曼谷城市扩张生态环境效应

利用1990、2000、2010和2015年4期Landsat数据和2000—2015年的MODIS NDVI数据,开展了泰国曼谷地区近25年来城市扩张分析,包括城市建设用地扩张时空变化和扩张模式分析、扩张的生态环境效应分析以及扩张驱动力分析。结果表明:(1)自1990年以来,曼谷城市建设用地面积持续增长,经历了先快后慢再快的增长过程。城市扩张主要沿东北方向,且在距离城市中心14—20km的范围内扩张最为明显,扩张模式以边缘式和填充式为主。(2)在城市化进程中,植被和热岛对城市扩张分别有不同的响应。植被绿度整体呈下降趋势,下降明显的地区位于距城市中心10—20km的范围内,即城市建设用地明显扩张的区域。热岛分布与城市建成区分布具有空间一致性,自1990s以来,热岛效应整体增强,但局部变异越来越不明显。(3)曼谷城市扩张受到自然地理条件、社会经济、城市布局等多重因素的影响。     

Beyond “greening” and “browning”: Trends in grassland ground cover fractions across Eurasia that account for spatial and temporal autocorrelation

Grassland ecosystems cover up to 40% of the global land area and provide many ecosystem services directly supporting the livelihoods of over 1 billion people. Monitoring long-term changes in grasslands is crucial for food security, biodiversity conservation, achieving Land Degradation Neutrality goals, and modeling the global carbon budget. Although long-term grassland monitoring using remote sensing is extensive, it is typically based on a single vegetation index and does not account for temporal and spatial autocorrelation, which means that some trends are falsely identified while others are missed. Our goal was to analyze trends in grasslands in Eurasia, the largest continuous grassland ecosystems on Earth. To do so, we calculated Cumulative Endmember Fractions (annual sums of monthly ground cover fractions) derived from MODIS 2002–2020 time series, and applied a new statistical approach PARTS that explicitly accounts for temporal and spatial autocorrelation in trends. We examined trends in green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, and soil ground cover fractions considering their independent change trajectories and relations among fractions over time. We derived temporally uncorrelated pixel-based trend maps and statistically tested whether observed trends could be explained by elevation, land cover, SPEI3, climate, country, and their combinations, all while accounting for spatial autocorrelation. We found no statistical evidence for a decrease in vegetation cover in grasslands in Eurasia. Instead, there was a significant map-level increase in non-photosynthetic vegetation across the region and local increases in green vegetation with a concomitant decrease in soil fraction. Independent environmental variables affected trends significantly, but effects varied by region. Overall, our analyses show in a statistically robust manner that Eurasian grasslands have changed considerably over the past two decades. Our approach enhances remote sensing-based monitoring of trends in grasslands so that underlying processes can be discerned.     

20世纪90年代以来中国西南地区土地覆被变化

西南地区是我国重要的生态安全屏障区,也是气候敏感区和生态脆弱区。20世纪90年代以来,西南地区土地覆被发生了巨大变化,对生态环境和生态系统服务功能产生重大影响。基于全国30 m土地覆被数据集,分析了近20 a来西南地区土地覆被格局、变化及驱动因素。同时,基于MODIS-NDVI数据,利用像元二分模型估算了2000—2010年250 m分辨率年最大植被覆盖度,对森林、灌丛和草地的植被覆盖度变化进行分析。结果表明:1)2010年西南地区土地覆被以森林和草地为主,分别占总面积的29.08%和24.11%。2)1990—2010年西南地区森林、湿地和人工表面分别增加1.39%、5.86%和48.57%,灌丛、耕地和裸露地分别减少2.12%、2.88%和0.64%,变化的区域主要集中在生态建设重点区、城市圈、地震灾区、三峡库区、三江源区、青藏高原东南部和云南南部。3)2000—2010年西南地区森林、灌丛和草地植被覆盖度呈增加趋势的面积分别占26.54%、32.53%和28.87%,但汶川地震重灾区、横断山区、云南南部等地的森林及灌丛植被覆盖度下降,青藏高原东南部、川西高原草地退化。近20 a来,尽管气候变化对西南地区的土地覆被有一定影响,但人类活动仍然是导致其变化及时空差异的主要原因。     

1982-2020年东北森林带植被绿度时空变化特征

植被绿度变化（绿化或褐化）的时空格局研究有助于了解生态系统结构和功能的变化,制定适应气候变化的生态系统管理政策。在全球气候变化加剧的背景下,过去40a间东北森林带植被绿度如何变化仍不清楚。基于气象再分析数据分析了1982-2020年来东北森林带的气候变化趋势,以叶面积指数（LAI）作为植被绿度的衡量指标分析了东北森林带中大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山脉植被绿度的时空变化格局和影响因素。研究发现：1982-2020年东北森林带气候趋势呈现"暖干化"特征。研究区植被绿度总体呈绿化趋势,但2000年后植被绿度变化呈降低趋势的区域增加了7.23倍,主要位于大兴安岭西北部。影响因素分析表明,1982-2000年温度和土壤水分是植被绿度增加的主要驱动因素;而2000年之后,区域内植被绿化的主要驱动因素为土壤水分的增加,降雨和相对湿度降低引起的水分胁迫导致大兴安岭西北部植被褐化加剧。研究结果为揭示东北森林带固碳能力变化、制定适应气候变化的林业管理对策提供了科学参考。     

Moisture‐induced greening of the South Asia over the past three decades

South Asia experienced a weakening of summer monsoon circulation in the past several decades, resulting in rainfall decline in wet regions. In comparison with other tropical ecosystems, quantitative assessments of the extent and triggers of vegetation change are lacking in assessing climate‐change impacts over South Asia dominated by crops. Here, we use satellite‐based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to quantify spatial–temporal changes in vegetation greenness, and find a widespread annual greening trend that stands in contrast to the weakening of summer monsoon circulation particularly over the last decade. We further show that moisture supply is the primary factor limiting vegetation activity during dry season or in dry region, and cloud cover or temperature would become increasingly important in wet region. Enhanced moisture conditions over dry region, coinciding with the decline in monsoon, are mainly responsible for the widespread greening trend. This result thereby cautions the use of a unified monsoon index to predict South Asia's vegetation dynamics. Current climate–carbon models in general correctly reproduce the dominant control of moisture in the temporal characteristics of vegetation productivity. But the model ensemble cannot exactly reproduce the spatial pattern of satellite‐based vegetation change mainly because of biases in climate simulations. The moisture‐induced greening over South Asia, which is likely to persist into the wetter future, has significant implications for regional carbon cycling and maintaining food security.     

广州市植被覆盖度等级结构及其时空格局特征

城市化过程直接改变了城市景观,研究城市植被覆盖度及其景观特征动态变化,再现了人们对城市自然景观的干扰过程与强度,反映出城市生态环境质量。1990～2005年间,广州市经济发展迅速,同时也使城市植被系统经历了从严重破坏到逐步恢复的过程,用TM遥感影像解译区域植被覆盖度并进行其等级结构的时空特征研究。结果表明,1990～1995年间是区域植被破坏最严重的时期;以后的时段内,这种趋势在中心城区有所减缓,但没有根本改变,郊区从化市则从2000年起,植被系统未再受到破坏,表现为植被覆盖度增加,植被覆盖度等级结构也获得改善,而这一过程对全市的植被系统产生积极的影响作用。     

Satellite Evidence of Phenological Differences Between Urbanized and Rural Areas of the Eastern United States Deciduous Broadleaf Forest

We used a 10-year record (1990–99) of composited and cloud-screened reflectances from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to test for phenological differences between urban and rural areas in the eastern United States deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF). We hypothesized that well-documented urban heat island effects would be associated with alterations in temperature-sensitive vegetation phenology. Our objectives were thus (a) to investigate possible differences in the start of the growing season (SOS) and end of the growing season (EOS) between the urban and DBF land covers, (b) to investigate related differences in greenness amplitude and fractional cover, and (c) to develop a generalized additive model (GAM) to predict the spatial variation of observed differences. By analyzing individual 1° latitude by 1° longitude blocks, we found that, on average, urbanization is associated with a growing season expansion of 7.6 days. Most of this effect is caused by an earlier SOS in urban areas. In all cases, urban regions had lower fractional cover and greenness amplitude. The GAM model failed to produce a viable model for differences in EOS, probably because it is dominated by photoperiod controls with only a minor temperature impact. SOS differences were predicted with an accuracy of about 2.4 days, with a GAM consisting of smoothed functions of mean annual average temperature, urban fractional cover, and the urban vs DBF greenness amplitude difference. We speculate that evidence of a phenological response to warming indicates that global warming, without reduction in DBF vegetation cover and greenness amplitude, may increase carbon sequestration in mesic deciduous forests. Received 6 June 2001; accepted 23 October 2001.     

Relationships between expanding pinyon–juniper cover and topography in the central Great Basin, Nevada

Aim Increasing geographical range and density of conifers is a major form of land‐cover change in the western United States, affecting fire frequency, biogeochemistry and possibly biodiversity. However, the extent and magnitude of the change are uncertain. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between changing conifer cover and topography. Location The central Great Basin in the state of Nevada, USA. Methods We used a series of Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images from 1986, 1995 and 2005 to map change in pinyon–juniper woodlands (Pinus monophylla, Juniperus spp.) in the montane central Great Basin of Nevada. We derived fractional greenness for each year using spectral mixture analysis and identified all areas with an above average increase in greenness from 1986 to 1995 and 1995 to 2005. Results Areas with high fractional greenness in 2005 were most likely to occur at elevations between 2200 and 2600 m a.s.l. Increases in fractional greenness between 1986 and 2005 were most likely to occur at elevations below 2000 m a.s.l. and on south‐facing slopes. However, relationships between elevation and increasing greenness for individual mountain ranges varied considerably from the average trend. Fractional greenness values measured by Landsat suggest that the majority of pinyon–juniper woodlands have not reached their maximum potential tree cover. Main conclusions Expansion of pinyon–juniper at low elevations and on south‐facing slopes probably reflects increasing precipitation in the 20th century, higher water use efficiency caused by increasing atmospheric CO₂ in the late 20th century and livestock grazing at the interface between shrubland and woodland. Identification of the spatial relationships between changing fractional greenness of pinyon–juniper woodland and topography can inform regional land management and improve projections of long‐term ecosystem change.     

中国东部草原植被绿度时空变化分析及其对煤电基地建设的响应

利用1981—2010年连续30 a的GIMMS AVHRR NDVI 3g数据,应用最小二乘法线性拟合,分析了30年间呼伦贝尔市(呼盟)与锡林郭勒盟(锡盟)的地表植被覆盖绿度的变化,并在研究区内选取了24个煤矿产区,分析了矿区及其周围10、20 km和50 km的缓冲区的绿度变化趋势,通过分析矿区及对应缓冲区生长季NDVI(GNDVI)的相关性,揭示如下规律:(1)30年间,呼盟和锡盟绿度减少的区域分别为59.16%和73.13%;(2)呼盟植被绿度减少的像元散落在呼盟各个方位,增加的像元主要分布在东北部;锡盟植被绿度减少的像元分布在锡盟东部和西南部,植被绿度增加的像元分布在锡盟西北部;(3)矿区及缓冲区的GNDVI整体呈下降趋势,且锡盟的下降速度更快;(4)不管煤矿露天还是井工开采,对矿区及周边植被绿度都有影响,矿区及缓冲区GNDVI两组变量在0.05水平上显著相关;(5)GNDVI能反映植被复垦状况。     

The development of a Canadian dynamic habitat index using multi-temporal satellite estimates of canopy light absorbance

Monitoring patterns of fauna diversity across the landscape, both spatially and temporally, presents special challenges due to the dynamic nature of populations and complex interactions with the local and regional environment. One area where progress is being made is the development of relationships between regional biodiversity with indirect indicators or surrogates, such as vegetative production. In this paper we discuss implementation of a dynamic habitat index, originally developed in Australia, to Canadian conditions. The index, based on the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) absorbed by vegetation, a variable which is analogous to green vegetation cover, is derived solely from satellite data. The index utilizes time series of satellite observations of greenness to derive three indicators of the underlying vegetation dynamics; the cumulative annual greenness, the minimum level of perennial cover, and the degree of vegetation seasonality. We apply the index across Canada and compare the three components by ecozones, demonstrating that Canada's terrestrial environment can effectively be clustered into five major dynamic habitat regimes. These range from those with low cumulative greenness and highly seasonal variation in cover, to regimes which have high canopy light absorbance with limited seasonality and continuous annual green cover. By comparing data from multiple years, our analysis indicates that a number of these ecozones have experienced changes in their composition over the past 6 years. We believe this methodology can provide an initial stratification of large areas for biodiversity monitoring and can be used to focus finer scale approaches to specific regions of interest or monitor regions too remote for comprehensive field surveys.     

石羊河流域土地覆被空间演化及驱动机制

基于石羊河流域1998年、2002年、2006年、2010年NDVI、夜间灯光数据和TM影像提取的土壤信息,以城市地表人工覆被系统为基础,计算流域土地覆被指数(Land-Cover Index,LCI),利用小波分析、空间变差函数和间隙度指数等方法构建测度模型,分析了石羊河流域地区十多年来的土地人工覆被空间演化过程和格局,然后利用回归拟合方程找出影响地区土地覆被变化的驱动机制。结果表明:LCI大范围分布受地形限制,高值区(城镇用地区域)值越来越高,而低值区(植被覆盖区域)值在2002年形成了峰值后下降,即地区城镇化水平显著提高的同时,林草覆盖率缓慢变好,并且逐渐形成区域簇群,同时地区城镇化水平受人为因素的影响较大,植被覆盖度受自然因素的影响较大。     

区域城市扩张对森林景观破碎化的影响——以粤港澳大湾区为例

森林生境丧失与景观破碎化是引起生物多样性下降,生态系统功能降低的重要原因。量化森林景观破碎化的时空特征及其与城市扩张格局的关系是开展区域生态修复与功能提升的重要基础。本文以快速城市化的典型区域——粤港澳大湾区为研究对象,基于遥感解译的1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年和2018年土地覆盖/利用专题图,通过多尺度的景观格局分析和统计分析,定量解析森林景观破碎化的时空演变特征及其与城市扩张格局间的关系。研究结果显示：1）1980-2018年,大湾区林地覆盖面积缩减1,274 km²,林地转变为建设用地的面积占林地丧失总面积的比例从1980-1990年的11%增长至2010-2018年的42%,表明城市扩张已成为林地丧失的主导因素;2）森林景观破碎化程度加剧,表现为林地斑块密度提高,平均斑块面积减小,但破碎类型与程度具有地域差异;3）城市扩张幅度与空间格局显著影响林地破碎化,其中,城市扩张幅度对林地破碎化的影响更为重要。基于森林景观破碎化与城市扩张的现状,落实城市增长边界划定、关键斑块-廊道识别与生态网络构建等措施,有助于保护与连通重要生态空间,保障和提升生态功能。     

基于TM影像的白云岩与石灰岩上喀斯特植被时空变化差异研究

喀斯特土壤主要由白云岩和石灰岩风化而来,植被生长及其分布究竟怎样响应这一特殊地质背景?以人为干扰影响较小的喀斯特自然保护区为研究对象,采用监督分类法对1990年和2011年两期TM影像进行植被分类,并利用景观格局分析方法研究两种岩性上植被变化差异。结果表明,1990年和2011年研究区内两种母岩上均以乔木林和乔灌为主,草灌和草丛分布少,白云岩上乔木林的面积比例大于石灰岩上的比例,而草灌和草丛小于石灰岩上的比例;近20年来白云岩与石灰岩上草丛、草灌、灌丛和乔灌均以正向演替为主,但白云岩上正向演替比例大于石灰岩上的比例;两种岩性上植被斑块连接性均增强、破碎程度均降低,白云岩上植被斑块的破碎化程度和多样性指数较石灰岩上低,内部连接性强。由此可见,喀斯特白云岩较石灰岩有利于草丛、草灌的自然恢复,岩性引起的水土资源配置和养分地球化学循环过程差异制约着喀斯特地区植被的时空格局。     

平潭海坛岛景观格局动态变化及其生态效应分析

以平潭海坛岛为研究区,基于1990 年landsat TM 和2010 年ALOS 遥感影像,在ArcGIS 和Fragstats 等软件平台支持下,运用马尔科夫转移矩阵和动态度模型,以及景观格局指数,对20 年来研究区景观格局时空动态变化及其生态效应进行了定量分析。研究结果表明:近20 年来景观格局动态变化显著。建设用地和居民地增长幅度最大,农用地和沙滩则降幅最显著。研究区景观格局主要景观类型为农用地和林地,景观类型转移主要表现为农用地与林地的相互转化,以及二者向城镇用地(居民地、建设用地和道路交通)转化。从类型水平上看,各类型斑块均趋于破碎化;在景观水平上,研究区景观格局向着多样化方向发展,景观的异质性增强,景观呈破碎化程度加深;从景观生态效应空间变化看,人为活动的影响沿着交通干线、城镇区在整个研究区蔓延扩展。     

基于遥感影像的广州市植被覆盖度内部结构与时空变化

以覆盖广州市的4个时相（1990、1995、2000和2005年）的TN遥感影像为数据源,经大气辐射校正,获得植被指数的计算模型,估算广州市域范围内的植被覆盖度,分5个等级研究植被覆盖度等级结构特征及其时空分异。结果表明：1990年至1995年间,广州市植被覆盖度下降幅度较大;植被覆盖等级结构也表明植被状态明显向不利于城市生态环境的方向变化。2000年至2005年间,植被覆盖度有所增加,等级结构也显示植被覆盖度有逆转的趋势。植被覆盖度变化幅度相对较大的是中心城区以外的新区,表明城市向郊区不断扩展。     

1994-2016年和田绿洲植被覆盖时空变化分析

监测植被变化对评价区域生态环境质量及生态过程具有重要意义。基于Landsat数据影像,运用归一化植被指数、像元二分模型、重心迁移模型等方法分析和田绿洲植被覆盖时空变化。结果表明：（1）和田绿洲植被分布总体以玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河为轴线,从高到低向外展布,高覆被以大面积片状集中于绿洲中部,低、中覆被相对零散围绕高覆被分布;（2）过去23年,和田绿洲植被覆盖面积和植被覆盖度均呈升高趋势。2016年相比1994年,绿洲植被覆盖面积增加553 km²,增长了19.6%;（3）和田绿洲覆被变化存在阶段性和区域性差异。时段上,2000-2005年覆被面积增加最明显;区域上,西部覆被增加最显著;（4）气候变化对和田绿洲覆被变化存在一定影响,但人类活动影响最直接。其中耕地开垦、作物种植是和田绿洲覆被增加的最主要因素,而城市基建是引起绿洲覆被减少的最主要因素。同时,因农耕区水耗增加挤占天然覆被生态用水,引起天然覆被退化,威胁绿洲未来发展;（5）过去23年,绿洲覆被重心整体西移。     

Satellite-based Studies on Large-Scale Vegetation Changes in China

Remotely-sensed vegetation indices, which indicate the density and photosynthetic capacity of vegetation, have been widely used to monitor vegetation dynamics over broad areas. In this paper, we reviewed satellite-based studies on vegetation cover changes, biomass and productivity variations, phenological dynamics, desertification, and grassland degradation in China that occurred over the past 2–3 decades. Our review shows that the satellite-derived index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) during growing season and the vegetation net primary productivity in major terrestrial ecosystems (for example forests, grasslands, shrubs, and croplands) have significantly increased, while the number of fresh lakes and vegetation coverage in urban regions have experienced a substantial decline. The start of the growing season continually advanced in China's temperate regions until the 1990s, with a large spatial heterogeneity. We also found that the coverage of sparsely-vegetated areas declined, and the NDVI per unit in vegetated areas increased in arid and semi-arid regions because of increased vegetation activity in grassland and oasis areas. However, these results depend strongly not only on the periods chosen for investigation, but also on factors such as data sources, changes in detection methods, and geospatial heterogeneity. Therefore, we should be cautious when applying remote sensing techniques to monitor vegetation structures, functions, and changes.     

Fractional Vegetation Cover Estimation Based on an Improved Selective Endmember Spectral Mixture Model

Vegetation is an important part of ecosystem and estimation of fractional vegetation cover is of significant meaning to monitoring of vegetation growth in a certain region. With Landsat TM images and HJ-1B images as data source, an improved selective endmember linear spectral mixture model (SELSMM) was put forward in this research to estimate the fractional vegetation cover in Huangfuchuan watershed in China. We compared the result with the vegetation coverage estimated with linear spectral mixture model (LSMM) and conducted accuracy test on the two results with field survey data to study the effectiveness of different models in estimation of vegetation coverage. Results indicated that: (1) the RMSE of the estimation result of SELSMM based on TM images is the lowest, which is 0.044. The RMSEs of the estimation results of LSMM based on TM images, SELSMM based on HJ-1B images and LSMM based on HJ-1B images are respectively 0.052, 0.077 and 0.082, which are all higher than that of SELSMM based on TM images; (2) the R² of SELSMM based on TM images, LSMM based on TM images, SELSMM based on HJ-1B images and LSMM based on HJ-1B images are respectively 0.668, 0.531, 0.342 and 0.336. Among these models, SELSMM based on TM images has the highest estimation accuracy and also the highest correlation with measured vegetation coverage. Of the two methods tested, SELSMM is superior to LSMM in estimation of vegetation coverage and it is also better at unmixing mixed pixels of TM images than pixels of HJ-1B images. So, the SELSMM based on TM images is comparatively accurate and reliable in the research of regional fractional vegetation cover estimation.     

Long-Term Tree Cover Dynamics in a Pinyon-Juniper Woodland: Climate-Change-Type Drought Resets Successional Clock

Woody vegetation has expanded in coverage over the past century in many places globally, exemplified by pinyon-juniper changes in the Southwestern United States. Extreme drought is one of the few non-management drivers besides fire that might reverse such cover changes, but this has not been well documented. Here, we assess 68 years of tree cover dynamics across an elevation gradient of a pinyon-juniper woodland using aerial photographs (1936 and 1959) and QuickBird imagery (2004). Canopy cover increased 32% from 1936 to the onset of a major drought (2002). The largest relative increase in canopy cover occurred from 1936 to 1959 at the higher elevations, but these gains were eliminated by fires occurring from 1959 to 2002, during which time lower elevations with low canopy cover exhibited the greatest relative increases. The 2002–2004 drought reduced canopy cover by 55%, which eliminated gains in cover that occurred since 1936. Relative tree cover loss was highest at low elevations with low tree cover, but absolute tree cover loss was greater in areas of high tree cover, which increased with elevation. The loss of more than half of the canopy cover during a 2-year drought period was much greater than losses due to fire or possible increases due to historic land use (for example, grazing). These results suggest that regional-scale climatic influences may be more important than land use legacies in controlling tree cover of these and perhaps other semiarid woodlands over longer time scales—notable given that similar episodes of tree mortality are projected in coming decades with climate change.     

Influences of population pressure change on vegetation greenness in China's mountainous areas

Mountainous areas in China account for two‐thirds of the total land area. Due to rapid urbanization, rural population emigration in China's mountainous areas is very significant. This raises the question to which degree such population emigration influences the vegetation greenness in these areas. In this study, 9,753 sample areas (each sample measured about 64 square kilometers) were randomly selected, and the influences of population emigration (population pressure change) on vegetation greenness during 2000–2010 were quantitatively expressed by the multivariate linear regression (MLR) model, using census data under the condition of controlling the natural elements such as climatic and landform factors. The results indicate that the vegetation index in the past 10 years has presented an increasing overall trend, albeit with local decrease in some regions. The combined area of the regions with improved vegetation accounted for 81.7% of the total mountainous areas in China. From 2000 to 2010, the rural population significantly decreased, with most significant decreases in the northern and central areas (17.2% and 16.8%, respectively). In China's mountainous areas and in most of the subregions, population emigration has significant impacts on vegetation change. In different subregions, population decrease differently influenced vegetation greenness, and the marginal effect of population decrease on vegetation change presented obvious differences from north to south. In the southwest, on the premise of controlling other factors, a population decrease by one unit could increase the slope of vegetation change by 16.4%; in contrast, in the southeastern, northern, northeastern, and central area, the proportion was about 15.5%, 10.6%, 9.7%, and 7.5%, respectively, for improving the trend of NDVI variation.