级抑制浓度指数(fractional inhibitory concentration index, FICI)为0.375;香芹酚可协同头孢曲松使SJ2细胞膜出现去极化,显著增加AKP泄漏至胞外的量(P<0.05),显著增加菌体胞内抗...     

Genotoxic effects of white fluorescent light on human lymphocytes in vitro

Sources of light beams such as white fluorescent light, are present in our daily life to meet the needs of life in the modern world. This study was conducted with the objective of determining the possible genotoxic, cytotoxic and aneugenic effects caused by this agent in different stages of the cell cycle (G0/early G1, S, and late G2), using different cytogenetic parameters (sister chromatid exchanges––SCE, chromosome aberrations––CA, and detection of aneugenic effects) in lymphocytes from temporary cultures of human peripheral blood. WFL showed a genotoxic effect in vitro, expressed by an increase in the frequency of SCE's, regardless of the cell cycle stage. However, no increase in the frequency of CAs was observed. In addition, disturbances in cell cycle kinetics and chromosomal segregation were also observed. Taken together, such data may contribute to a better understanding and a different management in the use of phototherapy for some pathological conditions.     

Effects of hormonal growth factors on colony formation and chemosensitivity of human tumors in agarose

Summary Because low plating efficiencies of most human cancers severely limit the number of successful chemosensitivity tests that can be performed, we studied the growth-enhancing effects of hormonal growth factors on a variety of solid tumors. Dose-response studies with progesterone and estradiol indicated no benefit from adding these substances to the culture medium. This was true whether progesterone or estradiol was used alone or in the presence of other hormones. By contrast, epidermal growth factor (EGF) at concentrations from 10 to 100 ng/ml increased colony numbers up to 10-fold. Although insulin, hydrocortisone, and EGF used alone could either stimulate or inhibit the growth of specific tumors, the combination of all three (hormone mixture or HM) was always at least as good and usually better than any individual component in increasing cloning efficiency. HM-supplemented medium gave significantly increased colony counts in 41/46 tumors. Sensitivity to anticancer drugs was not changed in 63 paired drug tests.     

Formation of different abzymes in autoimmune-prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice is associated with changes in colony formation of haematopoietic progenitors

It was shown that IgGs from the sera of 2-7-month-old control non-autoimmune (CBA x C57BL)F1 and BALB/c mice and 2-3-month-old autoimmune prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice (conditionally healthy mice) are catalytically inactive. During spontaneous development of deep systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like pathology a specific reorganization of immune system of these mice leads to conditions associated with a production of IgGs hydrolyzing DNA, ATP and polysaccharides with low catalytic activities (conditionally pre-diseased mice).A significant increase in DNase, ATPase and amylase IgG relative activities associated with a transition from pre-diseased to deep diseased mice is correlated with additional changes in differentiation and proliferation of mice bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and lymphocyte proliferation in different organs.The highest increase in all abzyme activities was found in mice immunized with DNA, which in comparison with pre-diseased and diseased mice are characterized by a different profile of HSC differentiation and by a suppression of cell apoptosis. Abzyme activities in the serum of pregnant females were comparable with those for pre-diseased mice, but the profile of HSC differentiation and cell apoptosis levels in pregnant and pre-diseased mice were quite different. Right after the beginning of lactation (4 days after delivery) and in a late time of lactation (14 days after delivery) there was an observed increase in cell apoptosis and two different stages of significant change in the HSC differentiation profiles; the first stage was accompanied with a significant increase and the second with a remarkable decrease in abzyme activities. Overall, all mouse groups investigated are characterized by a specific relationship between abzyme activities, HSC differentiation profiles, levels of lymphocyte proliferation, and cell apoptosis in different organs. From our point of view, the appearance of ATPase, DNase activities may be considered the earliest statistically significant marker of mouse spontaneous SLE and a further significant increase in their activities correlates with the appearance of SLE visible markers and with an increase in concentrations of anti-DNA Abs and urine protein. However, development of autoimmune (AI)-reactions and the increase in the sera anti-DNA antibodies (Abs) and in the abzyme activities in pregnant and lactating mice do not associate with SLE visible markers and proteinuria. The possible differences in immune system reorganizations during pre-disease, disease, pregnancy and lactation leading to production of different auto-antibodies and abzymes are discussed.     

Caveolin-1抑制胰腺癌细胞PANC1的体内外生长和增殖

窖蛋白-1(caveolin-1)是胞膜窖(caveolae)中重要的结构和功能蛋白.Caveolin-1参与细胞的多种生命活动并与恶性肿瘤的发生相关.为探讨caveolin-1对胰腺癌细胞PANC1的体外增殖、迁移、侵袭以及裸鼠体内成瘤能力的影响,通过基因转染技术培育caveolin-1过表达细胞株PANC1/cav-1作为实验组,转染空载体细胞株PANC1/vector作为对照组,采用RT-PCR及Western blot方法检测caveolin-1的表达量,流式细胞术分析细胞周期,软琼脂细胞克隆实验检测细胞增殖能力,侵袭小室实验检测癌细胞迁移和侵袭的能力,建立裸鼠皮下种植瘤模型并检测肿瘤组织的增殖与凋亡.PANC1/cav-1中的caveolin-1表达稳定,表达量明显高于对照组细胞株和亲本细胞株(P<0.01),细胞周期检测显示大量PANC1/cav-1细胞被抑制于G0/G1期,caveolin-1抑制PANC1的增殖,迁移和侵袭能力.在裸鼠的体内实验中,caveolin-1显著抑制PANC1细胞在裸鼠体内的生长,Ki-67染色和TUNEL染色表明在PANC1细胞中过表达caveolin-1,可以抑制肿瘤增殖并诱导肿瘤凋亡.上述结果表明,caveolin-1可能通过对胰腺癌细胞周期的影响(抑制于G0/G1期),抑制胰腺癌PANC1细胞在体内外的增殖、迁移和侵袭,并导致肿瘤凋亡.     

Study of oxidative DNA damage in TK6 human lymphoblastoid cells by use of the in vitro micronucleus test: Determination of No-Observed-Effect Levels

The existence of thresholds for indirect DNA-damaging agents has been widely accepted in the last few years. In contrast, DNA-reactive agents have been assumed to have a non-threshold mode of action, as they directly induce DNA lesions that have the potential to be converted into mutations. However, this does not take into account protective factors acting to reduce or repair genotoxic damage. Among the compounds acting through possible threshold-mechanisms, some of them induce DNA damage by oxidative stress. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate the dose–response relationship of well-known DNA-oxidizing agents acting through different mechanisms of oxidative stress, viz. potassium bromate, bleomycin and hydrogen peroxide (by the action of glucose oxidase) by assessing the induction of chromosomal damage using the in vitro micronucleus test (MNT) on the human lymphoblastoid cell line TK6. In order to provide a first characterization of their genotoxic mechanism, two treatment schedules were applied. Cells received both short-term treatment followed by a recovery time (1 + 23 h, 2 + 22 h, 3 + 21 h or 6 + 18 h) and long-term treatment (24 h continually). Our results show interesting non-linear dose–effect relationships starting with a range of non-mutagenic very low doses allowing the determination of a No-Observed-Effect Level (NOEL) and going step-wise up to higher doses. After a short exposure, three different plateaus were observed suggesting complex activations and interactions of different cellular mechanisms whose nature and efficiency were dose-dependent. In contrast, after a long treatment, the dose–response curves were different depending on the test compound investigated. Therefore, the in vitro MNT seems to be an appropriate predictive test to establish the NOEL(s) of DNA-oxidizing agents. In order to confirm and to determine the origin of the different cellular step-wise responses observed, additional mechanistic studies would be required, especially by means of other genotoxicity endpoints and gene-expression profiling.     

In vitro spore formation and completion of the asexual life cycle of Neozygites parvispora, an obligate biotrophic pathogen of thrips

Capilliconidia, the asexual secondary spores of Neozygites parvispora (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) were produced in vitro either by entrapment of vegetative cells (hyphal bodies) in alginate pellets or after plating them onto water agar. Cultivation of the fungus for 3 days in a medium lacking hemolymph increased spore production 30 to 40-fold, and about 10% of the cells produced capilliconidia. The in vitro produced capilliconidia were infectious to Thrips tabaci and the fungus was reisolated from infected insects, thus completing its asexual life cycle under laboratory conditions. A decrease in capilliconidia production and a modification of the number of nuclei per spore were observed for isolates cultivated in vitro for more than 2 months, but subsequent host passages restored and increased sporulation efficiency without influencing the number of nuclei. Fungal cultures were stored at —80 °C for up to 7 months, and the capability to sporulate and infect T. tabaci was preserved. A bioassay procedure for infecting T. tabaci with N. parvispora is described, the first mycosed insects dying usually after 8 d of incubation.     

嗜肺军团菌mip/ctxB融合基因体外表达与动物免疫试验的免疫原性研究

ＰＣＲ扩增嗜肺军团菌mip基因和霍乱弧菌ctxB基因,克隆入载体pcDNA3.1(+),重组子经限制性酶切分析、PCR、序列分析鉴定正确后,命名为pcDNA3.1-mip/ctxB.脂质体法将重组质粒pcDNA3.1-mip、pcDNA3.1-mip/ctxB转染NIH3T3细胞,用免疫荧光法和蛋白质印迹鉴定瞬时表达和稳定表达产物,结果发现：重组质粒成功转入细胞并获得短暂表达,稳定转染细胞分别在24 ku和35 ku处检测到阳性杂交信号.将pcDNA3.1-mip、pcDNA3.1-mip/ctxB作为DNA疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测免疫小鼠体内抗原特异性抗体水平、脾淋巴细胞增殖活性、IFN-γ产生水平、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)杀伤活性等体液免疫和细胞免疫反应的指标,评价疫苗的免疫原性.结果发现：各实验组均检测到免疫原性,pcDNA3.1-mip/ctxB免疫组的免疫原性高于pcDNA3.1-mip免疫组,有显著性差异(P＜0.01).研究结果为mip/ctxB融合基因DNA疫苗的研制提供了初步的实验依据.     

大鼠BTCe对体外培养胰岛保护作用及对糖尿病大鼠降糖作用的研究

β细胞素(betacellulin,BTC)是目前较受关注的胰岛再生因子,但其促胰腺、胰岛再生的机制不清.BTCe是betacellulin的功能片段,促细胞增殖能力与BTC相同.实验通过原核表达方法获得BTCe蛋白,MTT法证实其促3T3-L1细胞增殖能力.将BTC或BTCe作用于原代培养的大鼠胰岛,观察其对胰岛分泌的急性及长期影响作用,实时定量PCR及免疫荧光检测胰岛内关键基因的表达.将质粒pcDNA3.1-BTCe注射入链脲霉素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠肌肉中,观察对大鼠血糖的影响作用.加入BTC或BTCe可明显提高体外培养大鼠胰岛的GSIS水平,但实时定量PCR及免疫荧光显示胰岛内4种关键基因的表达并无明显变化;pcDNA3.1-BTCe转染糖尿病大鼠15～20天后血糖出现下降,糖耐量明显改善;免疫荧光显示:胰腺内有大量PDX-1 的导管细胞及胰岛素阳性细胞出现.推测BTC及BTCe对体外长期培养的大鼠胰岛具有一定的保护作用,可能通过促进胰腺内PDX-1 的导管细胞及胰岛素阳性细胞的增殖、诱导对STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠的高血糖具有一定缓解作用.     

In vitro activity of diethylcarbamazine on the infective larvae, microfilariae and adult worms of Breinlia sergenti

In vitro activity of diethylcarbamazine on the infective larvae, microfilariae and adult worms of Breinlia sergenti. International Journal for Parasitology. 3: 803–807. The action of diethylcarbamazine, on the infective larvae, the microfilariae and the adult worms of Breinlia sergenti, occurring in slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) is described. The drug immobilized all the three stages of the parasite. In the case of the adult worms an initial increase in the tone of the musculature followed by flaccid paralysis was observed.     

高压氧对体外培养的成骨细胞增殖和分化的影响

为探讨高压氧对成骨细胞增殖和成骨分化的影响,把来源于牙槽骨的成骨细胞接种在24孔培养皿中,每孔2 500个细胞,4个治疗组分别接受不同条件的高压氧治疗,分别是2.4ATA 90 min,2.4ATA 30 min,1.5ATA 90 min和1.5ATA30 min,每天一次,共10天.对照组进行常规的细胞培养.分别在高压氧治疗前和高压氧治疗后的1、2、3、4、6、8、10天,采用WST-1分析试剂进行成骨细胞的增殖分析.使用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)毒性分析法检测高压氧对成骨细胞的毒性影响.另将细胞接种于96孔培养皿中,每孔10 000个细胞,正常培养3天后,改用成骨化培养基,24h后,两个治疗组分别接受2.4ATA 90 min和1.5ATA 90 min的高压氧治疗,每天一次共19次.采用钙沉积分析法、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性分析和Von Kossa染色进行成骨分析.同样的方法观察高压空气对细胞增殖和分化的影响.结果显示,在10%小牛血清培养基条件下,高压氧刺激了成骨细胞的增殖,而在使用2%小牛血清培养基时,并末观察到高压氧对细胞增殖的促进作用.高压氧治疗前后细胞外乳酸脱氢酶含量没有发生改变,提示了高压氧未对成骨细胞造成毒性影响.另一方面,高压氧增加了骨结节的形成,同时钙沉积增加,碱性磷酸酶的活力也显著增强,表明了高压氧促进了成骨细胞的成骨分化.