不同生境中柔毛淫羊藿形态特征及其有效成分差异分析

采用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度法分别测定了不同生境中柔毛淫羊藿的有效成分,并运用one-way ANOVA统计分析了不同生境中柔毛淫羊藿有效成分的差异以及形态参数和生物量的差异。结果表明:3个生境中,相对光照强度较低的生境,其形态参数和植株各个部位的生物量均要低于光照强度相对较强的生境,但3个生境中的整体叶形基本一致;三个生境中淫羊藿总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量在光照强度较高的生境中要大于光照较低的生境;柔毛淫羊藿植株各个部位的有效成分大小为叶>根>茎;在不同生境中柔毛淫羊藿叶片的黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量都能达到用药标准,其余的部位则不能达到用药标准。因此在人工栽培柔毛淫羊藿时,应模拟野外生长条件,以期提高柔毛淫羊藿质量,替代和保护野生资源。     

Comparative analysis of morphological characteristics and effective composition contents of Epimedium pubescens in different habitats

采用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度法分别测定了不同生境中柔毛淫羊藿的有效成分,并运用oneway ANOVA统计分析了不同生境中柔毛淫羊藿有效成分的差异以及形态参数和生物量的差异.结果表明:3个生境中,相对光照强度较低的生境,其形态参数和植株各个部位的生物量均要低于光照强度相对较强的生境,但3个生境中的整体叶形基本一致;三个生境中淫羊藿总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量在光照强度较高的生境中要大于光照较低的生境;柔毛淫羊藿植株各个部位的有效成分大小为叶＞根＞茎;在不同生境中柔毛淫羊藿叶片的黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量都能达到用药标准,其余的部位则不能达到用药标准.因此在人工栽培柔毛淫羊藿时,应模拟野外生长条件,以期提高柔毛淫羊藿质量,替代和保护野生资源.     

不同生境与花部特征对巫山淫羊藿结实特性的影响

对不同生境中巫山淫羊藿结实特性进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)三个种群在繁殖时期中不同花部特征的植株繁殖投资差异不大,如每株分枝数、每株花序数和每株开花数差异均不显著;(2)三个种群中每株结实数、每株结实率、每花序结实数在不同花部特征中差异显著,PLS和SAA要显著大于PESS;(3)三种花部特征在不同生境中单株分枝数和单株花序数均无显著差异。在不同花部特征中种群1开花数量相较少,因而在结实方面均值均要小于种群2和种群3;(4)不同花部特征的果实饱满种子数、败育数和败育率均具有显著差异,而种子数差异不大,但在种群间均无显著的差异。说明种子的多少更多地受到花部特征的影响。总之,巫山淫羊藿的结实特性受到生境和花部特征的双重影响,其中花型比生境对巫山淫羊藿结实特性的影响更为明显。     

不同生境中淫羊藿克隆构型和分株种群特征

为探求淫羊藿资源的保护策略,通过野外样地调查、室内测定和统计分析等方法,对林缘旷地、林缘和林下三种不同生境中淫羊藿(Epimedium brevicornum)克隆构型及其分株种群特征进行了研究,并初步分析环境因子对淫羊藿克隆构型和分株种群特征的影响.结果表明:分枝强度、间隔子长度、分枝高度、根状茎长度及分株种群密度在3种生境中差异显著,且与生境相对光强和土壤含水量有较强的回归关系.群落相对光强、土壤含水量在淫羊藿的克隆生长过程中起着重要作用.淫羊藿以地下根茎为克隆器官进行克隆生长,有着较强的克隆构型可塑性.结合克隆植物对资源的利用策略,讨论不同生境中淫羊藿克隆构型和分株种群特征可塑性的生态适应意义及淫羊藿保护机制.     

不同生境朝鲜淫羊藿生长与光合特征

选择朝鲜淫羊藿野外生存的林缘、林窗和林下3种生境,研究朝鲜淫羊藿形态特征、光合特征、叶绿素含量、生物量积累及分配对不同光环境的响应。结果表明,朝鲜淫羊藿株高、茎径、总叶面积等形态指标随光照强度减弱明显减小,各生境间差异显著。随光照强度降低,朝鲜淫羊藿的净光合速率、水分利用效率、气孔限制值、叶绿素a/b降低,而胞间CO2浓度、光能利用效率、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量增加。各器官生物量积累随光照强度减弱而降低,各生境间差异极显著,其中,林缘地上生物量是林窗的1.6倍,林下的3.1倍。生物量分配方面,叶生物量比、叶面积比率、比叶面积随光照强度减弱而增加,根状茎生物量比和根冠比降低,林缘、林窗与林下差异极显著;林下、林缘、林窗朝鲜淫羊藿地上部分生物量比分别为0.733、0.659、0.664,林下朝鲜淫羊藿与林缘、林窗存在不同的光利用策略和生存策略。朝鲜淫羊藿作为极易遭受利用和生境破坏威胁的物种,宜在适度荫闭的林缘和疏林下开展野生抚育或仿生态栽培。     

朝鲜淫羊藿（Epimedium koreanum Nakai）不同生境种群生物量与更新潜力

朝鲜淫羊藿（Epimedium koreanum Nakai）为重要药用植物资源,由于种子繁殖问题较大,而尚未实现真正的人工栽培,野生资源在长期过度利用中已遭到一定的破坏。研究结果表明：朝鲜淫羊藿的有性生殖能力较弱,平均开花和结果率分别不超过8%和6%,最低开花和结果率均在次生杂木林下,分别仅有2%和0.8%。朝鲜淫羊藿主要以无性繁殖维持种群更新和增长,其中,2龄根茎无性繁殖活力最高,其产生的潜伏芽和1龄根茎数量平均占80%以上;3龄和4龄根茎产生的潜伏芽和1龄根茎数量显著减少,而4龄根茎的潜伏芽100%不能发育成1龄根茎;5龄以后的根茎不再有无性繁殖活力。朝鲜淫羊藿无性繁殖潜伏芽数量具有较大冗余性,并随着根茎龄级的增高和生境条件的变差其冗余性也增大。另外,朝鲜淫羊藿的开花率、结果率和根茎产生潜伏芽及1龄根茎数量,均随生境条件的不适宜性增强和根茎龄级增大而变异系数明显增大,说明生境条件变差和生理功能衰退导致其种群增殖的不确定性增加,而有序性降低。总之,朝鲜淫羊藿是极易遭到利用威胁的易危物种,应注意对野生资源利用强度和方式的研究与控制。[编者按]     

位置效应对巫山淫羊藿花蜜分泌和结实的影响

位置效应在开花植物中广泛存在。以野生巫山淫羊藿种群为研究对象,运用单因素方差分析法,研究位置效应对结实性和花蜜分泌的影响。结果表明:三个巫山淫羊藿种群不同位置的结实率显著差异,其中基部的结实率明显大于中部和顶部; 位置效应对果实重量及果实长、宽的影响均显著,表现出基部>中部>顶部的趋势; 总状花序上不同开花位置对单个果实种子数的影响显著,且基部大于顶部。但位置效应对单个果实种子败育率的影响不显著,均值呈现顶部>中部>基部变化规律; 巫山淫羊藿不同开花位置的花蜜常备量和含糖量的差异显著。三个种群基部的花蜜常备量较高,而花蜜含糖量在顶部较高。因此,对巫山淫羊藿野生种群进行研究与保护时应注意位置效应对生殖成功的影响,选择基部果实进行试验或育种,应维持种群多样性及稳定性。     

梯度洗脱法同时快速分离测定不同品种不同部位淫羊藿中7种异戊烯基黄酮类成分的研究

建立一种同时快速分离测定不同品种、不同部位淫羊藿中双藿苷A、淫羊藿属苷A、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿属苷C、意卡瑞苷A和去多甲基羟基淫羊藿素7种异戊烯基黄酮类成分的梯度洗脱方法,其中双藿苷A、意卡瑞苷A和去多甲基羟基淫羊藿素为首次报道其含量测定。实验比较了三种不同的梯度洗脱条件和三种不同的提取分离条件,选出了实验的最佳条件:采用RP-HPLC法,以美国WATERS SUNFIRETM-C18为色谱柱,乙腈-水为流动相,梯度洗脱(乙腈:0 min,20%;10 min,40%;15 min,45%;20 min,60%),流速为1 mL/min,检测波长270 nm,在此条件下,30 m in内所有组分均得到了良好的分离。实验同时考察比较了巫山淫羊藿植株不同药材部位和其它十种不同品种淫羊藿中7种异戊烯基黄酮类成分的分布。结果表明:不同品种淫羊藿中黄酮类成分的含量差异很大,但大部分品种以朝藿定C为主;同一品种巫山淫羊藿不同部位中则双藿苷A和朝藿定C的含量较大(在巫山淫羊藿根中,两者的含量分别为现行质量控制指标淫羊藿苷的20倍和30倍),可见巫山淫羊藿显著不同于其它品种的淫羊藿,朝藿定C在其药用效果中可能比淫羊藿苷扮演着更重要的角色尤其是在根部作为药用时,这也为民间将巫山淫羊藿根作为小黄连使用提供了一定的实验支持。结论:对于品种较多,分布资源较广的淫羊藿药材,作为药用时,应注意品种和药用部位,考察药材的内在质量,不能一概而论。实验所得到的方法能被用做淫羊藿植株中二次代谢产物分布的快速考察、筛选符合要求的淫羊藿原药材和淫羊藿制备药物中的质量考察。     

盐胁迫对两种淫羊藿属植物生长及各器官总黄酮含量的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl(0、100、200、300和500 mmol/L)的Hoagland's培养液处理两种淫羊藿属植物--淫羊藿、箭叶淫羊藿幼苗,处理30 d后分别测定其株高、叶表面积、干物质生物量以及根、茎、叶的总黄酮含量,以明确淫羊藿属两种药用植物的抗盐特性.结果显示:(1)盐胁迫对淫羊藿和箭叶淫羊藿的生长均有影响,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,淫羊藿、箭叶淫羊藿的株高和叶表面积均逐渐显著减小;各器官干物质生物量逐渐降低,但淫羊藿的干物质下降量较小(不显著),且同一处理下淫羊藿的生物量明显小于箭叶淫羊藿.(2)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,除淫羊藿茎的总黄酮含量一直呈下降趋势外,淫羊藿根、叶和箭叶淫羊藿根、茎、叶均呈现在低浓度范围内总黄酮含量增加,且箭叶淫羊藿的含量高于淫羊藿;而在高浓度盐胁迫下,其总黄酮含量均呈下降的趋势,且淫羊藿的含量高于箭叶淫羊藿.研究表明,淫羊藿的抗盐性明显高于箭叶淫羊藿,适于高盐土壤环境种植,但在低盐环境条件下,种植箭叶淫羊藿可显著提高总黄酮产量并提高经济效益.     

开花时间对巫山淫羊藿花蜜分泌和结实的影响

运用单因素方差分析研究了巫山淫羊藿(Epimedium wushanense)开花时间对花蜜分泌、有效传粉者活动及结实性的影响.结果表明:(1)开花时间对巫山淫羊藿花蜜常备量和含糖量的影响极其显著.3个种群早期花蜜常备量较高,而花蜜含糖量在晚期较高.(2)开花时间对有效传粉者行为也具显著影响.一天中,有效传粉者的访花活动主要集中在中午;在整个花期进程中,晚期有效访花频率明显大于早期.(3)开花时间对巫山淫羊藿结实率、果实种子数及果实种子败育率的影响均显著,其中早期和中期的结实率和果实种子数大于晚期;而果实种子败育率则在晚期较高.因此,人工栽培巫山淫羊藿应注意花期调控,并选择早期果实进行实验或育种,其效果更好.     

荒漠植物准噶尔无叶豆结实、结籽格局及其生态适应意义

连续2a采用野外记录的方式对荒漠植物准噶尔无叶豆的结实、结籽格局进行了比较研究。结果表明:植株内花序生成格局表现为不同大小的花序在总花序中的比重与其结实率存在显著正相关,其中含有中等花数目的花序所占的比重及其结实率均最高,此种分布格局能够最大程度的保证繁殖成功;果序内果实生成格局表现为单花着生位置(从近柄端算起)与其结实量占总结实量的比例成线性负相关,花序基部的结实比例最高,顶部结实比例近为0;荚果内种子生成格局表现为:中间位置的胚珠败育率最低。另外,年际间荚果内仅有(1.08±0.03)粒和(1.07±0.03)粒种子能够完全成熟,此种结籽格局是准噶尔无叶豆保证后代质量的最佳策略。     

Fruit production in Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae) and pre-dispersal seed predation by the apple fruit moth (Argyresthia conjugella Zell.)

Variation in fruit production and pre-dispersal seed predation by Argyresthia conjugella was studied in␣four populations of Sorbus aucuparia in northern Sweden.␣The number of infructescences, fruits per infructescence, consumed seeds and developed unattacked seeds per fruit were scored in marked trees from 1984 to 1990. The results showed that the number of fruits produced in each population determined the number of seed predators occurring in the host population, as the yearly number of seed predators was significantly and positively correlated with yearly number of fruits, in all but one population. The seed predators showed a delay in response to variation in number of fruits produced. This lag in response resulted in a large proportion of fruits being attacked and seeds consumed in a bad fruiting year that followed a good fruiting year, and vice versa. The proportion of fruits attacked and seeds consumed was largest in the population showing the greatest between-year variation in fruit production and lowest in the population showing the lowest between-year variation in fruit production. Furthermore, the individuals within the former population were synchronised, while they were not in the latter population. These results contradict one of the possible explanations of mast-seeding, where large synchronised between-year variation is supposed to reduce pre-dispersal seed predation. Instead, differences in attraction of the seed predator to differences in fruit crop size could explain the observed difference in seed predation between the two populations with opposite fruiting patterns. Within each population, irrespective of year, the proportion of fruits attacked and seeds consumed was independent of a tree's fruiting display. Therefore, trees with high fruit production, despite harbouring the largest number of seed predators, produced the largest number of developed seeds in absolute numbers, compared to trees that produced few fruits. Received: 25 February 1996 / Accepted: 30 November 1996     

Temporal and spatial variation in flower and fruit production in a food-deceptive orchid: a five-year study

Deceptive orchids are generally characterized by low levels of fruit set; however, there may be substantial variations in fruit set between sites and years. Within a single population, individual plants may also differ greatly in their reproductive output as a result of differences in inflorescence size or local density. In this study, we determined flower and fruit production over 5 years in two populations of the food-deceptive orchid, Orchis purpurea . All plants were monitored annually for survival and flowering at each site to determine whether flowering and fruiting induced costs. The number of flowers per inflorescence varied considerably from year to year (min: 36.6, max: 49.5). Average fruit set was low (7%) and varied considerably among years and populations. A considerable proportion of plants also failed to set any fruit. However, the probability of producing at least one fruit was not affected by inflorescence size or local density. The number of fruits was significantly related to inflorescence size, but proportional fruit set was not. Local density also did not affect the number of fruits, nor proportional fruit set. There was also no evidence that plants with large inflorescence size or high fruiting success had a larger probability of remaining vegetative the year after flowering than plants with small inflorescence size or low fruiting success. Our results suggest that pollinator-mediated selective forces on inflorescence size through female reproductive success alone are weak, most likely because of the low overall level of visitation and the resulting uncertainty of pollination at the individual level. Our results further demonstrate that investigation of patterns of fruit set over several years is needed to better understand the variability in female reproductive success that is typical of most plant–pollinator interactions.     

5种甘草属植物花序和种子生产的位置效应及繁殖资源分配模式初步研究

以种植于新疆石河子的光果甘草( Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.)、胀果甘草( G. inflata Batal.)、乌拉尔甘草( G. uralensis Fisch.)、黄甘草( G. eurycarpa P. C. Li)和蜜腺甘草( G. glabra var. glandulosa X. Y. Li)为研究对象,对植株不同部位的花序数量、花序正常发育率、每花序单花数量和果穗干质量,以及植株不同部位和花序不同部位的生物量投入比、座果率、结籽率、种子投影面积和种子千粒质量进行测定;在此基础上,对供试5种甘草属( Glycyrrhiza Linn.)植物的繁殖资源分配模式和种子生产策略进行分析。结果表明：同一植株内,光果甘草、乌拉尔甘草、黄甘草和蜜腺甘草的花序数量、花序正常发育率、每花序单花数量和果穗干质量从植株下部到上部总体上依次递减,而胀果甘草植株不同部位间这4项指标总体上无显著差异。同一植株内,胀果甘草植株中部的生物量投入比和座果率均较高,但其生物量投入比、座果率和结籽率在植株不同部位间均无显著差异;而供试另4种植物的生物量投入比、座果率和结籽率从植株下部到上部总体上依次递减。同一花序内,胀果甘草花序中部的生物量投入比明显高于花序上部和下部,座果率从花序下部到上部依次递减,结籽率则在花序不同部位间无显著差异,而供试另4种植物的生物量投入比、座果率和结籽率从花序下部到上部总体上依次递减。供试5种植物的种子投影面积和种子千粒质量在植株不同部位间和花序不同部位间均无显著差异。综合研究结果显示：在资源竞争、结构效应和花粉限制的影响下,供试5种甘草属植物存在2种不同的资源分配模式和种子生产格局。其中,光果甘草、乌拉尔甘草、黄甘草和蜜腺甘草通过减少对晚发育的花或果实的资源投入来保障早发育的花或果实获得较多的资源,达到繁殖成功的目的;而胀果甘草则采取对花和果实随机败育的方式减小资源竞争的压力,这2种繁殖资源分配模式和种子生产策略对提高甘草属植物的繁殖成功率具有重要作用。     

Inter‐annual variability of fruit timing and quantity at Nouragues (French Guiana): insights from hierarchical Bayesian analyses

The timing and quantity of fruit production are major determinants of the functioning of a forest community, but simultaneous analyses of both are rare. We analyzed a ten‐year dataset (2001–2011) of fruit production for 45 tree and liana species from the Nouragues rain forest, French Guiana. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian approach to determine variation in the timing and quantity of fruit production. Our analysis accommodates missing censuses and quantifies variation at seasonal and inter‐annual scales. The fruiting peak of 22 of 45 species occurred during the peak of the rainy season, which is typical for central and eastern Amazon. The timing and quantity of fruit production varied substantially across years in most species, with greater variation in quantity than in timing. The timing of fruit production varied from continuously fruiting species to mast fruiting species that had two or more consecutive years without fruit production. Fully 40% of species were mast fruiting species. The seasonal timing and inter‐annual variation in fruiting were unrelated to seed dispersal mode across species. We saw no evidence for directional change in the level of fruit production, the timing of fruit production, or their variances; however, 10 yr is a short record for such analyses.     

齿瓣石斛的原生境播种及其株丛生长特性研究

兰科（Orchidaceae）植物是植物保护中的“旗舰”类群,其种子细小粉末状,缺乏萌发所需的营养物质,研究种子萌发和幼苗生长特性对于兰科植物保育、资源可持续利用和产业化等具有重要意义。本研究以附生齿瓣石斛（Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.）为对象,建立原生境播种方法,研究其生活史周期和不同附主树种齿瓣石斛株丛生长特性。结果显示,采取稀牛粪＋种子（或米汤＋种子）的原生境播种方法,齿瓣石斛种子可大量萌发生长形成幼苗;种子萌发当年生长缓慢,完成由种子到种子的生活史周期需3~5年或更长;不同附主树种的齿瓣石斛株丛生长及结果情况存在差异,4年生假鳞茎在不同附主树种上的茎节数指标为：李树 > 梨树 > 桃树 > 披针叶楠;茎粗指标为：披针叶楠 > 梨树 > 桃树 > 李树;茎长指标为：梨树 > 披针叶楠 > 李树 > 桃树;结实率指标为：梨树 > 桃树 > 李树 > 披针叶楠,其中,梨树上的齿瓣石斛株丛自然结果率达24.86%。该研究为附生石斛的原生态栽培和回归保育提供了一条新途径。     

Female reproductive output in a Mediterranean shrub: effects from inflorescence to population

Inflorescence effects have been poorly studied, in spite of the functional relevance of the inflorescence in fruit and seed ecology. The present study focused on the effects of inflorescence size and phenology, and flower position within the inflorescence, in relation to fruit and seed production of the Mediterranean shrub Ononis fruticosa. Variability in fruit and seed production, seed weight and germination were estimated and modelled. Results confirmed that the most important predictors in seed production were inflorescence flowering time and flower position within the inflorescence. Thus, the number of mature seeds per fruit was higher in earlier inflorescences and in basal positions. On the other hand, predation was higher in fruits in basal positions. In fact, seed predation seemed to be the most important factor controlling final seed production. Models at the plant level suggested a negative incidence of geitonogamous pollination and resource limitation, which were also observed at the fruit level. This study confirmed the relevance of inflorescence effects on the reproductive output of O. fruticosa. Although the underlying processes could not be identified, our results provide several hypotheses for future experimental studies.     

Selective fruit filling in relation to pollen load size in Alstroemeria aurea (Alstroemeriaceae)

 We conducted an experiment in a natural population of Alstroemeria aurea, a clonal perennial, to determine (1) if reproduction was resource limited, and (2) if fruits would be selectively filled based on differences in pollination intensity when pollen loads were adequate for full seed set. Under these conditions, differences in pollination intensity are unlikely to affect seed number, but could affect seed quality, providing an interesting test of the gametophytic competition hypothesis. To test for resource limitation, percent fruit maturation, number of seeds per fruit and average seed weight were compared to paired controls for ramets in which all but one fruit was removed. To test the effect of pollination intensity on selective resource allocation, three types of pollination treatments were performed: (1) all flowers of the single inflorescence received a low pollen load, (2) all flowers received a high pollen load, (3) alternate flowers of the inflorescence received either a high or a low pollen load. We determined the percentage of fruit that reached maturity, counted the number of seeds and ovules and calculated the average seed weight for all capsules in each treatment. Resources appeared to limit reproduction in this population since seed number and weight were significantly higher than in controls when competing capsules were removed. At the whole ramet level, a four fold difference in pollen loads had no significant effect on any of the parameters measured. However, when pollination intensity varied within an inflorescence, the number of seeds per fruit increased by about 10% in flowers that received the higher pollen load. We observed the same trend in each of 2 years, but the increase was significant in only 1 year. The differences, although not great, were only slightly smaller than when all competing fruits were removed, and were consistent with selective resource allocation based on pollination intensity independent of seed set. Received: 28 September 1997 / Accepted: 30 April 1998