New Elaphomyces species (Elaphomycetaceae, Eurotiales, Ascomycota) from Guyana

Elaphomyces compleximurus sp. nov. and E. digitatus sp. nov. are described from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Macromorphological, micromorphological, habitat and DNA sequence data are provided for each new species. This is the first report of Elaphomyces ascomata associated with ectomycorrhizal members of the Fabaceae and also for the genus from the lowland South American tropics.     

Dual mycorrhizal colonization of forest-dominating tropical trees and the mycorrhizal status of non-dominant tree and liana species

The contribution of mycorrhizal associations to maintaining tree diversity patterns in tropical rain forests is poorly known. Many tropical monodominant trees form ectomycorrhizal (EM) associations, and there is evidence that the EM mutualism contributes to the maintenance of monodominance. It is assumed that most other tropical tree species form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations, and while many mycorrhizal surveys have been done, the mycorrhizal status of numerous tropical tree taxa remains undocumented. In this study, we tested the assumption that most tropical trees form AM associations by sampling root vouchers from tree and liana species in monodominant Dicymbe corymbosa forest and an adjacent mixed rain forest in Guyana. Roots were assessed for the presence/absence of AM and EM structures. Of the 142 species of trees and lianas surveyed, three tree species (the monodominant D. corymbosa, the grove-forming D. altsonii, and the non-dominant Aldina insignis) were EM, 137 were exclusively AM, and two were non-mycorrhizal. Both EM and AM structures were observed in D. corymbosa and D. altsonii. These results provide empirical data supporting the assumption that most tropical trees form AM associations for this region in the Guiana Shield and provide the first report of dual EM/AM colonization in Dicymbe species. Dual colonization of the Dicymbe species should be further explored to determine if this ability contributes to the establishment and maintenance of site dominance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

篮状菌属的三个中国新记录种

报道依据形态学和基于BenA、Rpb2和rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列的分子系统学分析确定的篮状菌属篮状菌组Talaromyces sect.Talaromyces的3个中国新记录种,即蛇床篮状菌T.cnidii,苹果篮状菌T.malicola和丘陵篮状菌T.tumuli.T.cnidii生长较快,形成典型...     

石耳属一新种(子囊菌门)

本文描述了地衣型石耳属一新种,周鳞石耳.新种脐叶体上表面以周边皮层碎片上翘而形成的大量准鳞芽,类似于淡腹鳞石耳,但是,不同之处在于新种脐叶体下表面黑色,覆以大量同色而多分枝的假根以及具有不同的地理分布.从而呈现为地理替代现象.文中为新种提供了拉丁文特征提要、英文描述、图片与地理分布图以及新种及其相关种的检索表.     

The mycorrhizal status of Welwitschia mirabilis

This is the first report of the mycorrhizal status of Welwitschia mirabilis, a gymnosperm endemic to the Namib Desert. Like all other gymnosperms except the Pinaceae and Gnetaceae, W. mirabilis is associated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Mycorrhizal colonization of roots and the diversity and abundance of VAM species were determined at seven sites. Six sites received annual rainfall of 0–100 mm, varying widely from year to year. The seventh site experienced more predictable annual rainfall of 150–200 mm. Perennial vegetation was sparse at the six low-rainfall sites. Dry annual grasses from previous rain events were present at only three of these six sites and mean mycorrhizal colonization levels of W. mirabilis at these three sites were as high as 18%. W. mirabilis was not mycorrhizal at sites where grasses were absent. The seventh site, receiving higher rainfall, supported small trees and annual grasses in addition to W. mirabilis. Mycorrhizal colonization levels of W. mirabilis at this site were significantly higher than at the other six sites, closely paralleling those of the surrounding annual grasses. The mycorrhizal flora of W. mirabilis consisted of four Glomus species. These taxa were not unique to W. mirabilis, having been found with Stipagrostis and Cladoraphis grasses throughout the Namib and Kalahari deserts.     

Names, types, and distribution of neotropical species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae)

A list is provided of all 358 taxa ofErythroxylum described from the Neotropics through the year 2000, including type specimen citations, probable synonymy, geographic distribution, and designation of 41 new lectotypes and one new neotype. The list includes 187 accepted species, eight accepted varieties, 27 infraspecific names of uncertain status, and 136 synonyms. A searchable specimen database and type image archive may be accessed at www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/database.htm. T. Plowman, deceased 7 January 1989.     

Suitability of mycorrhiza-defective mutant/wildtype plant pairs (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Micro-Tom) to address questions in mycorrhizal soil ecology

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi associated with Pinus thunbergii seedlings grown on sand dune were identified by molecular method, and the diversity of bacteria associated with ECM and Extraradical mycelium were examined by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA. The mycorrhizal formation rate of 1-year old P. thunbergii seedlings was more than 95%. Cenococcum geophilum was the most dominant ECM fungus, followed by T01, RFLP-8, Russula spp., and Suillus sp. Bacterial community was most diverse with C. geophilum- and RFLP-8-mycorrhiza. Sequencing analysis showed that Burkholderia spp. and Bradyrhizobium spp. were on the surface of ECM short root of seven ECM. The fungi detected as extraradical mycelium using DGGE of 18S rDNA were Suillus bovinus and RFLP-8-mycorrhiza. Bacterial community on the extraradical mycelium was more diverse than those on ECM root tip. Burkholderia spp. and Bradyrhizobium spp. were found also on extraradical mycelium.     

Erythrogymnotheca,a new genus of Eurotiales

Erythrogymnotheca, a new genus of the Eurotiales, is proposed. The genus, based on the single speciesE. paucispora, is characterized by non-ostiolate ascomata with a telaperidium composed of an envelope of yellowish or reddish, branched, thin-walled hyphae, 1–2(-4)-spored asci, one-celled, subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal, thick-walled ascospores with spines, and the absence of an anamorph. The ascomatal initials ofE. paucispora are long clavate to vermiform, and reminiscent of those ofTalaromyces flavus.     

IAA-overproducer mutants of Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi mycorrhizal with Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol. and P. sylvestris L. in hydroponic culture

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is thought to play a role in the regulation of ectomycorrhiza development, and vigorous mycorrhiza formers such as Pisolithus and Laccaria have previously been shown to accumulate large amounts of IAA in the culture medium in vitro, particularly in the presence of tryptophan. Recently, 5-fluoroindole-resistant and IAA-overproducing mutant strains of Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi have been developed and described by Durand et al. (1992). We have used some of these and corresponding wild-type strains as mycobionts on seedlings of Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol. and P. sylvestris L. in semi-hydroponic culture in an attempt to study IAA effects independent of species-specific differences. However, no significant differences between strains were found in host growth rate, shoot carbohydrate concentration, root morphology, root IAA concentration or mycorrhizal biomass. Since previous work showed a stimulation by these and other mutants and strains on mycorrhiza formation in Petri dish and test tube cultures, we assume that a semi-hydroponic culture system prevents the build up of tryptophan of fungal origin, which is most likely a precondition for enhanced IAA production.     

Ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of two species of floodplain willows

To understand the relationships between the distribution of Chosenia arbutifolia and Salix sachalinensis and their mycorrhizal colonization, changes in the quality and types of ectomycorrhizas and arbuscular mycorrhizas of the seedlings of two species were studied at five different sites with different soil conditions in the floodplain of the Satsunai River, Hokkaido. High ectomycorrhizal and low arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization were found in roots of both plants. Ectomycorrhizal colonization of S. sachalinensis in wet sandy or muddy soil conditions was at the same level as that in dry gravelly sites. In contrast, ectomycorrhizal colonization of C. arbutifolia seedlings was lower from wet sandy sites than that from dry gravelly sites. In all study sites, the same three morphological types of ectomycorrhizas were dominant.     

A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach

Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses were conducted to address the evolution of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota). Data are presented here for approximately 5900 base pairs from portions of seven loci: the nuclear ribosomal small and large subunit DNA (nrSSU and nrLSU), beta-tubulin, elongation factor 1alpha (EF-1alpha), the largest and second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2), and mitochondrial ATP Synthase subunit 6 (mtATP6). These data were analyzed in a complete 66-taxon matrix and 91-taxon supermatrix that included some missing data. Separate phylogenetic analyses, with data partitioned according to genes, produced some conflicting results. The results of separate analyses from RPB1 and RPB2 are in agreement with the combined analyses that resolve a paraphyletic Clavicipitaceae comprising three well-supported clades (i.e., Clavicipitaceae clade A, B, and C), whereas the tree obtained from mtATP6 is in strong conflict with the monophyly of Clavicipitaceae clade B and the sister-group relationship of Hypocreaceae and Clavicipitaceae clade C. The distribution of relative contribution of nodal support for each gene partition was assessed using both partitioned Bremer support (PBS) values and combinational bootstrap (CB) analyses, the latter of which analyzed bootstrap proportions from all possible combinations of the seven gene partitions. These results suggest that CB analyses provide a more consistent estimate of nodal support than PBS and that combining heterogeneous gene partitions, which individually support a limited number of nodes, results in increased support for overall tree topology. Analyses of the 91-taxa supermatrix data sets revealed that some nodes were more strongly supported by increased taxon sampling. Identifying the localized incongruence of mtATP6 and analyses of complete and supermatrix data sets strengthen the evidence for rejecting the monophyly of Clavicipitaceae and much of the current subfamilial classification of the family. Although the monophyly of the grass-associated subfamily Clavicipitoideae (e.g., Claviceps, Balansia, and Epichlo?) is strongly supported, the subfamily Cordycipitoideae (e.g., Cordyceps and Torrubiella) is not monophyletic. In particular, species of the genus Cordyceps, which are pathogens of arthropods and truffles, are found in all three clavicipitaceous clades. These results imply that most characters used in the current familial classification of Clavicipitaceae are not diagnostic of monophyly.     

篮状菌属岛篮状菌组的三个中国新记录种

根据形态学和CaM、Rpb2及rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列的分子系统学分析,界定篮状菌属岛篮状菌组Talaromycessect.Islandici的3个中国新记录种,即螨生篮状菌T.acaricola、根篮状菌T.radicus和哒叻篮状菌T.tratensis。螨生篮状菌生长局限,形成绒状菌落,在MEA上产生稀疏的灰绿色分生孢子,菌丝淡绿黄色,分生孢子梗双轮生、三轮生和不规则生,帚状枝排列较松散,瓶梗安瓿形,孢子梭形至椭球形,壁光滑。根篮状菌生长较慢,但在37℃可生长,形成致密短絮状菌落,菌丝体绿黄色,孢子稀疏,灰绿色,分生孢子梗双轮生,帚状枝排列紧密,瓶梗圆柱形至披针形,孢子椭球形,壁光滑。哒叻篮状菌生长缓慢,在25℃培养7 d后未产分生孢子,菌丝体呈浅橙黄色,产生适量橙黄色裸囊壳,子囊孢子椭球形,壁光滑至稍粗糙。     

Redescription of Branchinecta granulosa Daday, 1902 from Argentina (Crustacea: Branchiopoda)

The species Branchinecta granulosa Daday 1902, is redescribed on the basis of adult material from near Facundo (Chubut Province, Argentina). Its relationship to its regional congeners is outlined.     

Neosartorya sublevispora, a new species of soil-borne Eurotiales

A new species ofNeosartorya, N. sublevispora (anam.Aspergillus sublevisporus), is described and photographed. The species is characterized by non-ostiolate ascomata covered loosely with a pale yellowish hyphal envelope, lenticular ascospores with two low equatorial crests, and subglobose to ellipsoidal, microtuberculate conidia. The ornamentation of ascospores, which is composed of two closely appreassed crests and small even-sized echines on their convex surfaces, particularly serves to distinguish this species from other recognized species. A revised key to all accepted species of the genus is provided.     

中国文字衣科（厚顶盘目、子囊菌门）地衣之稀有和新记录种

报道了采自中国的12种稀见的文字衣科（厚顶盘目、子囊菌门）地衣。它们分别隶属于白唇衣属Dyplolabia、刻痕衣属Glyphis、半实衣属Hemithecium、凸唇衣属Platygramme、双实衣属Platythecium和星衣属Sarcographa,其中中国新记录6种。文中每一种地衣均有文字描述、图片和分种检索表。     

Agouticarpa, a new neotropical genus of Tribe Gardenieae (Rubiaceae)

Agouticarpa, a new genus of the informalAlibertia group (Rubiaceae), is described and illustrated. It comprises six species, and occurs from Costa Rica to Bolivia. Three species are here described as new:Agouticarpa grandistipula, A. hirsuta, andA. velutina. Additionally, three new combinations are made:A. curvifolia andA. williamsii (previously inGenipa) andA. isernii (previously inAlibertia). Agouticarpa is characterized by being dioecious, having elliptic to abovate, membranaceous stipules, male flowers in a branched dichasial or thyrse-like inflorescence, a poorly developed cup-shaped calyx, pollen grains with 3–7 apertures, and large globose fruits.     

The nomenclatural status, ontogeny and morphology of Pholidoteuthis massyae (Pfeffer, 1912) new comb (Cephalopoda: Pholidoteuthidae)

Pholidoteuthis is unusual amongst genera of squid in that the mantle is beset with close-packed dermal cushions (scales). Despite frequent reference to species in this genus, considerable systematic confusion surrounds usage of the generic name, erected prematurely given that the same systematic characters apply for the earlier Tetronychoteuthis Pfeffer, 1900, and species attributed to it. The synonymy and ontogenetic morphology of Pholidoteuthis massyae (Pfeffer 1912) new comb., the senior synonym of P. boschmai Adam, 1950, is reported. The relationship between this species and others referred to Tetronychoteuthis, Lepidoteuthis, the Pholidoteuthidae Adam, 1950, Lepidoteuthidae Pfeffer, 1912 and Octopoteuthidae Berry, 1912, is discussed. A conjectural account of the mechanics of mating in P. massyae is provided based on the nature of spermatophore insertion in the female mantle, and modification to the terminal region of the male’s genital apparatus.     

The genus Valdivianemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff 1923 (Nemertea,Enopla, Hoplonemertea): nomenclatural status and proper systematic position

The genus Akrostomum was erected by Grube in 1840 for a single species A. stannii which remained a nomen dubium until redescribed by Bürger in 1895 as Amphiporus stanniusi. Bürger (1909) described Drepanophorus valdiviae which shared many characters with A. stannii. Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1923) noted that these two forms belonged neither to Amphiporus nor Drepanophorus and united them in a new genus Valdivianemertes but did not mention the earlier name Akrostomum nor a family affiliation. Several major characters are examined. The nomenclatural status is analyzed, with retention of the junior synonym Valdivianemertes, and the type species is fixed as V. stannii by subsequent designation. Family affiliation is discussed, and the genus is transferred to the Cratenemertidae.