皮质醇作用下人体T细胞再循环的数学模型

根据人体免疫系统昼夜节律的实验数据 ,提出了皮质醇作用于T淋巴细胞再循环过程途径的假设 ,建立了皮质醇作用下的人体T细胞在淋巴器官与血液之间再循环过程的数学模型。讨论了皮质醇作用的强度及其它再循环参量的取值范围及理论结果对参数的敏感性。模型能够较好地解释再循环的T淋巴细胞在淋巴器官与血液中的稳定振荡行为 ,得到的数值模拟结果与免疫系统生物节律实验结果相符合。     

兔小囊肽对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用

通过腹腔注射地塞米松(DEX)建立小鼠免疫低下模型,探讨兔小囊肽(RSRP)对正常小鼠和免疫低下小鼠的免疫调节作用.采用碳廓清实验、MTT法和流式细胞分析等方法检测小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能、脾脏T、B淋巴细胞的增殖以及T细胞亚群.实验结果表明RSRP可以显著提高免疫低下小鼠的脾脏指数(p＜0.01);提高免疫低下小鼠的碳廓清指数k和吞噬指数a(p＜0.01);RSRP还明显拮抗DEX对脾脏T、B淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用,提高CD4 、CD8 细胞数量,使CD4 、CD8 细胞比值上升(p＜0.01);RSRP对正常小鼠的各项免疫指标也具有一定的促进作用.由此可以看出,RSRP可以明显改善免疫低下小鼠的先天性免疫和获得性免疫功能,具有良好的免疫增强作用.     

石见穿多糖对H22荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤免疫调节作用

前期研究发现石见穿多糖(polysaccharides from Salvia chinensis Benth.,PSSC)能有效抑制H22肝癌细胞在昆明小鼠体内的生长。在此基础上,本研究进一步探讨了PSSC对H22荷瘤小鼠免疫器官和免疫细胞的影响。通过在昆明小鼠右腋皮下注射H22肝癌细胞构建荷瘤小鼠模型。采用流式细胞术、免疫组织化学染色、酶联免疫法等实验方法评价PSSC对CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)抗肿瘤免疫能力的影响。结果表明PSSC可以有效增加小鼠的脾脏/胸腺指数并促进Con A/LPS刺激的脾细胞增殖。同时,PSSC剂量依赖性地增加了荷瘤小鼠外周血单核细胞、脾脏及淋巴结中CD8+T细胞比例并提高CD8+T细胞与NK细胞在肿瘤组织中的组分含量。注射PSSC后,CD4+T细胞分泌免疫促进因子IFN-γ和IL-2的量增加,而分泌免疫抑制因子IL-4和IL-10的量减少。这一系列实验研究结果表明PSSC具有显著的抗肿瘤免疫增强活性。     

种间胚胎植入对母体免疫系统T细胞比例的影响

目的:研究种间胚胎植入期母体外周血、外周免疫器官(淋巴结、脾脏)、中枢免疫器官(胸腺、骨髓)中总T细胞的百分比变化,并探讨这种变化对种间胚胎植入的影响.方法:利用荧光标记的单克隆抗体染色结合流式细胞术,检测种间、同种胚胎移植以及同期假孕母体外周血、淋巴结、脾脏、胸腺、骨髓中T淋巴细胞的百分率.结果:种间胚胎植入时其外周血T细胞计数极显著低于同种和同期假孕小鼠(P＜0.01),而淋巴结、胸腺、骨髓中的T细胞计数则极显著高于同期假孕小鼠(P＜0.01).脾脏中同种胚胎植入母体则极显著高于种间和同期假孕小鼠(P＜0.01),两后者之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:种间妊娠时早在植入期开始,母体全身免疫系统就开始发生不利于种间妊娠的反应.     

成年贵州小型猪淋巴结组织形态学观察及免疫组化研究

目的对成年贵州小型猪淋巴结进行形态学观察及免疫组化研究,为其用于建立人类免疫相关疾病模型提供参考。方法分别取24只成年贵州小型猪淋巴结组织进行固定、切片、HE染色,光镜下观察组织形态,免疫组化SP法检测CD3、CD4、CD8及CD20阳性细胞的比例和分布。结果成年贵州小型猪淋巴结皮质、髓质分布不规则,皮质、髓质并非完全倒置。皮质由淋巴小结和弥散性淋巴组织构成,髓质内可见髓索和髓窦。CD3、CD4、CD8阳性细胞主要分布在副皮质区,CD20阳性细胞主要分布在淋巴小结和髓质内。结论成年贵州小型猪淋巴结组织结构与其他哺乳动物有所不同,淋巴结内可见皮质、髓质倒置分布,但并非完全倒置。淋巴结中T、B细胞分布与人和其它哺乳动物之间没有明显的差异。     

LFA-1缺失诱导小鼠的CD3+细胞上调

淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1(lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1,LFA-1)是白细胞上的重要粘附分子。本研究旨在探讨LFA-1缺失(LFA-1~(-/-))后小鼠血液、骨髓、脾脏中血液细胞分类和T细胞亚群的变化。本研究采用LFA-1~(-/-)小鼠转基因小鼠,经PCR鉴定其基因型;采用全自动血液检测仪测定血液细胞分类。为进一步了解淋巴细胞亚群的变化,采用流式细胞仪检测LFA-1~(-/-)和对照组小鼠血液、骨髓、和脾脏中T淋巴细胞亚群。结果表明,LFA-1~(-/-)小鼠血液中白细胞总数增多;在骨髓,血液和脾脏中CD3+T淋巴细胞增多。根据研究结果推测LFA-1可能调控CD3+细胞的分化。     

禽流感H5N1病毒感染BALB/c小鼠的细胞免疫动态变化

[目的]测定H5N1病毒感染BALB/c的小鼠模型的细胞免疫动态变化,探讨病毒对机体免疫系统的影响。[方法]通过流式细胞仪测定CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T等细胞免疫变化。[结果]感染H5N1病毒的小鼠血液中CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T细胞数量下降(P<0.05),脾脏中T细胞数量下降的趋势与血液相同,CD4+T/CD8+T的比例上升,只是两者的时间有所差别。[结论]说明病毒对细胞免疫T细胞数量影响较大,而且CD8+T受到的影响更为明显,反应了机体特异性细胞免疫功能受抑制,并且彼此之间的平衡受到破坏。     

青蒿琥酯基于TGF-β/Smad通路减轻2型糖尿病大鼠脾脏纤维化的机制研究CSCD

探讨青蒿琥酯(artesunate,ART)对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠脾脏纤维化的防治作用,并明确其相关分子机制,为T2DM脾脏损伤防治提供实验依据。50只SD实验大鼠分为正常组和模型组,模型组高糖高脂喂养8周后,注射链脲佐菌素构建T2DM模型,再随机分为糖尿病组、二甲双胍治疗组、青蒿琥酯治疗组、联合治疗组,连续用药干预4周后取大鼠脾脏,称脾脏重量;HE、Masson染色观察脾脏病理变化;免疫组织化学法和Western blot检测脾脏组织中转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β1)、重组人蛋白2(smad family member 2,Smad2)、重组人蛋白7(smad family member 7,Smad7)、Ⅰ型胶原(CollagenⅠ)表达;qRT-PCR检测脾脏组织中TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad7、CollagenⅠ的mRNA表达量。与正常组比较,糖尿病组大鼠脾脏指数下降,脾脏细胞排列紊乱,大量纤维化增生。与糖尿病组比较,各用药干预组的脾脏损伤和纤维化减轻,脾脏组织中TGF-β1、Smad2、CollagenⅠ蛋白和mRNA含量显著降低、Smad7明显上升。以上结果说明ART能够减轻T2DM大鼠脾脏损伤,抑制脾脏纤维化增生,其机制可能与抑制TGF-β/Smad信号通路有关。     

TFAR19基因对MEL细胞在小鼠体内流变学特性和致病性的影响

将依托泊甙(etopside, VP16)、MEL细胞和MEL-TF19细胞注射到小鼠体内, 观测4周 时间内小鼠的血象、肝脏和脾脏的组织学, 以及血液流变学指标变化. 结果表明: 注射MEL细胞使小鼠发生了类似于红白血病的病征, 表现为肝脾组织受损、骨髓和脾脏细胞涂片出现大量的原红、早幼和中幼红细胞, 红细胞的变形和取向能力明显下降; 而携带了TFAR19基因的MEL-TF19细胞对小鼠的致病性明显小于MEL细胞, 并且在化疗药物诱导凋亡的作用下, MEL-TF19细胞完全失去了原本较弱的致病性. 动物实验的结果提示, TFAR19基因可以抑制MEL细胞对小鼠的致病性, 并且在化疗药物VP16的协同下可发挥更好的作用.     

体内CD8^＋T细胞剔除对无症状期SHIV感染猴的影响

目的 CD8＋T细胞在一些病毒感染疾病的免疫反应中起着重要的作用,但CD8＋T细胞在HIV无症状期的作用尚不明确,本研究通过体内CD8＋T细胞剔除,研究CD8＋T细胞对SHIV感染猴的影响,进一步了解艾滋病的发病机制。方法选择8只SHIV病毒感染的恒河猴,均处于无症状期,随机分成两组,实验组4只恒河猴在0、3、7 d注射抗CD8＋T抗体cM-T807,不同的时间取外周血、腹股沟淋巴结。流式细胞术测定恒河猴外周血和淋巴结中CD8＋T细胞数目,Real-time RT-PCR法测定实验猴血浆病毒载量,并使用IFN-γElispot方法测定其对猴细胞免疫的影响。结果 CD8＋T细胞敲除后,4只猴的病毒载量都转阳,但反应性不一,HIV-1的靶细胞CD4＋T细胞有轻微下降,后反弹,与病毒载量无相关性;CD8敲除猴的感染情况（血浆病毒载量和CD4细胞）比SHIV病毒急性感染轻,这与ELIPOT结果一致。结论 CD8＋T细胞在HIV无症状期发挥重要的作用,但其作用具有个体差别。     

Reaction of circadian rhythms of the lymphoid system to deep screening from geomagnetic fields of the earth

C57B1/6 inbred mice were placed in hypomagnetic condition during 14 days constantly. Degree of relaxation of geomagnetic field was 10(4). The increase of the number of eosinophil granulocytes was discovered in peripheral blood of mice. Measures of circadian rhythms of blood's absolute lymphocytosis, absolute number of cells in bone marrow, thymus, spleen and inguinal lymph nodes were safe. Adaptation of lymphoid system to hypomagnetic condition was manifested by desynchronization of circadian rhythmicity on the basis of different sensitivity of lymphoid organs, that realized in strengthening of ultradian rhythms with periods of 15 hours. There are indirect data, that show the increase of speed and/or volume of recirculation of lymphoid cells.     

Recirculatory and sessile CD4+ T lymphocytes differ on CD45RC expression

CD4+ T cell subsets are unequally distributed in rat secondary lymphoid organs. Those with the memory phenotype CD45RClow Thy-1- L-selectin- are present at a higher frequency in Peyer's patches (PP) than in lymph nodes and spleen, and increase in numbers with age in all three tissues, particularly in the PP. Homing experiments revealed that CD4+ T cells that recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs are mainly CD45RChigh. It was also apparent that the ability of recirculating cells to enter different lymphoid organs varies; less cells enter PP than the spleen or lymph nodes. Our results also reveal the existence of a nonrecirculating population of CD4+ T cells in secondary lymphoid organs, which are predominantly, if not exclusively, CD45RClow. Our results show that secondary lymphoid organs differ in their CD4+ T cell subset composition as a consequence of having different ratios of recirculatory:nonrecirculatory CD4+ T cells, and these cells display a different CD45RC phenotype.     

Age-related changes, including synergy and suppression, in the mixed lymphocyte reaction in long-lived mice.

The mixed lymphocyte culture reaction represents the in vitro counterpart of the recognition phase of the graft-versus-host reaction, and of allograft rejection. The mixed lymphocyte culture reactivities of lymph node and spleen cells from all strains show a striking decline with advanced age. Furthermore, studies of "synergy" between subpopulations of T cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction suggest that the cells of the recirculating lymphoid pool (T2 cells) in particular display a functional decline. Finally, spleen cells from old mice of appropriate strains inhibit or suppress the mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity of lymph node or spleen cells from young mice.     

SIV-specific T lymphocyte responses in PBMC and lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected pigtailed macaques during suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy

There is currently no SIV macaque model in which the effects of combination antiretroviral therapy on tissue immune responses and latent reservoirs have been measured. This study was performed to define the impact of combination therapy on the specificity and distribution of the T lymphocyte response in multiple tissue compartments. Pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were infected with SIV/17E-Fr and treated with combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of 9-R-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA) and beta-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-5-fluorocytidine (FTC). The SIV-specific T lymphocyte response was measured in peripheral blood, spleen and several lymph nodes at necropsy by IFN-gamma Elispot analysis. Two animals (one treated, one untreated) had high acute peak viremia, which was associated with lower SIV-specific T lymphocyte responses in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. In the treated animal, viremia was controlled to low or undetectable for the study duration, and virus-specific responses remained low. The untreated animal remained viremic throughout the study and developed clinical symptoms of AIDS. In contrast, the two animals that had lower acute peak viremia (one treated, one untreated) had more robust T lymphocyte responses, and controlled viral replication. Virus-specific responses were detected in the treated animal despite 6 months of suppressive therapy. These data suggest that in this model, in the context of acute peak viremia and weak T cell responses, combination therapy may be essential to control virus replication and disease progression. Conversely, in the setting of low initial viremia and robust T lymphocyte responses, treatment does not have a detrimental effect on the immune response.     

Chronobiology in hematology and immunology

The hematopoietic and the immune systems in all their components are characterized by a multifrequency time structure with prominent rhythms in cell proliferation and cell function in the circadian, infradian, and rhythms in cell proliferation and cell function in the circadian, infradian, and circannual frequency ranges. The circulating formed elements in the peripheral blood show highly reproducible circadian rhythms. The timing and the extent of these rhythms were established in a clinically healthy human population and are shown as chronograms, cosinor summaries and, for some high-amplitude rhythms, as time-qualified reference ranges (chronodesms). Not only the number but also the reactivity of circulating blood cells varies predictably as a function of time as shown for the circadian rhythm in responsiveness of human and murine lymphocytes in vitro to lectin mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen). Some circadian rhythms of hematologic functions appear to be innate and are presumably genetically determined but are modulated and adjusted in their timing by environmental factors, so-called synchronizers. Phase alterations in the circadian rhythms of hematologic parameters of human subjects and of mice by manipulation of the activity-rest or light-dark schedule and/or of the time of food uptake are presented. Characteristically these functions do not change their timing immediately after a shift in synchronizer phase but adapt over several and in some instances over many transient cycles. The circadian rhythm of cell proliferation in the mammalian bone marrow and lymphoid system as shown in mice in vivo and in vitro may lend itself to timed treatment with cell-cycle-specific and nonspecific agents in an attempt to maximize the desired and to minimize the undesired treatment effects upon the marrow. Differences in response, and susceptibility of cells and tissues at different stages of their circadian and circaseptan (about 7-day) rhythms and presumably of cyclic variations in other frequencies are expected to lead to the development of a chronopharmacology of the hematopoietic and immune system. Infradian rhythms of several frequencies have been described for numerous hematologic and immune functions. Some of these, i.e., in the circaseptan frequency range, seem to be of importance for humoral and for cell mediated immune functions including allograft rejection. Infradian rhythms with periods of 19 to 22 days seem to occur in some hematologic functions and are very prominent in cyclic neutropenia and (with shorter periods) in its animal model, the grey collie syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

CHANGES OF LYMPHOCYTE KINETICS IN THE NORMAL RAT, INDUCED BY THE LYMPHOCYTE MOBILIZING AGENT POLYMETHACRYLIC ACID

The changes in lymphocyte kinetics induced by the lymphocyte mobilizing agent polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) were studied in the normal rat. Quantitative data are presented concerning the degree of lymphocyte mobilization in the spleen and in various lymph nodes at different times after PMAA administration. Data were also obtained regarding the exact site of lymphocyte mobilization in the spleen. Evidence is given that PMAA mobilizes both T and B lymphocytes.
Furthermore, results are presented on the different routes along which mobilized lymphocytes reach the blood. It is concluded that lymphocytes mobilized from the various lymph nodes are transported to the peripheral blood mainly by way of the efferent lymphatics ('indirect' route) while lymphocytes mobilized from the spleen will enter the blood chiefly via the so-called 'direct' route.
The relevance of these data to lymphocyte kinetics is discussed in relation to the planning of effective irradiation schedules for extra-corporeal irradiation of the blood during induced lymphocyte mobilization.     

生物钟基因研究进展

昼夜节律是以大约24 h为周期波动的生物现象.这些节律包括血压、体温、激素水平、血中免疫细胞的数量、睡眠觉醒周期循环等.基因水平上的昼夜节律研究还只是刚起步,介绍不同物种控制昼夜行为的共同基因(如period 、timless 、clock基因等)的研究进展,特别是一些有关调控昼夜节律基因的转录因子的研究.同时讨论果蝇和人类生物钟调节的共同分子机制.     

Distribution of cycling T lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid organs during immune responses

Proliferation of murine T lymphocytes in blood, lymph nodes, and spleen was studied in four in vivo stimulation systems, using BrdU pulse-labeling of DNA-synthesizing cells. The T cell response to the superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) was studied in detail. Vbeta8+ T cells showed a peak of DNA synthesis 16-24 h after SEB injection, and the percentage of BrdU+ CD4 and CD8 T cells was higher in blood than in lymph nodes and spleen. DNA synthesis was preceded by massive migration of Vbeta8+ cells from blood to lymphoid organs, in which the early activation marker CD69 was first up-regulated. SEB-nonspecific Vbeta6+ cells showed minimal stimulation but, when cycling, also expressed a high level of CD69. The other systems studied were injection of the IFN-gamma inducer polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, infection by the BM5 variants of murine leukemia virus (the causative agent of murine AIDS), and T cell expansion after transfer of normal bone marrow and lymph node cells into recombinase-activating gene-2-deficient mice. In each case, a peak of T cell proliferation was observed in blood. These data demonstrate the extensive redistribution of cycling T cells in the first few hours after activation. Kinetic studies of blood lymphocyte status appear crucial for understanding primary immune responses because cycling and redistributing T lymphocytes are enriched in the circulating compartment.